See also:

• ROWING (O. Eng. rowan, to row, cf. Lat. remus, Gr. perµbr, oar)

ROWING (O. Eng. rowan, to See also:

• ROW, JOHN (c. 1525—1580)

row, cf. See also:

• LAT

Lat. remus, Gr. perµbr, See also:

• OAR (A.S. kr; M. Eng. ore; Lat. remus; Gr. iperw5s : Sans. aritra; Fr. rame; Ital. Span., Port. Yana)

oar)  , the See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of See also:

• DRIVING (from " to drive," i.e. generally to propel, force along or in, a word common in various forms to the Teutonic languages)

driving forward or propelling a See also:

• BOAT (0. Eng. bdt; the true etymological connexion with Dutch and Ger. boot, Fr. bateau, Ital. battello presents great difficulties; Celtic forms are from O. Eng.)

boat (q.v.) along the See also:

• SURFACE

surface of the See also:

• WATER

water by means of oars . See also:

• HISTORY

History—The earliest See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical records describe battles and voyages in which the See also:

• SHIPS

ships were propelled by oars . There must, of course, have been from See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time to time friendly trials of See also:

• SPEED, JOHN (1552–1629)

speed between these See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• CRAFT (a word common to Teutonic languages for strength, or power; cf. Ger. Kraft)

craft, such as that described by See also:

• VIRGIL (PUBLIUS VERGILIUS MARC)
• VIRGIL, POLYDORE (c. 1470-1555)

Virgil in the fifth See also:

• BOOK

book of the Aeneid, but there is no See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record in classical or even in See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval times of See also:

• ROWING (O. Eng. rowan, to row, cf. Lat. remus, Gr. perµbr, oar)

rowing having been indulged in solely as a recreation, or as a means of promoting athletic contest . The See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of any See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element of competition is sufficient to See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account for the fact that the boats, the oars, and the method of rowing of the 17th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century differed but little from those of the earliest times . The history of See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain abounds in instances of the use of the See also:

• OAR (A.S. kr; M. Eng. ore; Lat. remus; Gr. iperw5s : Sans. aritra; Fr. rame; Ital. Span., Port. Yana)

oar . The ancient Britons propelled themselves in About the years 1800 to 18ro there are instances of matches coracles of wickerwork covered with skins, by means of paddles between watermen for stakes presented by gentlemen who rather than oars, but the See also:

• SAXONS

Saxons were See also:

• EXPERT (Lat. expertus, from experiri, to try)

expert oarsmen, as also no doubt made wagers upon the result, and from these See also:

• PRO

pro-were the Danish and See also:

• NORWEGIAN

Norwegian invaders . It is recorded by fessional See also:

• WAGER (derived, through Fr. wagier, gagier, from Lat. vadiunz, a pledge)

wager matches it was but a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short step to sporting See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William of See also:

• MALMESBURY
• MALMESBURY, JAMES HARRIS, IST EARL OF (1746-1820)
• MALMESBURY, JAMES HOWARD HARRIS, 3RD EARL OF (1807-1889)

Malmesbury that See also:

• EDGAR (EADGAR)
• EDGAR, or EADGAR (c. 1050-c. 1130)

Edgar the Peaceable was rowed matches between the gentlemen themselves . When once the in See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state on the See also:

• RIVER

river See also:

• DEE
• DEE (Welsh, Dyfrdwy;, Lat.., and in Milton, Deva)

Dee by eight tributary See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings, himself " See also:

• GENTLEMAN (from Lat. gentilis, " belonging to a race or gens," and " man "; Fr. gentilhomme, Span. gentil hombre, Ital. gentil huomo, in its original and strict signification, a term denoting a man of good family, the Lat. generosus (its invariable transl

gentleman See also:

• AMATEUR (Lat. amator, lover)

amateur," as he was called, appeared, his evoluacting as See also:

• COXSWAIN (properly " cockswain," and pronounced cox'n, usually shortened to " cox "; from " cock," a small boat, and swain, a servant)

coxswain. tion, from the sportsman who occasionally rowed a match During the filth and 12th centuries, when roads were often against a friend, or against time, for a wager, to the amateur impassable, considerable use was made of the various See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers oarsman of the See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, was not slow . The amateur of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England for the transmission of both passengers and mer- rowing which began about the See also:

• YEAR

year 1800 on the See also:

• THAMES

Thames at chandise; and, until the introduction of coaches, the See also:

• NOBILITY

nobility See also:

