See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

WILLIAM See also:

• WILLIAM ROSCOE (1753—1831)

ROSCOE (1753—1831)  , See also:

• ENGLISH

English historian and See also:

• MISCELLANEOUS

miscellaneous writer, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 8th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1753 at See also:

• LIVERPOOL
• LIVERPOOL, EARLS
• LIVERPOOL, EARLS OF

Liverpool, where his See also:

• FATHER

father, who was a See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market gardener, kept a publichouse known as the See also:

• BOWLING (Lat. bulla, a globe, through O. Fr. boule, ball)

Bowling See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

Green at See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount Pleasant . See also:

• ROSCOE, WILLIAM (1753—1831)

Roscoe was eager in the acquisition of knowledge, and at twelve he See also:

• LEFT

left school, having learned all that his schoolmaster could See also:

• TEACH [THATCH OR THACH], EDWARD (d. 1718)

teach . He now assisted his father in the See also:

• WORK

work of the See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden, and gave his leisure See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours to See also:

• READING

reading and study . " This mode of See also:

• LIFE

life," he says, " gave See also:

• HEALTH

health and vigour to my See also:

• BODY

body, and amusement and instruction to my mind; and to this See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day I well remember the delicious See also:

• SLEEP (0. Eng. slcepan; Ger. schlafen; cf. Lat. labi, to glide, and " slip ")

sleep which succeeded my labours, from which I was again called at an See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• HOUR

hour . If I were now asked whom I consider to be the happiest of the human See also:

• RACE

race, I should See also:

• ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer, those who cultivate the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth by their own hands." At fifteen it was necessary to decide upon a path in life . A See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month's trial of See also:

• BOOKSELLING

bookselling sufficed to disgust him, and in 1769 he was articled to a See also:

• SOLICITOR

solicitor . Although a diligent student of See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, he did not bid farewell to the See also:

• MUSES, THE (Gr. Mo6o-at, the thinkers)

Muses, but continued to read the See also:

• CLASSICS

classics, and made that acquaintance with the See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language and literature of See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy which became the See also:

• INSTRUMENT (Lat. instrumentum, from insincere, to build up, furnish, arrange, prepare)

instrument of his distinction in after life . He wrote many verses: his Mount Pleasant was composed when he was sixteen, and this and other verses, though now forgotten, won the esteem of See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good critics . In 1774 he commenced business as an See also:

• ATTORNEY (from O. Fr. atorne, a person appointed to act for another, from atourner, legal Lat. attornare, attorn, literally to turn over to another or commit business to another)

attorney, and as soon as his professional gains warranted he married (1781) Jane, second daughter of See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William Griffies, a Liverpool tradesman, and had seven sons and three daughters . He had the courage to denounce the See also:

• AFRICAN

African slave See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade in his native See also:

• TOWN

town, where not a little of the See also:

• WEALTH

wealth came from this source . He wrote the Wrongs of See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa (1787—1788), and entered into a controversy with an ex-See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest, who undertook to prove the " licitness of the slave trade " from the See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible . Roscoe was also a See also:

• POLITICAL

political pamphleteer, and like many other Liberals of the day hailed the promise of See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty in the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French Revolution .

Meanwhile he had steadily pursued his See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian studies, and had made extensive collections See also:

• RELATING

relating to the See also:

• GREAT

great ruler of See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence . The result was his Life of Lorenzo de' See also:

• MEDICI
• MEDICI, GIACOMO (1817-1882)

Medici, which appeared in 1996, and at once placed him in the front See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of contemporary historians . The work has often been reprinted, and See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

translations in French, See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German and other See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages show that its popularity was not confined to its author's native See also:

• LAND

land . Perhaps the most gratifying testimony was that of Fabroni,who had intended to translate his own Latin life of Lorenzo, but abandoned the See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design and induced Gaetano Mecherini to undertake an Italian version of Roscoe . In 1796 Roscoe gave up practice as an attorney, and had some thought of going to the See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar, but relinquished the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea after keeping a single See also:

• TERM

term . Between 1793 and 1800 he paid much See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

agriculture, and helped to reclaim Chat See also:

• MOSS

Moss, near See also:

• MANCHESTER
• MANCHESTER (popularly Manchester-by-the-Sea)
• MANCHESTER, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Manchester . He also succeeded in restoring to good See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order the affairs of a banking See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house in which his friend William See also:

• CLARK, FRANCIS EDWARD (1851- )
• CLARK, GEORGE ROGERS (1752—1818)
• CLARK, JOHN BATES (1847— )
• CLARK, JOSIAH LATIMER (1822—1898)
• CLARK, SIR ANDREW
• CLARK, SIR JAMES (1788—1870)
• CLARK, THOMAS (1801—1867)
• CLARK, WILLIAM (1770-1838)
• CLARK, WILLIAM GEORGE (1821—1878)

Clark, then See also:

• RESIDENT

resident in Italy, was a partner . This task led to his introduction to the business, which eventually proved disastrous . His See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of Tansillo's See also:

• NURSE (a shortened form of the earlier " nourice," adapted through the French from Lat. nutrix, nu/rite, to nourish)

Nurse appeared in 1798, and went through several See also:

• EDITIONS

editions . It is dedicated in a See also:

• SONNET (Ital. Sonetto, dim. of Suono, Fr. Sonnet)

sonnet to his wife, who had practised the precepts of the Italian poet . The Life and Pontificate of See also:

• LEO
• LEO (THE LION)
• LEO, BROTHER (d. c. 1270)
• LEO, HEINRICH (1799-1878)
• LEO, JOHANNES (c. 1494-1552)
• LEO, LEONARDO (1694–1744)

Leo the Tenth appeared in 18o5, and was a natural sequel to that by which he had made his reputation . The work, whilst it maintained its author's fame, did not, on the whole, meet with so favourable a reception as the Life of Lorenzo .

It has been frequently reprinted, and the insertion of the Italian translation in the See also:

• INDEX

Index did not prevent its circulation even in the papal states . Roscoe was elected member of See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament for Liverpool in 18o6, but the House of See also:

• COMMONS

Commons was not a congenial See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place, and at the See also:

• DISSOLUTION (from Lat. dissolvere, to break up into parts)

dissolution in the following See also:

• YEAR

year he declined to be again a See also:

• CANDIDATE

candidate . The commercial troubles of 1816 brought into difficulties the banking house with which he was connected, and forced the See also:

• SALE
• SALE, GEORGE (c. 1697-1736)
• SALE, SIR ROBERT HENRY (1782—1845)

sale of his collection of books and pictures . It was on this occasion that he wrote the See also:

• FINE

fine " Sonnet on Parting with his Books." Dr S . H . Spiker, the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia's librarian, gives an interesting See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of a visit to Roscoe at this See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of trouble . Roscoe said he still desired to write a See also:

• BIOGRAPHY (from the Gr. (3ios, life, and yp&4 , writing)

biography of See also:

• ERASMUS, DESIDERIUS (1466–1536)

Erasmus but " wanted both leisure and youth." This project was not executed (Spiker's Travels through See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, &c., 18'6) . After a five years' struggle to See also:

• DISCHARGE (adapted from the O. Fr. discharge, modern decharge, from a med. Lat. discargare, to unload, dis- and earn care, to load, cf. " charge ")

discharge the liabilities of the See also:

• BANK

bank, the See also:

• ACTION

action of a small number of creditors forced the partners into See also:

• BANKRUPTCY (from Lat. bancus or Fr. banquet table or counter, and Lat. ruptus, broken)

bankruptcy in 182o . For a See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time Roscoe was in danger of See also:

• ARREST (Fr. arrester, arreeter, to stop or stay)

arrest, but ultimately he received See also:

• HONOURABLE (Fr. honorable, from Lat. honorabilis, worthy of honour)

honourable discharge . On the dispersal of his library, the volumes most useful to him were secured by See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends and placed in the Liverpool See also:

• ATHENAEUM

Athenaeum . The sum of £2500 was also invested for his benefit . The See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent and sensitive nature of Roscoe made both these operations difficult .

Having now resigned commercial pursuits entirely, he found a pleasant task in the arrangement of the great library at Holkham, the See also:

• PROPERTY

property of his friend See also:

• COKE (a northern English word, possibly connected with " colk," core)
• COKE, SIR EDWARD (1552-1634)
• COKE, SIR JOHN (1563-1644)
• COKE, THOMAS (1747-1814)

Coke . In 1822 he issued an appendix of illustrations to his Lorenzo and also a Memoir of See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert See also:

