ROYAT  , a watering-See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of central See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, in the See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of See also:

• PUY

Puy-de-See also:

• DOME (Lat domus, house; Ital. duomo, cathedral)

Dome, situated at a height of 1475 ft. on the See also:

• TIRE

Tire-mine, 12 m . S.W. of Clermont-See also:

• FERRAND, ANTOINE FRANCOIS CLAUDE, COMTE

Ferrand . Pop . (1906) 1451 . The thermal springs, situated in the See also:

• PART

part of Royat known as St Mart, are strongly impregnated with carbonic See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid and chloride of See also:

• SODIUM [symbol Na, from Lat. natrium; atomic weight 23.00 (0=16)]

sodium and are used in cases of See also:

• RHEUMATISM (from Gr. /56µa, flux)

rheumatism, See also:

• GOUT

gout, See also:

• BRONCHITIS

bronchitis, See also:

• ASTHMA (Gr. avBµa, gasping, whence lio-Ogaivw, I gasp for breath)

asthma, See also:

• ANAEMIA (from Gr. ay-, privative, and aiµa, blood)

anaemia, &c . They were known in See also:

• ROMAN

Roman times, and ruins of See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• BATHS

baths are still to be seen . The See also:

• VILLAGE

village of Royat proper, a little higher up the valley, has a See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of the See also:

• RUTH, BOOK OF

ruth and 12th centuries fortified with battlements . ROYER-COLLARD, See also:

• PIERRE

PIERRE See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

PAUL (1763—1845), See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French statesman and philosopher, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 21st of See also:

• JUNE

June 1763 at Sompuis, near Vitry le See also:

• FRANCOIS (1558-1614)

Francois (See also:

• MARNE

Marne), the son of See also:

• ANTOINE, ANDRE (1858- )

Antoine Royer, a small proprietor . His See also:

• MOTHER

mother, Angelique Perpetue Collard, was a woman of unusual strength of See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character and of austere piety . Pierre Paul Royer was sent at twelve to the See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college of Chaumont of which his See also:

• UNCLE

uncle, See also:

• FATHER

Father Paul Collard, was director . He subsequently followed his uncle to . See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint-Omer, where he studied See also:

• MATHEMATICS (Gr. /saBnµar1Kil, Sc. vOcvn or E7rlQTt'µn; from p iN.La, "learning" or "science ")

mathematics .

At the outbreak of the Revolution, which moved him to passionate sympathy, he was practising at the Parisian See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar . He was returned by his See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section, the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

Island of Saint See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis, to the See also:

• COMMUNE (Med. Lat. communia, Lat. communis, common)
• COMMUNE, MEDIEVAL

Commune, of which he was secretary from 1790 to 1792 . After the revolution of the loth of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August in that See also:

• YEAR

year he was replaced by J . L . See also:

• TALLIEN, JEAN LAMBERT (1767-1820)

Tallien . His sympathies were now with the See also:

• GIRONDE

Gironde, and after the'insurrection of the 12th Prairial (31st of May 1793) See also:

• ROYLE, JOHN FORBES (1799—1858)

ROYLE he was in danger of his See also:

• LIFE

life . He returned to Sompuis, and was saved from See also:

• ARREST (Fr. arrester, arreeter, to stop or stay)

arrest possibly by the See also:

• PROTECTION

protection of See also:

• DANTON, GEORGE JACQUES (1759-1794)

Danton and in some degree by the impression made by his mother's courageous piety on the See also:

• LOCAL

local See also:

• COMMISSARY (from Med. Lat. commissaries, one to whom a charge or trust is committed)

commissary of the See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• CONVENTION, THE NATIONAL

Convention . In 1797 he was returned by his department (Marne) to the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

Council of the Five See also:

• HUNDRED

Hundred, where he allied himself especially with Camille See also:

• JORDAN (the down-comer; Arab. esh-Sheri'a, the watering-place)
• JORDAN, CAMILLE (1771—1821)
• JORDAN, DOROTHEA (1762—1816)
• JORDAN, THOMAS (1612 ?–1685)
• JORDAN, WILHELM (1819–1904)

Jordan . He made one See also:

• GREAT

great speech in the council in See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of the principles of religious See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty, but the coup d'etat of Fructidor (4th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1797) drove him again into private life . It was at this See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period that he See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed his legitimist opinions and entered into communication with the See also:

• COMTE, AUGUSTE [ISIDORE AUGUSTE MARIE FRANCOIS XAVIER] (1798-1857)

comte de See also:

• PROVENCE (Provincia, Proenza)

Provence (Louis XVIII.) . He was the ruling spirit in the small See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee formed in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris to help forward a Restoration See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent of the comte d'See also:

• ARTOIS

Artois and his party; but with the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of the Consulate he saw the prospects of the See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy were temporarily hopeless, and the members of the committee resigned . From that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time until the Restoration Royer-Collard devoted himself exclusively to the study of See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy .

He derived his opposition to the philosophy of See also:

• CONDILLAC, ETIENNE BONNOT DE (1715—178o)

Condillac chiefly from the study of See also:

• DESCARTES, RENE (1596-1650)

Descartes and his followers, and from his See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early veneration for the fathers of See also:

• PORT

Port-Royal . He was occupied with the erection of a See also:

• SYSTEM

system which should provide a moral and See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• EDUCATION

education consonant with his view of the needs of France . From 1811 to 1814 he lectured at the See also:

• SORBONNE

Sorbonne . From this time See also:

• DATES

dates his See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long association with See also:

• GUIZOT, FRANCOIS PIERRE GUILLAUME (1787-1874)

Guizot . Royer-Collard himself was supervisor of the See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press under the first restoration . From 1815 onwards he sat as See also:

• DEPUTY (through the Fr. from a Late Lat. use of deputare, to cut off, allot; putare having the original sense of to trim, prune)

deputy for Marne in the chamber . As See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission of public instruction from 1815 to 1820 he checked the pretensions of the clerical party, the immediate cause of. his retirement being an See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to infringe the rights of the university of Paris by giving university diplomas, independent of university See also:

• EXAMINATIONS

examinations, to the teaching fraternity of the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

Brothers . Royer-Collard's See also:

• ACCEPTANCE (Lat. acceptare, frequentative form of accipere, to receive)

acceptance of the Legitimist principle did not prevent a faithful See also:

• ADHESION (from Lat. adhaerere, to adhere)

adhesion to the social revolution effected in 1789, and he protested in 1815, in 1820, and again under the monarchy of See also:

• JULY

July against See also:

• LAWS

laws of exception . He was the moving spirit of the " See also:

• DOCTRINAIRES

Doctrinaires," as they were called, who met at the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of the comte de Ste Aulaire and in the See also:

• SALON

salon of Madame de See also:

• STAEL, MADAME DE

Stael's daughter, the duchesse de See also:

• BROGLIE, DE

Broglie . The leaders of the party, beside Royer-Collard, were Guizot, P . F . H. de Serre, Camille Jordan and See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles de See also:

• REMUSAT, JEAN PIERRE ABEL (1788-1832)

Remusat .

In 182o he was excluded from the council of See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state by a See also:

• DECREE (from the past participle, decretus, of Lat. decernere)

decree signed by his former ally Serre . In 1827 he was elected for seven constituencies, but remained faithful to his native department . Next year he became president of the chamber, and fought against the reactionary policy which precipitated the Revolution of July . It was Royer-Collard who in See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 183o presented the address of the 221 . From that time he took no active part in politics, although he retained his seat in the chamber until 1839 . He died at his See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate of Chateauvieux, near Vitry, on the 2nd of September 1845 . He had been a member of the See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy since 1827 . Royer-Collard married in 1799 Mlle. de Forges de Chateauvieux . The two daughters who survived to womanhood received an education of the utmost austerity . Royer-Collard See also:

• LEFT

left no considerable writings, but fragments of his philosophical See also:

• WORK

work are included in See also:

• JOUFFROY, JEAN (c. 1412–1473)
• JOUFFROY, THEODORE SIMON (1796-1842)

Jouffroy's See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of the See also:

• WORKS

works of See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• REID, ROBERT (1862– )
• REID, SIR GEORGE (1841- )
• REID, SIR ROBERT GILLESPIE (184o-19o8)
• REID, SIR WILLIAM (1791-1858)
• REID, THOMAS (1710-1796)
• REID, THOMAS MAYNE (1818-1883)
• REID, WHITELAW (1837- )

Reid . The See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard life of Royer-Collard is by his friend Prosper de See also:

• BARANTE, AMABLE GUILLAUME PROSPER BRUGIERE, BARON DE (1782-1866)

Barante, See also:

• VIE

Vie politique de M . Royer Collard, ses discours et ses ecrits (2 vols., 1861) .

There are also See also:

• BIOGRAPHIES

biographies by M . A . Philippe (1857), by L . Vingtain (1858), by E . See also:

• SPULLER, EUGENE (1835-1896)

Spuller (1895), in Grands ecrivains See also:

• FRANCAIS, ANTOINE, COUNT (1756-1836)

francais . Cf . E . See also:

• FAGUET, EMILE (1847- )

Faguet, Politique it morale du xix' siecle (1891); H . See also:

• TAINE, HIPPOLYTE ADOLPHE (1828-1893)

Taine, See also:

• LES

Les Philosophes francais du xix' siecle (1857); L . Seche, Les Derniers Jansenistes (1891); and See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

Lady Blennerhasset, " The Doctrinaires " in the See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge See also:

• MODERN

Modern See also:

• HISTORY

History (vol. x. See also:

• CHAP

chap. ii., 1907) . For further references see H . P .

Thieme, See also:

• GUIDE (in Mid. Eng. gyde, from the Fr. guide; the earlier French form was guie, English " guy," the d was due to the Italian form guida; the ultimate origin is probably Teutonic, the word being connected with the base seen in O. Eng. witan, to know)

Guide bibliographique (Paris, 1907) .