See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

COUNT VON ALBRECHT THEODOR EMIL See also:

• COUNT VON ALBRECHT THEODOR EMIL ROON (18o3-1879)

ROON (18o3-1879)  , Prussian See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field-See also:

• MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

marshal, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Pleushagen, near Colberg, in See also:

• POMERANIA (German, Pommern)

Pomerania, on the 30th of See also:

• APRIL

April 1803 . His See also:

• FAMILY

family was of Flemish origin, and was settled in Pomerania . His See also:

• FATHER

father, an officer of the Prussian See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army, died in poverty during the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French occupation, and See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young von See also:

• ROON, ALBRECHT THEODOR EMIL, COUNT VON (18o3-1879)

Roon was brought up, in a See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country ravaged in the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War of Liberation and in straitened circumstances, by his maternal grandmother . He entered the See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps of cadets at See also:

• KULM (Cu1,M)

Kulm in 1816, whence in 1818 he proceeded to the military school at See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, and in See also:

• JANUARY

January 1821 received a See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission in the 14th (3rd Pomeranian) See also:

• REGIMENT (from Late Latin regimentum, rule, regere, to rule, govern, direct)

regiment quartered at See also:

• STARGARD

Stargard in Pomerania . In 1824 he went through the three years' higher course of study at the war school in Berlin, where he also applied himself with the greatest See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy to improving his general See also:

• EDUCATION

education . In 1826 he was transferred to the 15th regiment at See also:

• MINDEN

Minden, but in the same See also:

• YEAR

year was appointed an instructor in the military See also:

• CADET (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. capitettum, a diminutive of caput, head, through the Provencal form capdet)

cadet school at Berlin, where he devoted himself especially to the subject of military See also:

• GEOGRAPHY (Gr. yil, earth, and ypiickty, to write)

geography . He published in 1832 the well-known Principles of See also:

• PHYSICAL

Physical, See also:

• NATIONAL

National and See also:

• POLITICAL

Political Geography, in three volumes (Grundzuge der Erd-, Volker- and Staaten-Kunde), which gained him a See also:

• GREAT

great reputation, and of which over 40,000 copies were sold in a few years . This See also:

• WORK

work was followed in 1834 by Elements of Geography (Anfa;tgsgriinde der Erdkunde), in 1837 by Military Geography of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe (Militarische Landerbeschreibung von See also:

• EUROPA (or rather, EUROPE)

Europa), and in 1839 by The Iberian See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

Peninsula (See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Iberische Halbinsel) . Meantime, in 1832, he rejoined his regiment, and was after-wards attached to the headquarters of General von Mtiflling's corps of observation at See also:

• CREFELD, or KREFELD

Crefeld, when he first became alive to the very inefficient See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of the Prussian army . In 1833 he was appointed to the Topographical See also:

• BUREAU (a Fr. word from burel or bureau, a coarse cloth used for coverings)

Bureau at Berlin, in 1835 he entered the General See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

Staff, and in the following year was promoted See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

captain and became instructor and examiner in the military See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

academy at Berlin . In 1842, after an illness of two years brought on by overwork, he was promoted to' be See also:

• MAJOR
• MAJOR (Lat. for " greater ")
• MAJOR (or MAIR), JOHN (1470-1550)

major and attached to the staff of the VII. corps, in which See also:

• POST

post he was again impressed with the inefficiency of the organization of the army, and occupied himself with schemes for its reform . Two years later, as See also:

• TUTOR (Lat. tutor, guardian, tueri, to watch over, protect)

tutor to See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles, he attended him at See also:

• BONN

Bonn university and in his See also:

• EUROPEAN

European travels .