• WESTMINSTER
• WESTMINSTER, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• WESTMINSTER, STATUTES OF
• WESTMINSTER, SYNODS OF

Westminster has flourished as a See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of athletic See also:

• SPORT (a contracted or shortened form of "disport," to amuse, divert oneself, O. Fr. se dis porter or deporter, to leave off work, hence to play, Lat. dis-, away, and portare, to carry; the origin of the meaning lies in the notion of turning away from ser

sport, and and gentry who had mansions and watergates on the See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks of the Thames relied almost entirely upon their boats and elaborately fitted See also:

• BARGES

barges as a means of See also:

• CONVEYANCE

conveyance from See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place to place . This use of boats and barges as a means of conveyance for merchandise and passengers provided a means of livelihood for a class of professional oarsmen known as. bargemen or water-men . They were professionals, not in the sense of professional athletes, but because they made their living by rowing and navigating passenger and other craft along and across the Thames . Watermen as a class are mentioned in history as See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early as the 13th century .

The See also:

• DISTRESS

distress occasioned to them by the See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long frosts is referred to in the See also:

• CHRONICLES, BOOKS OF

chronicles of that See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period . They are mentioned as having been employed to See also:

• ROW, JOHN (c. 1525—1580)

row the barons and their retinues to Runnymede for the See also:

• SIGNING

signing of the Magna Carta by See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John, and about the same time several of the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city companies established barges for the purposes of processions and other pageants upon the Thames . It is stated by See also:

• FABIAN [FABIANUS], SAINT (d. 250)

Fabian that in 1454 " See also:

• SIR

Sir John See also:

• NORMAN
• NORMAN, SIR HENRY WYLIE (1826-1904)

Norman, then See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord See also:

• MAYOR (Lat. major, greater)
• MAYOR, JOHN EYTON BICKERSTETH (1825– )

mayor of See also:

• LONDON

London, built a See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble See also:

• BARGE (Med. Lat. barca, possibly connected with Lat. baris, Gr. flaps, a boat used on the Nile)

barge at his own expense and was rowed by watermen with See also:

• SILVER

silver oars, attended by such of the city companies as possessed barges, in a splendid manner." The lord mayor's procession by water to Westminster was See also:

• ANNUAL

annual until 1856, the state barge of the lord mayor being a magnificent See also:

• SPECIES

species of shallop rowed by water-men, while those of the city companies were propelled by a See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double See also:

• BANK

bank of oars in the fore See also:

• HALF

half, the after See also:

• PART

part consisting noted the entrances and exits of the players, and prefixed a See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of the dramatis personae to each See also:

• PLAY

play . Rowe wrote occasional verses addressed to See also:

• GODOLPHIN, SIDNEY GODOLPHIN, EARL

Godolphin and See also:

• HALIFAX
• HALIFAX, CHARLES MONTAGUE, EARL OF (1661–1715)
• HALIFAX, GEORGE MONTAGU DUNK, 2ND EARL OF (1716-1771)
• HALIFAX, GEORGE SAVILE, 1ST MARQUESS OF (1633-1695)

Halifax, adapted some of the odes of See also:

• HORACE [QuINTus HORATIUS FLACCUS] (65-8 B.C.)

Horace to See also:

• FIT

fit contemporary events, and translated the Caracteres of La Bruyere and the Callipadia of C . Quillet . He also wrote a memoir of Boileau prefixed to a See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of the Lutrin . Rowe's See also:

• WORKS

Works were printed in 1727, and in 1736, 1747, 1756, 1766 and 1792 ; his occasional poems are included in See also:

• ANDERSON
• ANDERSON, ADAM (1692—1765)
• ANDERSON, ALEXANDER (c. 1582-1620?)
• ANDERSON, ELIZABETH GARRETT (1836— )
• ANDERSON, JAMES (1662—1728)
• ANDERSON, JAMES (1739-1808)
• ANDERSON, JOHN (1726-1796)
• ANDERSON, MARY (1859– )
• ANDERSON, RICHARD HENRY (1821–1879)
• ANDERSON, ROBERT (1750–1830)
• ANDERSON, SIR EDMUND (1530-1605)

Anderson's and other collections of the See also:

• BRITISH

British poets . of a See also:

• CABIN

cabin which somewhat resembled that of a gondola . In 1514 and in 1555 acts of See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament were passed for the regulation of watermen and their boats and fares upon the Thames (7 See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry VIII. cap. vii. and 2 and 3 Ph . & See also:

