See also:

• ROOD (O.E. rod, a stick, another form of " rod, O.E. rodd, possibly cognate with Lat. rudis, a staff)

ROOD (O.E. See also:

• ROD (O.E. rodd, probably related to Norw. rudda, stick, rodda, stake)
• ROD, EDOUARD (1857-1910)

rod, a stick, another See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of " rod, O.E. rodd, possibly cognate with See also:

• LAT

Lat. rudis, a See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff)  , properly a See also:

• ROD (O.E. rodd, probably related to Norw. rudda, stick, rodda, stake)
• ROD, EDOUARD (1857-1910)

rod or See also:

• POLE (FAMILY)
• POLE, REGINALD (1500-1558)
• POLE, RICHARD DE LA (d. 1525)
• POLE, WILLIAM (1814—1900)

pole, and so used as the name of a See also:

• SURFACE

surface measure of See also:

• LAND

land . The See also:

• ROOD (O.E. rod, a stick, another form of " rod, O.E. rodd, possibly cognate with Lat. rudis, a staff)

rood varies locally but is generally taken as = 4o square rods, poles or perches; 4 roods=1 See also:

• ACRE
• ACRE, or AQUIRY

acre . The See also:

• TERM

term was, however, particularly applied, in O.E., to a gallows or See also:

• CROSS

cross, especially to the See also:

• HOLY

Holy Cross on which See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ was crucified, the sense in which the word survives . A crucifix, often accompanied by figures of St See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John and the Virgin See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary, was usually placed in churches above the See also:

• SCREEN (usually, but very doubtfully, connected with Lat. scrinium, a box for holding books, from scribere, to write; a connexion with Ger. Schranke, barrier, has been suggested)

screen, hence known as " rood screen " C (see SCREEN), which divides the See also:

• CHANCEL (through O. Fr. from Lat. plur. cancelli, dim. of cancer, grating, lattice, probably connected with an Indo-European root Kar-, to bend; cf. circus, curve, &c.)

chancel or the See also:

• CHOIR (0. Fr. cuer from Lat. chorus; pronounced quire, and until the end of the 17th century so spelt, the spelling being altered to agree with the Fr. chceur)

choir from the See also:

• NAVE

nave . The rood was carried either on a transverse See also:

• BEAM
• BEAM (from the O. Eng. beam, cf. Ger. Baum, a tree, to which sense may be referred the use of " beam " as meaning the rood or crucifix, and the survival in certain names of trees, as horn-beam)

beam, the " rood beam," or by a See also:

• GALLERY (through Ital. galleria, from Med. Lat. galeria, of which the origin is unknown)

gallery, the " rood See also:

• LOFT (connected with " lift," i.e. raised in the air; O. Eng. lyft; cf. Ger. Luft; the French term is grenier and Ger. Boden)

loft." Such a gallery was also used as a See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place from which to read portions of the service (see JvsE) . It was reached by the " rood See also:

• STAIR (0. Eng. stagger, step, from stigan, to climb, cf. Ger. steigen; the root is also seen in " stile " and " stirrup ")
• STAIR, JAMES DALRYMPLE

stair," a small winding stair or " See also:

• VICE

vice." In See also:

• ENGLISH

English churches these stairs generally run up in a small See also:

• TURRET (from O. Fr. tourette, diminutive of tour, tower, mod. Fr. tourelle)

turret in the See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall at the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west end of the chancel; often this also leads out on to the roof . On the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe they often See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead out of the interior of the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church and are enclosed with See also:

• TRACERY

tracery, as at See also:

• ROUEN

Rouen or See also:

• STRASSBURG, or STRASBURG (French Strasbourg)

Strassburg . " Rood stairs " remain in many English churches where the rood loft has been destroyed . A See also:

• FINE

fine example of a rood loft is at Charlton-on-Otmoor, See also:

• OXFORDSHIRE (or OxoN)

Oxfordshire . The screen might be See also:

• SEPARATE

separate from the rood beam or rood loft . The See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general construction of wooden screens is See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close panelling beneath, on which stands screen-See also:

• WORK

work composed of slender turned balusters or See also:

• REGULAR

regular wooden mullions, supporting tracery more or less See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich with cornices, crestings, &c., and often painted in brilliant See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours and gilded . The central See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower of a church over the intersection of the nave and chancel with the transepts is sometimes called the " rood tower "; an example is that at Notre See also:

• DAME
• DAME (through the Fr. from Lat. domina, mistress, lady, the feminine of dominus, master, lord)

Dame at See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris .

In See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England rood lofts do not appear to have been introduced before the 14th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, and were not See also:

• COMMON

common till the 15th . The " roods " themselves were not The simplest See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form is the " See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat roof " consisting of See also:

• HORIZONTAL

horizontal See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood joists laid from wall to wall as in See also:

• FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

floor construction . The roof must not be quite flat, for a slight fall is necessary in its upper surface to allow See also:

• WATER

water to drain away into gutters placed at convenient points . The i joists are covered with a waterproof material such as See also:

• ASPHALT, or ASPHALTUM

asphalt, 1 lead, See also:

• ZINC

zinc or See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper, the three last materials being usually laid upon boarding, which stiffens the structure and forms a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good surface to See also:

• FIX, THEODORE (180o-1846)

fix the weatherproof covering upon . Such See also:

• ROOFS

roofs are not suitable for See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold climates, for accumulations of See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow might overburden the structure and would also cause the wet to penetrate through any small crevices and under flashings . With flat roofs the pressure exerted upon the supports is directly See also:

• VERTICAL (from Lat. vertex, highest point)

vertical . " Lean-to," " See also:

• SHED

shed," or " pent " roofs are practically developments of the flat roof, one end of the joists (which are now called " rafters ") being tipped up to form a decided slope, which enables slates, tiles, corrugated See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron and other materials to be employed which cannot be used upon a " flat " roof . See also:

• SIMPLE

Simple roofs in general use with a See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double slope are the " coupled See also:

• RAFTER

rafter roofs," the rafters See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting at the highest point upon a horizontal See also:

• RIDGE (a word. common to many Teutonic languages, meaning " back," whether of a man or an animal, cf. German Rucke)
• RIDGE, WILLIAM PETT (1864- )

ridge-piece which stiffens the framework and gives a level ridge-See also:

• LINE

line . In some old roofs the rafters are connected without any intervening ridge-See also:

• PLATE

plate, with the result that after Forms of roof .