See also:

• JEAN

JEAN JACQUES See also:

• ROUSSEAU, JACQUES (1633-1693)
• ROUSSEAU, JEAN BAPTISTE (1671-1741)
• JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU (1712-1778)
• ROUSSEAU, PIERRE ETIENNE THEODORE (1812–1867); French painter of the Barbizon school, was born in Paris on the 15th of April 1812, of a bourgeois family which included one or two artists. At first he received a business training, but soon displayed aptitu

ROUSSEAU (1712-1778)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French philosopher, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• GENEVA
• GENEVA (Fr. Geneve, Ger. Genf, Ital. Ginevra, Late Lat. Gebenna, though Genava in good Latin)
• GENEVA, LAKE OF

Geneva on the 28th See also:

• JUNE

June 1712 .. His See also:

• FAMILY

family had established themselves in that See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of the religious See also:

• WARS

wars, but they were of pure French origin . See also:

• ROUSSEAU, JACQUES (1633-1693)
• ROUSSEAU, JEAN BAPTISTE (1671-1741)
• ROUSSEAU, JEAN JACQUES (1712-1778)
• ROUSSEAU, PIERRE ETIENNE THEODORE (1812–1867); French painter of the Barbizon school, was born in Paris on the 15th of April 1812, of a bourgeois family which included one or two artists. At first he received a business training, but soon displayed aptitu

Rousseau's See also:

• FATHER

father See also:

• ISAAC (Hebrew for " he laughs," on explanatory references to the name, see ABRAHAM)

Isaac was a watchmaker; his See also:

• MOTHER

mother, Suzanne See also:

• BERNARD, CHARLES DE
• BERNARD, CLAUDE (1813-1878)
• BERNARD, JACQUES (1658--1718)
• BERNARD, MOUNTAGUE (1S2o—1882)
• BERNARD, SAINT
• BERNARD, SAINT (Iogo-1153)
• BERNARD, SIMON (1779—1839)
• BERNARD, SIR THOMAS, BART

Bernard, was the daughter of a See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister; she died in See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child-See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth, and Rousseau, who was the second son, was brought up in a haphazard See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion, his father being dissipated, violent-tempered and foolish . But he See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early taught his son to read, and seems to have laid the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of the flighty sentimental-ism in morals and politics which Rousseau afterwards illustrated with his See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius . When the boy was ten years old his father got entangled in a dispute with a See also:

• FELLOW

fellow-See also:

• CITIZEN (a form corrupted in Eng., apparently by analogy with " denizen," from O. Fr. citeain, mod. Fr. citoyen)

citizen, and being condemned to a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• TERM

term of imprisonment abandoned Geneva and took See also:

• REFUGE

refuge at See also:

• LYONS
• LYONS (Fr. Lyon)
• LYONS, COUNCILS OF
• LYONS, EDMUND LYONS, BARON (1790-1858)
• LYONS, RICHARD BICKERTON PEMELL LYONS, 1ST EARL (1817–1887)

Lyons . The father and son henceforth rarely met . Rousseau was taken See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of by his mother's relations and was committed to the tutorship of M . Lambercier, pastor at See also:

• BOISSY

Boissy . In 1724 he was removed from this school and taken into the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of his See also:

• UNCLE

uncle Bernard, by whom he was shortly afterwards apprenticed to a See also:

• NOTARY, or NOTARY PUBLIC

notary . His See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master, how-ever, found or thought him incapable and sent him back . After a short time (See also:

• APRIL

April 25, 1725) he was apprenticed afresh, this time to an engraver . He did not dislike the See also:

• WORK

work, but was or thought himself cruelly treated .

In 1728 he ran away, the truancy being by his own See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account unintentional in the first instance, and due to the fact of the city See also:

• GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

gates being shut earlier than usual . Then began an extraordinary See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of wanderings and adventures, for much of which there is no authority but his cwn Confessions . He first See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell in with some proselytizers of the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman faith at Confignon in See also:

• SAVOY, HOUSE
• SAVOY, HOUSE OF

Savoy, and by them he was sent to Madame de Warens at See also:

• ANNECY

Annecy, a See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young and See also:

• PRETTY

pretty widow who was herself a convert . Her See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence, however, which was to be so See also:

• GREAT

great, was not immediately exercised, and he was passed on to See also:

• TURIN

Turin, where there was an institution specially devoted to the reception of neophytes . His experiences here were unsatisfactory, but he abjured duly and was rewarded by being presented with twenty francs and sent about his business . He wandered about in Turin for some time, and at last established himself as See also:

• FOOTMAN

footman to a Madame de Vercellis . Here occurred the famous incident of the See also:

• THEFT

theft of a ribbon, of which he accused a girl fellow-servant . But, though he kept his See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place by this piece of cowardice, Madame de Vercellis died not See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long afterwards and he was turned off . He found another place with the See also:

• COMTE, AUGUSTE [ISIDORE AUGUSTE MARIE FRANCOIS XAVIER] (1798-1857)

Comte de Gouvon, but lost this also through coxcombry . Then he resolved to return to Madame de Warens at Annecy . The See also:

• CHRONOLOGY (Gr. xpovo?oyfa, computation of time, xp6vos)

chronology of all these events, as narrated by himself, is somewhat obscure, but they seem to have occupied about three years . Even then Rousseau did not See also:

• SETTLE
• SETTLE, ELKANAH (1648–1724)

settle at once in the anomalous but to him charming position of domestic See also:

• LOVER, SAMUEL (1797-1868)

lover to this See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady, who, nominally a converted See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant, was in reality, as manywomen of her time were, a See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of deist, with a theory of See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble sentiment and a practice of libertinism tempered by See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good nature .

It used to be held that in her conjugal relations she was more sinned against than sinning . But See also:

• MODERN

modern investigations seem to show that M. de Vuarrens (which is' said to be the correct spelling of the name) was an unfortunate See also:

• HUSBAND

husband, and was deserted and robbed by his wife . However, she welcomed Rousseau kindly, thought it necessary to See also:

• COMPLETE

complete his See also:

• EDUCATION

education, and he was sent to the seminarists of St Lazare to be improved in See also:

• CLASSICS

classics, and also to a See also:

• MUSIC

music master . In one of his incomprehensible freaks he set off for Lyons, and, after abandoning his See also:

• COMPANION (through the O. Fr. compaignon or compagnon, from the Late Lat. companio,—cum, with, and panis, bread,—one who shares meals with another; the word has been wrongly derived from the Late Lat. compagnus, one of the same pages or district)

companion in an epileptic See also:

• FIT

fit, returned to Annecy to find Madame de Warens gone . Then for some months he relapsed into the See also:

• LIFE

life of vagabondage, varied by improbable adventures, which (according to his own statement) he so often pursued . Hardly knowing anything of music, he attempted to give lessons and a See also:

• CONCERT (through the French from Lat. con-, with, and certare, to strive)

concert at See also:

• LAUSANNE

Lausanne; and he actually taught at See also:

• NEUCHATEL
• NEUCHATEL (Ger. Neuenburg)
• NEUCHATEL, LAKE OF

Neuchatel . Then he became, or says he became, secretary to a See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• ARCHIMANDRITE (from Gr. apxcov, a ruler, and µav3pa, a fold or monastery)

archimandrite who was travelling in See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland to collect subscriptions for the rebuilding of the See also:

• HOLY

Holy See also:

• SEPULCHRE, CANONS REGULAR OF THE HOLY
• SEPULCHRE, EASTER
• SEPULCHRE, THE HOLY

Sepulchre; then he went to See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, and, with recommendations from the French See also:

• AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador at See also:

• SOLEURE
• SOLEURE (Ger. Solothurn)

Soleure, saw something of good society; then he returned on See also:

• FOOT

foot through Lyons to Savoy, See also:

• HEARING (formed from the verb " to hear," O. Eng. hyran, heron, &c., a common Teutonic verb; cf. Ger. Koren, Dutch hooren, &c.; the O. Tent. form is seen in Goth. hausjan; the initial h makes any connexion with " ear," Lat. audire, or Gr. &Kobew very doub

hearing that Madame de Warens was at See also:

• CHAMBERY

Chambery . This was in 1732, and Rousseau, who for a time had unimportant employments in the service of the Sardinian See also:

• CROWN

crown, was shortly in-stalled by Madame de Warens, whom he still called Maman, as amant en titre in her singular See also:

• HOUSEHOLD, ROYAL

household, wherein she diverted herself with him, with music and with See also:

• CHEMISTRY
• CHEMISTRY (formerly "chymistry"; Gr. xvµela; for derivation see ALCHEMY)

chemistry . In 1736 Madame de Warens, partly for Rousseau's See also:

• HEALTH

health, took a See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country house, See also:

• LES

Les Charmettes, a short distance from Chambery . Here in summer, and in the See also:

• TOWN

town during See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter, Rousseau led a delightful life, which he has delightfully described . In a desultory. way he did a good See also:

• DEAL

deal of See also:

• READING

reading, but in 1738 his health again became See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad, and he was recommended to go to See also:

• MONTPELLIER

Montpellier . By his own account this See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey to Montpellier was in reality a voyage d Cythere in See also:

• COMPANY

company with a certain Madame de Larnage .