• MAR, EARLDOM OF
• MAR, JOHN ERSKINE, 1ST OR 6TH EARL OF (d. 1572)
• MAR, JOHN ERSKINE, 2ND OR 7TH EARL
• MAR, JOHN ERSKINE, 6TH OR 11TH EARL OF (1675-1732)

Mar. cap. xvi.), and from the terms of these statutes there can be no doubt that there were in the 15th century a considerable See also:

• BODY

body of men who lived by the " See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade of Rowing " as it is there called . During the 16th and 17th centuries there were no doubt competitions from time to time between these watermen, but the first actual mention of boat-racing is the record of the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment in 1715 of See also:

• DOGGETT (or DOGGET), THOMAS (d. 1721)

Doggett's Coat and Badge . Mr See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas Doggett, who may fairly be described as the founder of See also:

• MODERN

modern boat-racing, was a celebrated comedian .

He established a fund to provide an annual See also:

• PRIZE, or PRIZE OF WAR (Fr. prise, from prendre, to take)

prize of a waterman's coat with a large silver badge on the See also:

• ARM (a common Teutonic word; the Indo-European root is ar, to join or fit; cf. the Lat. armus, shoulder, and the plural word arma, weapons, Gr. apphs, joint, and the reduplicated apapilKSV, to join)

arm . The See also:

• RACE

race was founded in See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of See also:

• HANOVER
• HANOVER (Ger. Hannover)

Hanover and to commemorate the anniversary of " King See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George I.'s happy See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession to the See also:

• THRONE

throne of Great Britain." The contest was to take place at the be-ginning of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August and on the Thames between six See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young watermen who were not to have exceeded the time of their See also:

• APPRENTICESHIP (from Fr. apprendre, to learn)

apprenticeship by more than twelve months . Although the first race took place in 1715 the names of the winners have only been preserved since 1791 . Doggett's Coat and Badge is still an annual event, the conditions as to boats to be used and other details having been slightly modified . It is entirely controlled and managed by the Fishmongers' See also:

• COMPANY

Company . The first See also:

• ENGLISH

English regatta (Ital. regata)—an entertainment introduced, as the Annual See also:

• REGISTER

Register records, from See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice—• of which we have See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence, took place on the Thames off See also:

• RANELAGH

Ranelagh Gardens in 1775 . Great public See also:

• INTEREST

interest seems to have been taken in the spectacular aspect of this See also:

• PAGEANT

pageant, the barges of the lord mayor and the city companies being present, but there is no record of the competing wager boats or of the names of the watermen who took part in the races . has spread to every See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter of the globe . Rowing in the See also:

• UNITED

United See also:

• KINGDOM

Kingdom . _The earliest rowing clubs in England were small See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups of oarsmen who combined to See also:

• PURCHASE

purchase a six-oared or eight-oared boat for the purpose of racing . The See also:

• CLUB (connected with " clump ")

club was called by the same name as the See also:

• SHIP

ship it possessed, and at the commencement of the 19th century the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal clubs in existence upon the Thames were the " See also:

• STAR

Star," the " Arrow," the " See also:

• SHARK

Shark " and the " See also:

• SIREN

Siren." The two latter have long since disappeared, but the " Star " and the " Arrow " combined about the year 1818 and founded the Leander Club, an institution which after varying fortunes has for many years. been recognized as the premier rowing club of the See also:

• WORLD

world . The earliest contemporary record of boat-racing is the Water See also:

• LEDGER (from the English dialect forms liggen or leggen, to lie or lay; in sense adapted from the Dutch substantive logger)

Ledger of Westminster School, which commences in the year 1813 with a list of the See also:

• CREW (sometimes explained as a sea term of Scandinavian origin, cf. O. Icel. kris, a swarm or crowd, but now regarded as a shortened form of accrue, accrewe, used in the 16th century in the sense of a reinforcement, O. Fr. acreue, from accrofire, to grow,
• CREW, NATHANIEL CREW, 3RD BARON (1633–1721)

crew of the six-oared boat " See also:

• FLY (formed on the root of the supposed original Tent. fleugan, to fly)

Fly." In 1811 See also:

• ETON

Eton had a ten-oared boat and three boats with eight oars, but there is no existing record of a race until 1817 .

