ROYAT  , a watering-

place of central France, in the department of Puy-de-Dome, situated at a height of 1475 ft. on the Tire-mine, 12 m . S.W. of Clermont-Ferrand . Pop . (1906) 1451 . The thermal springs, situated in the part of Royat known as St Mart, are strongly impregnated with carbonic acid and chloride of sodium and are used in cases of rheumatism, gout, bronchitis, asthma, anaemia, &c . They were known in Roman times, and ruins of ancient baths are still to be seen . The village of Royat proper, a little higher up the valley, has a church of the ruth and 12th centuries fortified with battlements . ROYER-COLLARD, PIERRE PAUL (1763—1845), French statesman and philosopher, was born on the 21st of June 1763 at Sompuis, near Vitry le Francois (Marne), the son of Antoine Royer, a small proprietor . His mother, Angelique Perpetue Collard, was a woman of unusual strength of character and of austere piety . Pierre Paul Royer was sent at twelve to the college of Chaumont of which his uncle, Father Paul Collard, was director . He subsequently followed his uncle to . Saint-Omer, where he studied mathematics .

At the outbreak of the Revolution, which moved him to passionate sympathy, he was practising at the Parisian

bar . He was returned by his section, the Island of Saint Louis, to the Commune, of which he was secretary from 1790 to 1792 . After the revolution of the loth of August in that year he was replaced by J . L . Tallien . His sympathies were now with the Gironde, and after the'insurrection of the 12th Prairial (31st of May 1793) ROYLE he was in danger of his life . He returned to Sompuis, and was saved from arrest possibly by the protection of Danton and in some degree by the impression made by his mother's courageous piety on the local commissary of the Convention . In 1797 he was returned by his department (Marne) to the Council of the Five Hundred, where he allied himself especially with Camille Jordan . He made one great speech in the council in defence of the principles of religious liberty, but the coup d'etat of Fructidor (4th of September 1797) drove him again into private life . It was at this period that he developed his legitimist opinions and entered into communication with the comte de Provence (Louis XVIII.) . He was the ruling spirit in the small committee formed in Paris to help forward a Restoration independent of the comte d'Artois and his party; but with the establishment of the Consulate he saw the prospects of the monarchy were temporarily hopeless, and the members of the committee resigned . From that time until the Restoration Royer-Collard devoted himself exclusively to the study of philosophy .

He derived his opposition to the philosophy of

Condillac chiefly from the study of Descartes and his followers, and from his early veneration for the fathers of Port-Royal . He was occupied with the erection of a system which should provide a moral and political education consonant with his view of the needs of France . From 1811 to 1814 he lectured at the Sorbonne . From this time dates his long association with Guizot . Royer-Collard himself was supervisor of the press under the first restoration . From 1815 onwards he sat as deputy for Marne in the chamber . As president of the commission of public instruction from 1815 to 1820 he checked the pretensions of the clerical party, the immediate cause of. his retirement being an attempt to infringe the rights of the university of Paris by giving university diplomas, independent of university examinations, to the teaching fraternity of the Christian Brothers . Royer-Collard's acceptance of the Legitimist principle did not prevent a faithful adhesion to the social revolution effected in 1789, and he protested in 1815, in 1820, and again under the monarchy of July against laws of exception . He was the moving spirit of the " Doctrinaires," as they were called, who met at the house of the comte de Ste Aulaire and in the salon of Madame de Stael's daughter, the duchesse de Broglie . The leaders of the party, beside Royer-Collard, were Guizot, P . F . H. de Serre, Camille Jordan and Charles de Remusat .

In 182o he was excluded from the council of

state by a decree signed by his former ally Serre . In 1827 he was elected for seven constituencies, but remained faithful to his native department . Next year he became president of the chamber, and fought against the reactionary policy which precipitated the Revolution of July . It was Royer-Collard who in March 183o presented the address of the 221 . From that time he took no active part in politics, although he retained his seat in the chamber until 1839 . He died at his estate of Chateauvieux, near Vitry, on the 2nd of September 1845 . He had been a member of the Academy since 1827 . Royer-Collard married in 1799 Mlle. de Forges de Chateauvieux . The two daughters who survived to womanhood received an education of the utmost austerity . Royer-Collard left no considerable writings, but fragments of his philosophical work are included in Jouffroy's translation of the works of Thomas Reid . The standard life of Royer-Collard is by his friend Prosper de Barante, Vie politique de M . Royer Collard, ses discours et ses ecrits (2 vols., 1861) .

There are also

biographies by M . A . Philippe (1857), by L . Vingtain (1858), by E . Spuller (1895), in Grands ecrivains francais . Cf . E . Faguet, Politique it morale du xix' siecle (1891); H . Taine, Les Philosophes francais du xix' siecle (1857); L . Seche, Les Derniers Jansenistes (1891); and Lady Blennerhasset, " The Doctrinaires " in the Cambridge Modern History (vol. x. chap. ii., 1907) . For further references see H . P .

Thieme,

Guide bibliographique (Paris, 1907) .