This being so, he could hardly complain when on returning he found that his See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official position in Madame de Warens's household had been taken by a See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person named Vintzenried . He was, however, less likely than most men to endure the position of second in command, and in 1740 he became See also:

• TUTOR (Lat. tutor, guardian, tueri, to watch over, protect)

tutor at Lyons to the See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children of M. de Mably, not the well-known writer of that name, but his and See also:

• CONDILLAC, ETIENNE BONNOT DE (1715—178o)

Condillac's See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder See also:

• BROTHER

brother . But Rousseau did not like teaching and was a bad teacher, and after a visit to Les Charmettes, finding that his place there was finally occupied, he once more went to Paris in 1741 . He was not without recommendations . But a new See also:

• SYSTEM

system of musical notation which he thought he had discovered was unfavourably received by the Academie See also:

• DES

des sciences, where it was read in See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1742, and he was unable to obtain pupils . Madame See also:

• DUPIN, ANDRE MARIE JEAN JACQUES (1783-1865)

Dupin, however, to whose house he had obtained the entry, See also:

• PRO

pro-cured him the See also:

• HONOURABLE (Fr. honorable, from Lat. honorabilis, worthy of honour)

honourable if not very lucrative See also:

• POST

post of secretary to M. de Montaigu, ambassador at See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice . With him he stayed for about eighteen months, and has as usual See also:

• INFINITE (from Lat. in, not, finis, end or limit; cf. findere, to deave)

infinite complaints to make of his employer and some See also:

• STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

strange stories to tell . At length he threw up his situation and returned to Paris (1745) . Up to this time—that is to say, till his See also:

• THIRTY

thirty-third See also:

• YEAR

year—Rousseau's life, though continuously described by himself, was of the kind called subterranean, and the account of it must be taken with considerable allowances . From this time, how-ever, he is more or less in view; and, though at least two events of his life-his See also:

• QUARREL

quarrel with See also:

• DIDEROT, DENIS (1713-1784)

Diderot and.his See also:

• DEATH

death—aresubjects of dispute, its See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• HISTORY

history can be checked and followed with reasonable confidence . On his return to Paris he renewed his relations with the Dupin family and with the See also:

• LITERARY

literary See also:

• GROUP

group of Diderot, to which he had already been introduced by M. de Mably's letters . He had an See also:

• OPERA (Italian for " work ")

opera, Les See also:

• MUSES, THE (Gr. Mo6o-at, the thinkers)

Muses galantes, privately represented; he copied music for See also:

• MONEY

money, and received from Madame Dupin and her son-in-See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law M. de Francueil a small but See also:

• REGULAR

regular See also:

• SALARY

salary as secretary .

He lived at the Hotel St Quentin for a time, and once more arranged for himself an equivocal domestic See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment . His See also:

• MISTRESS

mistress, whom towards the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of his life he married after a fashion, was Therese le Vasseur, a servant at the See also:

• INN

inn, whom he first met in 1743 . She had little beauty, no education or understanding, and few charms that his See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends could discover, besides which she had a detestable mother, who was the bane of Rousseau's life . But he made himself happy with her, and (according to Rousseau's account, the accuracy of which has been questioned) five children were born to them, who were all consigned to the foundling See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital . This disregard of responsibility was partly punished by the use his critics made of it when he became celebrated as a writer on education and a preacher of the domestic affections.' Diderot, with whom from 1741 onwards he became more and more See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar, admitted him as a contributor to the Encyclopedia . He formed new musical projects, and he was introduced by degrees to many See also:

• PEOPLE

people of See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank and influence, among them Madame d'See also:

• EPINAY, LOUISE FLORENCE PETRONILLE TARDIEU

Epinay (q.v.), to whom in 1747 he was introduced by her lover M. de Francueil . It was not, however, till 1749 that Rousseau made his See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark as a writer . The See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

academy of See also:

• DIJON

Dijon offered a See also:

• PRIZE, or PRIZE OF WAR (Fr. prise, from prendre, to take)

prize for an See also:

• ESSAY, ESSAYIST (Fr. essai, Late Lat. exagium, a weighing or balance; exigere, to examine; the term in general meaning any trial or effort)

essay on the effect of the progress of See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization on morals . Rousseau took up the subject, See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed his famous See also:

• PARADOX (Gr. treat, beyond, contrary to, Sofia, opinion)

paradox of the superiority of the See also:

• SAVAGE
• SAVAGE, MINOT JUDSON (1841– )
• SAVAGE, RICHARD (d. 1743)

savage See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, won the prize, and, See also:

• PUBLISHING

publishing his essay (Discours sur les arts et sciences) next year, became famous . The anecdotage as to the origin of this famous essay is voluminous . It is agreed that the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea was suggested when Rousseau went to pay a visit to Diderot, who was in See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison at See also:

• VINCENNES

Vincennes for his Lettre sur les aveugles . Rousseau says he thought of the paradox on his way down; See also:

• MORELLET, ANDRE (1727-1819)

Morellet and others say that he thought of treating the subject in the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary fashion and was laughed at by Diderot, who showed him the advantages of the less obvious treatment .

Diderot himself, who in such matters, is almost absolutely trustworthy, does not claim the See also:

• SUGGESTION

suggestion, but uses words which imply that it was at least partly his . It is very like him . The essay, however, took the artificial and crotchety society of the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day by See also:

• STORM (in O. Eng..storm, and so in Du. and Low Ger.; in O. H. Ger. and mod. Ger. Sturm; the root is probably that seen in " stir," to rouse, move, disturb, cf. Ger. storen)
• STORM, THEODOR WOLDSEN (1817-1888)

storm . Francueil gave Rousseau a valuable post as See also:

• CASHIER

cashier in the See also:

• RECEIVER

receiver-general's See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office . But he resigned it either from conscientiousness, or See also:

• CROTCHET (from the Fr. croche, a hook; whence also the Anglicized " crochet," pronounced as in French, for the knitting-work done with a hook instead of on pins)

crotchet, or nervousness at responsibility, or indolence, or more probably from a mixture of all four . He went back to his music-copying, but the salons of the day were determined to have his society, and for a time they had it . In 1752 he brought out at See also:

• FONTAINEBLEAU

Fontainebleau an operetta, the Devin 4u See also:

• VILLAGE

village, which was successful . He received a See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

louis for it, and he was ordered to come to See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court next day . This meant the certainty of a See also:

• PENSION (Lat. pensio, a payment, from pendere, to weigh, to pay)

pension . But Rousseau's shyness or his perversity (as before, probably both) made him disobey the command . His See also:

• COMEDY

comedy Narcisse, written long before, was also acted, but unsuccessfully . In the same year, however, a See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter Sur la musique francaise again had a great See also:

• VOGUE, EUGENE MELCHIOR, COMTE DE (1848- )

vogue .2 Finally, for this was an important year 1 Apart from the fact that there were probably no children at all, the whole bearing of the belief of Rousseau that they were sent by him to the Enfants trouves has been falsified by hostile writers .

He was a penniless See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of letters, with theories as to state See also:

• MAINTENANCE (Fr. maintenance, from maintenir, to maintain, support, Lat. manu tenere, to hold in the hand)

maintenance of children; and Therese was a consenting party . Rousseau, however, never saw any of the alleged children; and Mrs See also:

• MACDONALD, FLORA (1722—1790)
• MACDONALD, GEORGE (1824-1905)
• MACDONALD, JACQUES ETIENNE JOSEPH
• MACDONALD, JOHN SANDFIELD (1812-1872)
• MACDONALD, LAWRENCE (1799-1878)
• MACDONALD, SIR HECTOR ARCHIBALD (1852-1903)
• MACDONALD, SIR JOHN ALEXANDER (1815-1891)

Macdonald has shown good cause for believing that their existence was a myth, an See also:

• IMPOSITION (from Lat. imponere, to place or lay upon)

imposition on Rousseau's credulity, invented by Therese and her mother to make the tie more binding . (H . CH.) 2 Rousseau's influence on French music was greater than might have been expected from his very imperfect education; in truth, he was a musician by natural See also:

• INSTINCT

instinct only, but his feeling for See also:

• ART

art was very strong, and, though capricious, based upon true perceptions of the good and beautiful . The system of notation (by figures) concerning which he read a See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper before the Academie des Sciences, August 22, 1742, was ingenious, but practically worse than useless, and failed to attract See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention, though the paper was published in 1743 under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of Dissertation sur la musique moderne . In the famous " guerre des buffons," he took the See also:

• PART

part of the " buffonists," so named in consequence of their See also:

• ATTACHMENT

attachment to the See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian " opera buffa," as opposed to the true French opera; and, in his Lettre sur la musique francaise, published in 1753, he indulged in a violent tirade against French music, which he declared to be so contemptible as to See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead to the conclusion " that the French neither have, nor ever will have, any music of their own, or at least that, if they ever do have any, it will be so much the worse for them." This See also:

• SILLY

silly See also:

• LIBEL

libel so enraged the performers at the Opera that they hanged and burnedwith him, the Dijon academy, which had founded his fame, announced the subject of " The Origin of Inequality," on which he wrote a discourse which was unsuccessful, but at least equal to the former in merit . During a visit to Geneva in 1754 Rousseau saw his old friend and love Madame de Warens (now reduced in circumstances and having lost all her charms), while after abjuring his See also:

• ABJURATION (from Lat. abjurare, to forswear)

abjuration of Protestantism he was enabled to take up his freedom as citizen of Geneva, to which his birth entitled him and of which he was proud . Shortly afterwards, returning to Paris, he accepted a cottage near See also:

• MONTMORENCY
• MONTMORENCY, ANNE
• MONTMORENCY, MATHIEU JEAN FELICITE DE

Montmorency (the celebrated Hermitage) which Madame d'Epinay had fitted up for him, and established himself there in April 1756 . He spent little more than a year there, but it was an important year . Here he wrote La Nouvelle Heloise; here he indulged in the See also:

• PASSION (post-classical Lat. passio, formed from pati, passus, to suffer, endure)

passion which that novel partly represents, his love for Madame d'Huodetot, See also:

• SISTER

sister-in-law of Madame d'Epinay, a lady young and amiable, but See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain, who had a husband and a lover (St See also:

• LAMBERT [alias NICHOLSON], JOHN (d. 1538)
• LAMBERT, DANIEL (1770-1809)
• LAMBERT, FRANCIS (c 1486-153o)
• LAMBERT, JOHANN HEINRICH (1728–1777)
• LAMBERT, JOHN (1619-1694)

Lambert), and whom Rousseau's devotion seems to have partly pleased and partly annoyed . Here too arose the obscure triangular quarrel between Diderot, Rousseau and See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick Melchior See also:

• GRIMM, FRIEDRICH MELCHIOR, I
• GRIMM, JACOB LUDWIG CARL (1785-1863)
• GRIMM, WILHELM CARL (1786-1859)

Grimm, which ended Rousseau's sojourn at the Hermitage . The supposition least favourable to Rousseau is that it was due to one of his numerous fits of See also:

• HALF

half-insane petulance and indignation at the obligations which he was nevertheless always ready to incur .

That most favourable to him is that he was expected to lend himself in a more or less complaisant manner to assist and See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover Madame d'Epinay's adulterous See also:

• AFFECTION (Lat. ad, and facere, to do something to, sc. a person)

affection for Grimm . At any See also:

• RATE

rate, Rousseau quitted the Hermitage in the winter of 1757-58, and established himself at Montlouis in the neighbourhood . Hitherto Rousseau's behaviour had frequently made him enemies, but his writings had for the most part made him friends . The quarrel with Madame d'Epinay, with Diderot, and through them with the philosophe party reversed this . In 1758 appeared his Lettre a d'See also:

• ALEMBERT, JEAN LE ROND

Alembert contre les See also:

• SPECTACLES

spectacles, written in the winter of the previous year at Montlouis . This was at once an attack on See also:

• VOLTAIRE, FRANCOIS MARIE AROUET DE (1694–1778)

Voltaire, who was giving theatrical representations at Les Deices, on D'Alembert, who had condemned the See also:

• PREJUDICE (Lat. praejudicium)

prejudice against the See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage in the Encyclopedia, and on one of the favourite amusements of the society of the day . Voltaire's strong point was not forgiveness, and, though Rousseau no doubt exaggerated the efforts of his " enemies," he was certainly henceforward as See also:

• OBNOXIOUS (Lat. obnoxiosus, from ob, over, against, and noxa, harm)

obnoxious to the philosophe coterie as to the orthodox party . He still, however, had no lack of patrons—he never had—though his perversity made him quarrel with all in turn . The amiable See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke and duchess of Luxembourg, who were his neighbours at Montlouis, made his acquaintance, or rather forced theirs upon him, and he was industrious in his literary work—indeed, most of his best books were produced during his stay in the neighbourhood of its author in effigy . Rousseau revenged himself by See also:

• PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

printing his See also:

• CLEVER

clever See also:

• SATIRE (Lat. satira, satura; see below)

satire entitled Lettre d'un symphoniste de l'Academie Royale de Musique a ses camarades de l'orchestre . His Lettre a M . See also:

• BURNEY, CHARLES (1726-1814)

Burney is of a very different type, and does full See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice to the genius of See also:

• GLUCK

Gluck .

His articles on music in the Encyclopedia deal very superficially with the subject; and his Dictionnaire de musique (Geneva, 1767), though admirably written, is not trustworthy, either as a See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of facts or as a collection of See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical essays . In all these See also:

• WORKS

works the imperfection of his musical education is painfully apparent, and his compositions betray an equal lack of knowledge, though his refined See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste is as clearly displayed there as is his literary See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power in the Letters and See also:

• DICTIONARY

Dictionary . His first opera, Les Muses galantes, privately prepared at the house of La Popeliniere, attracted very little attention; but Le Devin du village, given at Fontainebleau in 1752, and at the Academie in 1753, achieved a great and well-deserved success . Though very unequal, and exceedingly See also:

• SIMPLE

simple both in See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style and construction, it contains some charming melodies, and is written throughout in the most refined taste . His See also:

• PYGMALION

Pygmalion (1775) is a See also:

• MELODRAMA (a coined word from Gr. µEXos, music, and Spaµa, action)

melodrama without singing . Some See also:

• POSTHUMOUS

posthumous fragments of another opera, See also:

• DAPHNIS

Daphnis et Chloe, were printed in 178o; and in 1781 appeared Les Consolations des miseres de ma See also:

• VIE

vie, a collection of about one hundred songs and other fugitive pieces of very unequal merit . The popular See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air known as " Rousseau's See also:

• DREAM (from a root dreug, connected with Germ. trugen, to deceive)

Dream " is not contained in this collection, and cannot be traced back farther than J . B . See also:

• CRAMER, JOHANN BAPTIST (1771—1858)
• CRAMER, JOHN ANTONY (1793—1848)
• CRAMER, KARL VON (1818—r9o2)

Cramer's celebrated " See also:

• VARIATIONS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS OF

Variations." M . Castil-See also:

• BLAZE (A.-S. blaese, a torch)

Blaze has accused Rousseau of extensive plagiarisms (or worse) in Le Devin du village and Pygmalion, but apparently without sufficient cause . (W . S .

R.) Montmorency . A letter to Voltaire on his poem about the See also:

• LISBON (Lisboa)

Lisbon See also:

• EARTHQUAKE

earthquake embittered the dislike between the two, being surreptitiously published . La Nouvelle Heloise appeared in the same year (1760), and it was immensely popular . In 1762 appeared the Contrat social at See also:

• AMSTERDAM
• AMSTERDAM (NEw AMSTERDAM)

Amsterdam, and Emile, which was published both in the See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

Low Countries and at Paris . For the latter the author received 6000 livres, for the Contrat See also:

• ROOD (O.E. rod, a stick, another form of " rod, O.E. rodd, possibly cognate with Lat. rudis, a staff)

rood . Julie, ou La Nouvelle Heloise, is a novel written in letters describing the loves of a man of low position and a girl of rank, her subsequent See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage to a respectable freethinker of her own station, the See also:

• MENTAL

mental agonies of her lover, and the partial appeasing of the distresses of the lovers by the influence of noble sentiment and the good offices of a philanthropic Englishman . It is too long, the sentiment is overstrained, and severe moralists have accused it of a certain complaisance in dealing with amatory errors; but it is full of pathos and knowledge of the human See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart . The Contrat social, as its title implies, endeavours to See also:

• BASE

base all See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government on the consent, See also:

• DIRECT

direct or implied, of the governed, and indulges in much ingenious See also:

• ARGUMENT

argument to get rid of the See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical inconveniences of such a suggestion . Emile, the second title of which is De ''Education, is much more of a See also:

• TREATISE

treatise than of a novel, though a certain amount of narrative See also:

• INTEREST

interest is kept up throughout . Rousseau's reputation was now higher than ever, but the term of the See also:

• COMPARATIVE

comparative prosperity which he had enjoyed for nearly ten years was at See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand . The Contrat social was obviously See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-monarchic; the Nouvelle Heloise was said to be immoral; the sentimental See also:

• DEISM (Lat. dens, god)

deism of the " Profession du See also:

• VICAIRE, LOUIS GABRIEL CHARLES (1848-1900)

vicaire Savoyard " in Emile irritated equally the philosophe party and the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church . On June 1x, 1762, Emile was condemned by the See also:

• PARLEMENT (see PARLIAMENT)

parlement of Paris, and two days previously Madame de Luxembourg and the See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince de See also:

• CONTI, NICOLO
• CONTI, PRINCES OF

Conti gave the author See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information that he would be arrested if he did not See also:

• FLY (formed on the root of the supposed original Tent. fleugan, to fly)

fly .

They also furnished him with means of See also:

• FLIGHT

flight, and he made for Yverdun in the territory of See also:

• BERN (Fr. Berne)

Bern, whence he transferred himself to Motiers in Neuchatel, which then belonged to See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia . Frederick II. was not indisposed to protect the persecuted when it cost him nothing and might bring him fame, and in See also:

• MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

Marshal See also:

• KEITH
• KEITH, FRANCIS EDWARD JAMES (1696-1758)
• KEITH, GEORGE (c. 1639-1716)
• KEITH, GEORGE KEITH ELPHINSTONE, VISCOUNT (1746-1823)

Keith, the See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of Neuchatel, Rousseau found a true and See also:

• FIRM

firm friend . He was, however, unable to be quiet or to practise any of those more or less pious frauds which were customary at the time with the unorthodox . The See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop of Paris had published a See also:

• PASTORAL (from Lat. pastor, a shepherd)

pastoral against him, and Rousseau did not let the year pass without a Lettre a M. de See also:

• BEAUMONT
• BEAUMONT, BELMONT, or BELLOMONT
• BEAUMONT, CHRISTOPHE DE (1703-1781)
• BEAUMONT, SIR JOHN (1583–1627)

Beaumont . The See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of Geneva had joined in the condemnation of Emile, and Rousseau first solemnly renounced his citizenship, and then, in the Lettres de la montagne (1763), attacked the council and the Genevan constitution unsparingly . All this excited public See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion against him, and gradually he See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew unpopular in his own neighbourhood . This unpopularity is said on uncertain authority to have culminated in a nocturnal attack on his house . At any rate he thought he was menaced if he was not, and migrated to the Ile St See also:

• PIERRE

Pierre in the See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake of See also:

• BIENNE, LAKE OF, or BIELERSEE
• BIENNE, or BIEL

Bienne, where he once more for a short, and the last, time enjoyed that idyllic existence which he loved . But the Bernese government ordered him to quit its territory . He was for some time uncertain where to go, and thought of See also:

• CORSICA (Fr. Corse)

Corsica (to join See also:

• PAOLI, CESARE (1840-1902)
• PAOLI, PASQUALE (1725-1807)

Paoli) and See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin . But finally See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David See also:

• HUME, ALEXANDER (c. 1557-1609)
• HUME, DAVID (1711-1776)
• HUME, JOSEPH (1777-1855)

Hume offered him, See also:

• LATE

late in 1765, an See also:

• ASYLUM (from Gr. b.-, privative, arid earl, right'of seizure)
• ASYLUM, RIGHT OF (Fr. droit d'asile; Ger. Asylrecht)

asylum in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, and he accepted . He passed through Paris, where his presence was tolerated for a time, and landed in England on See also:

• JANUARY

January 13, 1766 .