In 1818 Eton challenged Westminster School to row from Westminster to See also:

• KEW

Kew See also:

• BRIDGE

Bridge against the See also:

• TIDE (O. Eng. lid, cf. Ger. Zeit, time or season, connected with root of Sanskrit a-diti, endless)

tide; but the race was stopped by the authorities, and it was not until 1829 that the first contest between the two See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools took place . Between 1829 and 1847 there were eight matches between Eton and Westminster . The race was revived for a few years in the sixties, and in the year 1868 the state of the See also:

• LOWER

lower tideway was such that the Westminster boys moved their boathouse first to See also:

• WANDSWORTH

Wandsworth and then to Putney . This arrangement was found to be incon. venient, and shortly afterwards Westminster rowing came to See also:

• A1A

a1a end . Eton rowing, on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, has continued to prosper, and for many years it has been the greatest " nursery " of first-class oarsmen . Since 1861 the Eton See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College Boat Club has never failed to enter a crew at See also:

• HENLEY, JOHN (1692-1759)
• HENLEY, WILLIAM ERNEST (1849-1903)

Henley Regatta . At See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford the records of periodical races between college boats begin as early as 1815, and those of See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge a few years later . The first contest between eight-oared crews representing the two See also:

• UNIVERSITIES

universities took place at Henley-on-Thames in See also:

• JUNE

June 1829 . The second contest was not until 1836, and was rowed from Westminster to Putney . In 1837 and 1838 the universities were unable to make a match, and in each of those years a race was rowed between Cambridge and the Leander Club, which had thus early become the premier club of the tideway . It was not always easy in the early days of boat-racing for the university boat clubs to agree as to the conditions and time of the match, but on several] occasions when the universities had been unable to meet on the tide-way they fought their See also:

• BATTLE

battle whilst competing for the See also:

• GRAND

Grand See also:

• CHALLENGE (O. Fr. chalonge, calenge, &c., from Lat. calumnia, originally meaning trickery, from calvi, to deceive, hence a false accusation, a " calumny ")

Challenge See also:

• CUP (in O.E. cuppe; generally taken to be from Late Lat. cuppa, a variant of Lat. cupa, a cask, cf. Gr. KuaeXXov)

Cup at Henley Regatta . Since 1856 the Oxford and Cambridge boat race has been an annual event .

It is rowed about a See also:

• WEEK (from A.S. wicu, Germanic *wikon, probably=change, turn)

week or ten days before See also:

• EASTER

Easter from Putney to See also:

• MORTLAKE

Mortlake over what is known as the championship course, a distance of 44 m . The race is rowed with the See also:

• FLOOD (in O. Eng. flod, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Flut, Dutch vloed, from the same root as is seen in " flow," " float ")
• FLOOD, HENRY (1732-1791)

flood-tide, and occupies as a See also:

• RULE

rule a time varying between 19 and 22 See also:

• MIN

min . The time occupied by a crew in covering this course depends a great See also:

• DEAL

deal more upon the conditions of See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

wind and tide than upon the excellence, or the See also:

• REVERSE

reverse, of the crew . The crew of each university is selected by a See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president, usually one of the See also:

• SENIOR, NASSAU WILLIAM (1790-1864)

senior members of the last crew, who is elected at the first See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting in the summer See also:

• TERM

term and holds See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office for a year . Thus' the university race comes at the end of his term of office, and he has every opportunity during the summer and autumn of studying the material which will be at his disposal for the formation of a crew in the ensuing See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring . The aquatic arrangements at the two universities are very much alike . The university year begins in See also:

• OCTOBER

October . During the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter term the freshmen are instructed in the elements of rowing, while the senior men are engaged in practising for the University (inter-collegiate) Fours, a race which takes place early in See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November . During the latter portion of the term the president of the University Boat Club is engaged in selecting and coaching the trial eights, two picked crews comprising the bulk of the material available for the formation of the university crew . The trial eight races are rowed in the beginning of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December, that of Cambridge on the See also:

• OUSE

Ouse at See also:

• ELY
• ELY, RICHARD THEODORE (1854— )

Ely, and that of Oxford on the Thames at Moulsford, neither the See also:

• CAM (CAO), DIOGO (fl. 1480-1486)

Cam nor the See also:

• ISIS (Egyptian Ese)

Isis being wide enough for two crews to race abreast . During the whole of the Easter term the university crews are engaged in practice and training for the University Boat Race . The See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention of the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder of the rowing men at the universities is devoted to training for the bumping races known at Oxford and Cambridge respectively as the Torpids and See also:

• LENT (0. Eng. lenclen, " spring," M. Eng. lenten, lente, lent; cf. Dut. lente, Ger. Lenz, " spring," 0. H. Ger. lenzin, lengizin, lenzo, probably from the same root as " long " and referring to " the lengthening days ")

Lent Races .