In 1848 he was appointed See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of the staff of the VIII . Army Corps at See also:

• COBLENZ (KOBLENZ)

Coblenz . During the disturbances of that year he served under the See also:

• CROWN

Crown Prince See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William (afterwards See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor) in the suppression of the insurrection at See also:

• BADEN
• BADEN, GRAND DUCHY OF

Baden, and distinguishedhimself by his energy and bravery, receiving the 3rd class of the See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of the Red See also:

• EAGLE (Fr. aigle, from the Lat. aquila)

Eagle in recognition of his services . While attached to the Crown Prince's staff at that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time he broached to him the subject of his schemes of army reform . In 1850 came the See also:

• REVELATION, BOOK OF

revelation of defective organization and efficiency which led to the humiliating treaty of See also:

• OLMUTZ (Czech; Olomouc or Holomauc)

Olmutz . In the same year Roon was made a See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant-See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

colonel, and in 1851 full colonel . He now enjoyed the confidence of Prince William, and began active work as reorganizer of the army . Promoted to be major-general in 1856 and lieutenant-general in 1859, Roon had held since 1850 several commands and had been employed on important See also:

• MISSIONS (Lat. missio, a sending)

missions . Prince William became See also:

• REGENT (from Lat. regere, to rule)

regent in 1857, and in 1859 he appointed Roon a member of a commission to See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report on the reorganization of the army . Sup-ported by See also:

• MANTEUFFEL, EDWIN, FREIHERR VON (1809-1885)

Manteuffel and See also:

• MOLTKE, ADAM GOTTLOB, COUNT (1710-1792)
• MOLTKE, ADAM WILHELM, COUNT (1785-1864)
• MOLTKE, HELMUTH CARL BERNHARD, COUNT VON (1800-1891)

Moltke, Roon was able to get his plans seriously considered and generally adopted . His aim was to create an armed nation, to extend See also:

• SCHARNHORST, GERHARD JOHANN DAVID VON (1755-1813)

Scharnhorst's See also:

• SYSTEM

system and to adapt it to See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia's altered circumstances . To attain this he proposed a universal three years' service, and a reserve (See also:

• LANDWEHR

Landwehr) for the See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of the country when the army was actively engaged .

During the See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian War he was charged with the mobilization of a See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division . At the end of 1859, though the junior lieutenant-general in the army, he succeeded von Bonin as war See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister, and two years later the See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry of marine was also entrusted to him . His proposals of army reorganization met with the bitterest opposition, and it was not until after See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long fighting against a hostile See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority in the See also:

• CHAMBERS (the Fr. chambre, from Lat. camera, a room)
• CHAMBERS, EPHRAIM (d. 1740)
• CHAMBERS, GEORGE (1803-1840)
• CHAMBERS, ROBERT (18oz-1871)
• CHAMBERS, SIR WILLIAM (1726-1796)

chambers that, with See also:

• BISMARCK
• BISMARCK, OTTO EDUARD LEOPOLD VON, PRINCE

Bismarck's aid, he carried the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day . Even the Danish See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign of 1864 did not wholly convince the country of the See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity of his See also:

• MEASURES

measures, and it required the war with See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria of 1866 to convert obstinate opposition into enthusiastic support . After that von Roon, from being the best-hated See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man in Prussia, became the most popular, and his reforms were ultimately copied throughout See also:

• CONTINENTAL

continental Europe . He was promoted general of See also:

• INFANTRY

infantry at the outbreak of this war, was See also:

• PRESENT

present at the brilliant and decisive victory of See also:

• KONIGGRATZ (Czech, Hradec Kralove)

Koniggratz, and received the See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black Eagle at See also:

• NIKOLSBURG (Czech, Mikulov)

Nikolsburg on the road to See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna . His system, adopted after 1866 by the whole See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North German See also:

• CON

Con-federation, produced its inevitable result in the victorious war with See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France 1870-71, throughout which von Roon was in attendance on the German emperor . The fiftieth anniversary of his entrance into the army was celebrated at See also:

• VERSAILLES

Versailles on the 19th of January 1871, when the emperor expressed his gratitude for the great services he had rendered . He was created a See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count, and in See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1871, having resigned the ministries of war and marine, he succeeded Bismarck as See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the Prussian ministry . See also:

• ILL

Ill-See also:

• HEALTH

health compelled him to resign in the following year . He was promoted to be field-marshal on the 1st of January 1873 . He died at Berlin on the 23rd of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1879 .

After his See also:

• DEATH

death his son published the valuable Denkwurdigkeiten aus dem Leben See also:

• DES

des Generalfeldmarschalls Kriegsministers Grafen Roon (2 vols., See also:

• BRESLAU (Polish Wraclaw)

Breslau, 1892), and Kriegsminister von Roon als Redner palitisch and mililarisch erldutert (Breslau, 1895) . His See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence with his friend See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor Cl .