• JONES
• JONES, ALFRED GILPIN (1824-1906)
• JONES, EBENEZER (182o-186o)
• JONES, ERNEST CHARLES (1819-1869)
• JONES, HENRY (1831-1899)
• JONES, HENRY ARTHUR (1851- )
• JONES, INIGO (1573-1651)
• JONES, JOHN (c. 1800-1882)
• JONES, MICHAEL (d. 1649)
• JONES, OWEN (1741-1814)
• JONES, OWEN (1809-1874)
• JONES, RICHARD (179o-1855)
• JONES, SIR ALFRED LEWIS (1845-1909)
• JONES, SIR WILLIAM (1746-1794)
• JONES, THOMAS RUPERT (1819– )
• JONES, WILLIAM (1726-1800)

Jones of Aberdaron, a remarkable self-taught linguist . The year 1824 was memorable for the See also:

• DEATH

death of his wife and the publication of his edition of the See also:

• WORKS

works of See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope, which involved him in a controversy with See also:

• BOWLES, SAMUEL (1826–1878)
• BOWLES, WILLIAM LISLE (1762–185o)

Bowles . His versatility was shown by the See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of a See also:

• FOLIO (properly the ablative case of the Lat. folium, leaf, but also frequently an adaptation of the Ital. foglio)

folio monograph on-the Monandrian See also:

• PLANTS

Plants, which was published in 1828 . It appeared first in See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers, and the last See also:

• PART

part came out after his recovery from a paralytic attack . He died on the 3oth of See also:

• JUNE

June 1831 . Roscoe's See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character was a fine one . Under circumstances uncongenial and discouraging he steadfastly maintained the ideal of the intellectual life . Sensitive and conscientious, he sacrificed his possessions to a punctilious sense of See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty . He had the courage of unpopular opinions, and, whilst promoting every good See also:

• OBJECT

object in his native town, did not hesitate to speak out where See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain dealing, as in the See also:

• MATTER

matter of See also:

• SLAVERY

slavery, was required . He was a sincere friend and exemplary in his domestic relations . Posterity is not likely to endorse the See also:

• VERDICT (O. Fr. verdit, Lat. vere dictum, truly said, used in Late Latin in one word with its present significance)

verdict of See also:

• HORACE [QuINTus HORATIUS FLACCUS] (65-8 B.C.)

Horace See also:

• WALPOLE, HORATIO
• WALPOLE, SIR SPENCER (1839-1907)

Walpole, who thought Roscoe " by far the best of our historians," but in spite of newer See also:

• LIGHTS, CEREMONIAL USE OF

lights and of some changes of See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion in the See also:

• WORLD

world of letters, his books on Lorenzo de' Medici and Leo X. remain important contributions to See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical literature .

In addition to the writings already named, Roscoe wrote tracts on penal See also:

• JURISPRUDENCE (Lat. jurisprudenlia, knowledge of law, from jus, right, and prudentia, from providere, to foresee)
• JURISPRUDENCE, COMPARATIVE

jurisprudence, and contributed to the Transactions of the Royal Society of Literature and of the Linrtean Society . The first collected edition of his Poetical Works was published in 1857, and is sadly incomplete, omitting, with other verses known to be from his See also:

• PEN (Lat. penna, a feather, pen)

pen, the Butterfly's See also:

• BALL (in Mid. Eng. bal; the word is probably cognate with " bale," Teutonic in origin, cf. also Lat. falls, and Gr. 7raXXa)
• BALL, JOHN (1585-1640)
• BALL, JOHN (1818-1889)
• BALL, JOHN (d. 1381)
• BALL, SIR ALEXANDER JOHN, BART
• BALL, THOMAS (1819- )

Ball, a fantasy, which has charmed thousands of See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children since it appeared in 1807 . Other verses are in Poems for Youth, by a See also:

• FAMILY

Family Circle (182o) . The Life by his son See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry Roscoe (2 vols., See also:

• LONDON

London, 1833) contains full details of Roscoe's career, and there are references to him in the Autobiographical Sketches of De Quincey, and in See also:

• WASHINGTON
• WASHINGTON (or WASHINGTON COURT HOUSE)
• WASHINGTON, BOOKER TALIAFERRO (c. 1859– )
• WASHINGTON, BUSHROD (1762-1829)
• WASHINGTON, GEORGE (1732-1799)

Washington See also:

• IRVING, EDWARD (1792-1834)
• IRVING, SIR HENRY (1838-1905)
• IRVING, WASHINGTON (1783-18J9)

Irving's See also:

• SKETCH (directly adapted from Dutch schets, which was taken from Ital. schizzo, a rough draft, Lat. schedium, something hastily made, Gr. oxE&os, sudden, off-hand, axeb6v, near by; Ger. Skizze and Fr. esquisse are from the same source)

Sketch See also:

• BOOK

Book . (W . E . A .