Each college is represented in these races, and no oarsman who has rowed in the first boat of his college during the previous summer is qualified to compete . The boats start at fixed distances apart, and each boat endeavours to bump the boat in front of it, and to avoid being bumped by the boat behind . When a bump is effected, the two boats involved draw to the See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side, and the next See also:

• NIGHT

night the successful boat starts in front of its victim . Each spring the boats start in the See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order in which they finished the previous year . The races last for six nights at Oxford and four at Cambridge . In the summer term the important bumping races between the best crews of each college take place . They are known as " The Eights " at Oxford and " The May Races " at Cambridge . To attain the position of " See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

Head of the River " in these races is the See also:

• SUMMIT

summit of a college boat club's ambition . The great See also:

• ARENA (Lat. for " sand ")

arena of rowing contests is Henley Royal Regatta . It was founded in 1839 at a public meeting held in the See also:

• TOWN

town See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall at Henley-on-Thames, at which it was decided to raise a subscription and purchase two challenge cups, the Grand Challenge Cup to be rowed for annually in eight-oared boats Open to all amateur crews, and the Town Challenge Cup forfour-oared crews residing within 5 M. of Henley . The first regatta was held on the 14th of June 1839, and was a most successful affair, the Grand Challenge Cup being won by the Trinity Boat Club, Cambridge . In 184o another See also:

• DISTRICT

district race was added, and in 1841 the Stewards Challenge Cup for four oars was added to the See also:

• PROGRAMME, or PROGRAM

programme, open to competition upon the same conditions as the Grand Challenge Cup .

There have now for many years been eight events at the regatta, four of which are open to all amateurs, viz. the Grand Challenge Cup for eight oars, the Stewards Challenge Cup for fours, the Silver Goblets for pair oars founded in 1845, and the See also:

• DIAMOND

Diamond Sculls for single scullers founded in 1844 . The races for which the entry is restricted are the Ladies Challenge See also:

• PLATE

Plate for eight oars (founded 1845) and the Visitors Challenge Cup for four oars (founded 1847), which are open to crews from schools and colleges in the United Kingdom; also the Thames Challenge Cup for eight oars (founded 1868) and Wyfold Challenge Cup for four oars (founded 1855) . The rule as to entry for the Thames Cup is that no one who has won the Grand Challenge or Stewards Cup may compete, nor may any one enter for this race and for the Grand or Stewards Cups in the same year . The rule for the Wyfold Cup is the same, except that a competitor may also enter for the Grand Challenge Cup . The See also:

• ORIGINAL

original regatta course was from the upper end of the See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

Temple See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

Island to Henley Bridge, but a See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change was made in 1886 so as to avoid the corner at the finish . The races now start at the lower end of the island and finish at the upper end of the grounds of Phyllis See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

Court . The course is 1 m . 550 yds. in length and about See also:

• ITO, HIROBUMI, PRINCE (1841-1909)

Ito ft. in width . The races are rowed against the stream, and the time usually occupied by the winning crew of the Grand Challenge Cup is within a few seconds of 7 min . In 1843 took place the famous " seven-oar " victory of Oxford . At the See also:

• ELEVENTH

eleventh See also:

• HOUR

hour one of the Oxford crew was incapacitated by illness . Their opponents, the Cambridge Subscription Rooms Club, refused to allow them to introduce a substitute, and the Oxford men gained undying fame by winning the Grand Challenge Cup with seven oars .

Ten years later (1853) there was a magnificent race between Oxford and Cambridge in the Grand Challenge Cup, the former winning by 18 in. only . In 1862 there was a dead See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat in the final heat of the Diamond Sculls between Mr E . D . See also:

• BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

Brick-See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood and Mr W . B . Woodgate . In 1878 occurred the memorable contest between Mr T . C . See also:

• EDWARDS, AMELIA ANN BLANDFORD (1831-1892)
• EDWARDS, BELA BATES (18o2-1852)
• EDWARDS, BRYAN (1743–1800)
• EDWARDS, GEORGE (1693–1773)
• EDWARDS, HENRY THOMAS (1837–1884)
• EDWARDS, JONATHAN (1703—1758)
• EDWARDS, LEWIS (1806–1887 )
• EDWARDS, RICHARD (c. 1523–1566)
• EDWARDS, T
• EDWARDS, THOMAS CHARLES (1837–1900)

Edwards-See also:

• MOSS

Moss and Mr G . W . See also:

• LEE
• LEE (or LEGIT) ROWLAND (d. 1543)
• LEE, ANN (1736–1784)
• LEE, ARTHUR (1740–1792)
• LEE, FITZHUGH (1835–1905)
• LEE, GEORGE ALEXANDER (1802-1851)
• LEE, HENRY (1756-1818)
• LEE, JAMES PRINCE (1804-1869)
• LEE, NATHANIEL (c. 1653-16g2)
• LEE, RICHARD HENRY (1732-1794)
• LEE, ROBERT EDWARD (1807–1870)
• LEE, SIDNEY (1859– )
• LEE, SOPHIA (1950-1824)
• LEE, STEPHEN DILL (1833-1908)

Lee (U.S.A.) in a heat for the Diamond Sculls which was won on the See also:

• POST

post by the former . In 1891 the Leander Club, after a dead heat with the Thames R.C., began a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of victories in the Grand Challenge Cup, winning the cup on seven occasions in the next ten years .

In 1892 the Diamond Sculls See also:

• LEFT

left England for the first time, having been won by Mr J . J . K . Ooms of See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland . In 1895 a crew representing Cornell University, U.S.A., entered for the Grand Challenge Cup and were See also:

• DRAWN

drawn in their heat against the Leander Club . Owing to a misunderstanding between the starter and the Leander crew; the latter failed to start, and the Cornell crew rowed on to the finish without offering to return to the start, a proceeding which caused no little comment at the time . On the following day they were defeated by Trinity Hall, Cambridge, the ultimate winners . In 1897 the Grand Challenge Cup was won by 2 ft. by New College, Oxford, in the record time of 6 min . 51 secs., after a desperate race with Leander . The feature of the next ten years was the persistency with which colonial and See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign crews endeavoured to carry off the principal prizes of the regatta, and the invasion culminated in 1906 by the See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture of the Grand Challenge Cup by a crew from the Club Nautique de Gand, See also:

• BELGIUM
• BELGIUM (Fr. Belgique; Flem. Belgic)

Belgium . On this occasion the Leander Club was not represented, but in 1907 the Belgians repeated their victory after defeating a strong Leander crew in one of the heats . In 1903 Mr See also:

• HERBERT (FAMILY)
• HERBERT, GEORGE (1593-1633)
• HERBERT, HENRY WILLIAM
• HERBERT, SIR THOMAS (1606-1682)

Herbert Steward, the chairman of the regatta See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee, published a detailed record of the regatta from its commencement, which gives a See also:

• COMPLETE

complete history of the meeting and an account of every race .

Henley regatta is rowed " in accordance with " the rules of the Amateur Rowing Association, a body which has See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of all other amateur rowing in England . The Henley Stewards and the Amateur Rowing Association (or A.R.A.) are in complete See also:

• HARMONY (Gr. dpµovia, a concord of musical sounds, dpA'ew to join; &plan midi (sc. TeXvil)

harmony . Their rules are identically the same, but the Stewards being the older body are not subject to the A.R.A., and in the improbable event of a difference occurring they would be entitled to act independently . The A.R.A. was formed in 1882 for the purpose of See also:

• DRAWING

drawing up a See also:

• DEFINITION (Lat. definitio, from de-finire, to set limits to, describe)

definition of an " amateur," and for the purpose of having a body who could if necessary select a See also:

• NATIONAL

national representative crew to meet any foreign or colonial invaders . It has long since dropped the latter portion of its original programme, and the A.R.A. as at present constituted is an association to which all the principal amateur boat clubs are affiliated . Its See also:

• OBJECTS

objects are to maintain the See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard of amateur oarsmanship and to promote the interests of boat racing . It is governed by a committee which occupies in the British rowing world a position not unlike that of the stewards of the See also:

• JOCKEY

Jockey Club in racing matters . The constitution and objects of the A.R.A. are clearly defined in the rules, and their definition of an amateur is so much stricter than that of some other countries that it is advisable to set it out in extenso . It is as follows: Iso See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person shall be considered an amateur oarsman, scalier or coxswain (1) Who has ever rowed or steered in any race for a stake, See also:

• MONEY

money or entrance See also:

• FEE

fee; (2) Who has ever knowingly rowed or steered with or against a professional for any prize; (3) Who has ever taught, pursued or assisted in the practice of athletic exercises of any See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind for profit; (4) Who has ever been employed in or about boats or in See also:

• MANUAL

manual labour for money or See also:

• WAGES (the plural of " wage," from Late Lat. wadium, a pledge, O. Fr. wagier, gagier)

wages; (5) Who is or has been by trade or employment for wages a mechanic, See also:

• ARTISAN, or ARTIZAN

artisan or labourer, or engaged in any See also:

• MENIAL

menial See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty; (6) Who is disqualified as an amateur in any other branch of sport . The rules of the A.R.A. also comprise the " See also:

• LAWS

Laws of Boat Racing," which govern the race from start to finish; and the " Rules for Regattas," which deal with a large number of matters such as the definition of the different classes of oarsmen, seniors, juniors and maidens, the making of entries, the See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers of regatta committees, &c . A large number of regattas are held under these rules in all parts of the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country during the summer months . There are also several matches and other competitions rowed under See also:

• SPECIAL

special rules, the most important of these being the See also:

• WINGFIELD, EDWARD MARIA (c. 156o-c. 1614)
• WINGFIELD, SIR RICHARD (c. 1469-1525)

Wingfield Sculls (founded 1830), or amateur championship of the Thames, rowed in the See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month of See also:

• JULY

July over the championship course from Putney to Mortlake (44 m.) .

If the number of entries at Henley Regatta, the See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of the See also:

• SPHERE (Gr. vclsa?pa, a ball or globe)

sphere of See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of the A.R.A. and the public interest in the Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race, may be taken as tests, rowing has more than held its own among the various competing forms of recreation in the world of British amateur athletic sport . Rowing in the United States.—The earliest record of a boat race in the United States is that of a contest in See also:

• LIGHT

light barges in the year 1811 between the " Knicker-bocker " of New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York and the " Invincible " of Long Island, in which the former was successful . The See also:

• EVOLUTION

evolution from racing in heavy See also:

• PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure boats to racing in specially constructed craft proceeded with great rapidity, and by the year 1834 a large number of small clubs in New York had combined, under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of the See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

Castle See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

Garden Boat Club Association . In 1837 the first regatta took place at See also:

• POUGHKEEPSIE

Poughkeepsie, the race being between " six-oars " for a prize of $200 . In those days there was no real distinction in See also:

• AMERICA

America between amateur and professional, and in spite of rules and See also:

• DEFINITIONS

definitions the distinction between one who is qualified as an amateur and one who is not has remained in America much less certain and precise than in the United Kingdom . Yale and Harvard Universities became centres of aquatic See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy very early in the history of See also:

• AMERICAN

American rowing . The first racing boat at Yale, a six-oar, was bought in 1844, and in the following spring Harvard See also:

• PURCHASED

purchased an eight, and in 1852785 a race was rowed between a Harvard crew and three Yale crews at See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake Winnepesaukee, which resulted in a victory for the former . In 1859 Harvard again defeated Yale in a six-oared race, but on the following day at See also:

• WORCESTER
• WORCESTER, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF
• WORCESTER, JOHN TIPTOFT, EARL OF (1427—1470)
• WORCESTER, WILLIAM (c. 1415-c. 1482)

Worcester City Regatta the same crews entered for a prize and Yale defeated Harvard . In 1864 at a college regatta Yale defeated Harvard, but in 1866 Harvard with a very See also:

• FINE

fine crew showed their superiority over all the other colleges . In 1869 Harvard sent a challenge to Oxford and Cambridge to row a four-oared match on the Thames from Putney to Mortlake . It was accepted by the former and the race was rowed on the 27th of August . The race aroused great public interest, and the banks of the river were crowded from end to end of the course .

The crews were: Oxford, F . Willan (See also:

• BOW (pronounced " bo ")

bow), A . C . Yarborough, J . C . Tinne and S . Darbishire (stroke); Harvard, J . S . See also:

• FAY, ANDRAS (1786–1864)

Fay (bow), E . G . Lyman, W . H .

See also:

• SIMMONS, EDWARD EMERSON (1852– )

Simmons and A . P . Loring (stroke) . Harvard led at first, but Oxford eventually rowed them down and won by three lengths . The trip of the Harvard four to England aroused the rowing See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm of other American universities such as See also:

• PRINCETON

Princeton, Cornell, See also:

• COLUMBIA

Columbia and See also:

• PENNSYLVANIA
• PENNSYLVANIA, UNIVERSITY OF

Pennsylvania, and during the next ten years considerable improvement was shown in American rowing . In 1875 no fewer than thirteen university or college crews competed in a race, in which Cornell finished first, Columbia second and Harvard third, the ships used being six-oars without coxswains . In 1876 the eight-oared match over a four-mile course between Harvard and Yale was instituted, and in 1878 a four from Columbia University went to Henley and won the Visitors Challenge Cup . In 1879 and 188o there were a very large number of inter-collegiate matches and regattas, in several of which Columbia maintained the reputation which they had gained at Henley . In 1881 a Cornell four started at Henley for the Stewards Cup, but were easily beaten . During the next few years there was consider-able difference of See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion between universities as to the correct See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style of stroke, and in 1882 a Yale crew, coached by Mr See also:

• DAVIS (or DAVYS), JOHN (1550 ?-16o5)
• DAVIS, ANDREW JACKSON (1826—1910)
• DAVIS, CHARLES HOWARD (1857- )
• DAVIS, CUSHMAN KELLOGG (1838-1900)
• DAVIS, HENRY WILLIAM BANKS (1833- )
• DAVIS, HENRY WINTER (1817-1865)
• DAVIS, JEFFERSON (1808–1889)
• DAVIS, THOMAS OSBORNE (1814–1845)

Davis, did some fine performances, rowing a very fast short stroke in a very long boat . They were, however, eventually beaten by Harvard after an exciting race, in which it is only See also:

• FAIR

fair to them to record that the erratic steering of their coxswain contributed in no small degree to their defeat . The next year, 1883, Yale tried an even faster and shorter stroke, but were easily beaten by Harvard, who rowed with great length and steadiness .

This year saw the end of the very fast short stroke, and although the " strokes " of the various crews since that day have differed in See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor degrees, they settled down to a longer steadier method of rowing which is spoken of in England as the " American style." It differs from that adopted by English oarsmen in that there is an absence of See also:

• SWING, DAVID (1830-1894)

swing and body See also:

• WORK

work, and in that the oarsmen appear to rely almost entirely upon their long slides and hard See also:

• LEG
• LEG (a word of Scandinavian origin, from the Old Norwegian leggr, cf. Swed. lagg, Dan. laeg; the O. Eng. word was sceanca, shank)

leg work . In the early " nineties " Cornell was almost always successful at See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home, and in 1895 they entered for the Grand Challenge Cup at Henley . Owing to a misunderstanding at the start the Leander crew were left at the post in the first heat, but on the next day Cornell suffered defeat at the hands of Trinity Hall . In 1896 Yale entered at Henley under the tuition of See also:

• COOK
• COOK, ALBERT STANBURROUGH (1853– )
• COOK, EDWARD DUTTON (1829–1883)
• COOK, ELIZA (1818–1889)
• COOK, JAMES (1728-1779)
• COOK, THOMAS (1808-1892)

Cook, but were somewhat easily beaten by Leander . The result of these two expeditions to Henley was an See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to introduce the English style of rowing in America . The experiment was not altogether successful . Mr R . C . See also:

• LEHMANN, JOHANN GOTTLOB (?-1767)
• LEHMANN, PETER MARTIN ORLA (1810-187o)

Lehmann, who had met with considerable success in England as a See also:

• COACH (through the Fr. coche, originally from the Magyar kocsi, an adjective from the Hungarian place named Kocs, between Raab and Buda, i.e. the sort of vehicle used there in the 15th century)

coach both at Oxford and Cambridge, went to Harvard for two seasons . The attempt to instruct the American oarsmen in the English methods of swing and body work, instead of the American stroke, resulted in their falling short of perfection in either style, and they were beaten by Yale upon each occasion . Mr Lehmann's visit, if it failed to give See also:

• PACE (through O. Fr. pas, from Lat. passus, step, properly the stretch of the leg in walking, from pandere, to stretch)
• PACE, RICHARD (c. 1482-1536)

pace to the crews he coached, resulted, however, in improving the whole spirit of American college rowing: Mutual confidence and friendly rivalry took the place of the See also:

• ATMOSPHERE (Gr. fir µ6r, vapour; orkaipa, a sphere)

atmosphere of suspicion and almost of enmity which had at times existed between Harvard and Yale . In 1895 an Inter-collegiate Rowing Association was formed by Cornell, Columbia and Pennsylvania to organise contests at which has not adopted quite so strict an amateur definition as that of the English A.R.A .

In See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, also, rowing is very extensively practised under the auspices of the Deutsche Ruderverband; the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief contests between English and See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German crews of See also:

• RECENT

recent years were at the See also:

• CORK
• CORK (perhaps through Sp. corcha from Lat. cortex, bark, but possibly connected with quercus, oak)
• CORK, RICHARD BOYLE

Cork Regatta of 1902 when Leander Club defeated the See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)