Therese travelled separately, and was en-trusted to' the charge of See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James See also:

• BOSWELL, JAMES (1740-1795)

Boswell, who had already made Rousseau's acquaintance . Here he had once more a See also:

• CHANCE (through the O. Fr. cheance, from the Late Lat. cadentia, things happening, from cadere, to fall out, happen; cf. " case ")

chance of settling peaceably . Severe See also:

• ENGLISH

English moralists like See also:

• JOHNSON, ANDREW
• JOHNSON, ANDREW (1808–1875)
• JOHNSON, BENJAMIN (c. 1665-1742)
• JOHNSON, EASTMAN (1824–1906)
• JOHNSON, REVERDY (1796–1876)
• JOHNSON, RICHARD (1573–1659 ?)
• JOHNSON, RICHARD MENTOR (1781–1850)
• JOHNSON, SAMUEL (1709-1784)
• JOHNSON, SIR THOMAS (1664-1729)
• JOHNSON, SIR WILLIAM (1715–1774)
• JOHNSON, THOMAS

Johnson thought but See also:

• ILL

ill of him, but the public generally was not unwilling to testify against French intolerance, and regarded his sentimentalism with favour . He was lionized in See also:

• LONDON

London to his heart's content and discontent, for it may truly be said of Rousseau that he was equally indignant at neglect and intolerant of attention . When, after not a few displays of his strange See also:

• HUMOUR (Latin humor)

humour, he professed himself tired of the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital, Hume procured him a country See also:

• ABODE (from " abide," to dwell, properly " to wait for ," to bide)

abode in the house of Mr See also:

• DAVENPORT
• DAVENPORT, EDWARD LOOMIS (1816-1877)
• DAVENPORT, ROBERT (fl. 1623—1639)

Davenport at Wootton in See also:

• DERBYSHIRE

Derbyshire . Here, though the place was See also:

• BLEAK, or BLICK (Alburnus lucidus)

bleak and lonely, he might have been happy enough, and he actually employed himself in See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing the greater part of his Confessions . But his See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit of self-tormenting and tormenting others never See also:

• LEFT

left him . His own caprices interposed some delay in the conferring of a pension which See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George III. was induced to See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant him, and he took this as a See also:

• CRIME (Lat. crimen, accusation)

crime of Hume's . The publication of a spiteful letter (really by See also:

• HORACE [QuINTus HORATIUS FLACCUS] (65-8 B.C.)

Horace See also:

• WALPOLE, HORATIO
• WALPOLE, SIR SPENCER (1839-1907)

Walpole, one of whose worst deeds it was) in the name of the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of Prussia made Rousseau believe that plots of the most terrible kind were on foot against him . Finally he quarrelled with Hume because the latter would not acknowledge all his own friends and Rousseau's supposed enemies of the philosophe circle to be rascals . He remained, however, at Wootton during the year and through the winter . In May 1767 he fled to See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, addressing letters to the See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor and to General See also:

• CONWAY (Conwy, or Aberconwy)
• CONWAY, HENRY SEYMOUR (1721-1795)
• CONWAY, HUGH
• CONWAY, MONCURE DANIEL (1832–1907)
• CONWAY, SIR WILLIAM MARTIN (1856– )

Conway, which can only be described as the letters of a lunatic .

He was received in France by the See also:

• MARQUIS

marquis de See also:

• MIRABEAU, ANDRE BONIFACE LOUIS RIQUETI, VICOMTE DE (1754-1792)
• MIRABEAU, HONORS GABRIEL RIQUETI, COMTE DE (1749-1791)
• MIRABEAU, VICTOR RIQUETI, MARQUIS DE (1715-1789)

Mirabeau (father of the great Mirabeau), of whom he soon had enough, then by the prince de Conti at Trye . From this place he again fled and wandered about for some time in a wretched fashion, still writing the Confessions, constantly receiving generous help, and always quarrelling with, or at least suspecting, the helpers . In the summer of 177o he re-turned to Paris, resumed music-copying, and was on the whole happier than he had been since he had to leave Montlouis . He had by this time married Therese le Vasseur, or had at least gone through some See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of marriage with her . Many of the best-known stories of Rousseau's life date from this last time, when he was tolerably accessible to visitors, though clearly half-insane . He finished his Confessions, wrote his Dialogues (the interest of which is not quite equal to the promise of their curious sub-title, Rousseau See also:

• JUGE, BOFFILLE DE (d. 1502)

juge de See also:

• JEAN

Jean Jacques), and began his Reveries du promeneur See also:

• SOLITAIRE (Fr. for " solitary ")

solitaire, intended as a sequel and See also:

• COMPLEMENT (Lat. complementum, from complere, to fill up)

complement to the Confessions, and one of the best of all his books . It should be said that besides these, which complete the See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)