See also:

• RUDDER (O.E. Rather, i.e. rower)

RUDDER (O.E. Rather, i.e. rower)  , that See also:

• PART

part of the steering apparatus of a See also:

• SHIP

ship which is fastened to the stern outside, and on which the See also:

• WATER

water acts directly . The word may be found to be used as if it were synonymous with " helm." But the helm (A.S . Hillf, a handle) is the handle by which the See also:

• RUDDER (O.E. Rather, i.e. rower)

rudder is worked . The tiller, which is perhaps derived from a provincial See also:

• ENGLISH

English name for the handle of a See also:

• SPADE

spade, has the same meaning as the helm . In the earliest times a single See also:

• OAR (A.S. kr; M. Eng. ore; Lat. remus; Gr. iperw5s : Sans. aritra; Fr. rame; Ital. Span., Port. Yana)

oar, at the stern, was used to See also:

• ROW, JOHN (c. 1525—1580)

row the See also:

• VESSEL (O. Fr. vaissel, from a rare Lat. vascellum, dim. of vas, vase, urn)

vessel See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round . In later times oars with large See also:

• BLADES, WILLIAM (1824-1890)

blades were fixed on the sides near the stern . In See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek and See also:

• ROMAN

Roman vessels two sets were sometimes employed, so that if the pitching of the ship lifted the after pair out of the water, the foremost pair could still See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act . As these See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• SHIPS

ships were, at least in some cases, See also:

• SHARP, GRANVILLE (1735-1813)
• SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679)
• SHARP, JOHN (1645-1714)
• SHARP, RICHARD (1759-1835)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)

sharp at both ends and could See also:

• SAIL

sail either way, See also:

• STEER, PAUL WILSON (186o– )

steer (or steering) oars were fixed both fore and aft . The steer oar in this See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form passed through a See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring on the See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side and was supported on a crutch, and was turned by a helm, or tiller . Norse and See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval vessels had, as far as we can See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge, one steer oar only placed on the right side near the stern—hence the name "starboard," i.e. steerside, for the right side of the ship looking forward . In the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of small vessels the steer oar possesses an See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage over the rudder, for it can bring the stern round quickly . Therefore it is still used in whaling boats and See also:

• ROWING (O. Eng. rowan, to row, cf. Lat. remus, Gr. perµbr, oar)

rowing boats which have to See also:

• WORK

work against See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

wind and See also:

• TIDE (O. Eng. lid, cf. Ger. Zeit, time or season, connected with root of Sanskrit a-diti, endless)

tide, and in surf when the rudder will not act .

It is not possible to assign any date for the displacement of the side rudder by the stern rudder . They were certainly used together, and the second displaced the first in the course of the 14th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century when experience had shown that the rudder was more effective at the stern than at the side . The rudder of a wooden ship when fully See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed was composed of four pieces . The first or See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main piece was hung on to the stern See also:

• POST

post of the ship . Its upper portion was known as the rudder See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head, and was at first an See also:

• OVAL (Lat. ovum, egg)

oval See also:

• SHAFT
• SHAFT (O. Eng., sceaft, from scafan, to shave; the word is common to Teutonic languages)

shaft which passed into the ship through the rudder See also:

• PORT

port, and to which the helm was fixed . A See also:

• CANVAS

canvas bag called a rudder coat covered the opening to exclude the water . In later days See also:

• SIR

Sir R . See also:

• SEPPINGS, SIR ROBERT (1767-1840)

Seppings introduced the cylindrical form in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to prevent the water from coming into the round rudder port . Three back pieces were fastened to the main piece longitudinally . The whole were fastened together by See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron bands called pintle straps, which had at the forward end a See also:

• PIN (a doublet with " pen " from Lat. pinna, feather, pinnacle, which is said to contain the same root as irirvs, pine tree, and properly to mean a sharp point or end)

pin or pintle, which fitted into braces, i.e. fixed rings on the stern post, so that the rudder hung on hinges . The See also:

• LOWER

lower part of the main piece was bevelled, and so was the stern post, so as to ;flow the rudder to See also:

• SWING, DAVID (1830-1894)

swing freely . A projecting piece called a chock or See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood-See also:

• LOCK (from the O. Eng. loc.; the word appears, in different forms, in many Teutonic languages, but with such various meanings as " hole," Ger. Loch, " lid," Swed. lock, &c.; probably the original was a root meaning " to enclose ")
• LOCK, MATTHIAS

lock was fixed in the head outside the ship in order to prevent the rudder from being lifted by the water out of its hinges .

A small vessel can be steered by the helm or tiller, but in a larger it is necessary to apply a See also:

• MECHANICAL

mechanical leverage . This was secured by carrying See also:

• ROPES, JOHN CODMAN (1836–1899)

ropes, or in later times chains, to the sides of the ship, and then through blocks to the upper See also:

• DECK

deck, round a See also:

• BARREL (a word of uncertain origin common to Romance languages; the Celtic forms, as in the Gaelic baraill, are derived from the English)

barrel which is worked by the See also:

• WHEEL (0. Eng. hweol, hweohl, &c., cognate with Icel. hjol, Dan. hiul, the Indo-European root is seen in Sanskrit chakra, Gr. r in Aos, circle, whence " cycle ")
• WHEEL, BREAKING ON THE

wheel . The principle of the rudder cannot alter, but the means employed to work it have been altered by the introduction of the See also:

• SCREW (O.E. scrue, from O. Fr. escroue, mod. ecrou; ultimate origin uncertain; the word, or a similar one, appears in Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Schraube, Dan. skrue, but Skeat, following Diaz, finds the origin in Lat. scrobs, a ditch, hole, particularl

screw, and by the increased See also:

• SIZE

size of ships . A single screw is placed in an open space before the stern post . As the opening thus created prevents the water from flowing directly on to the rudder, a screw steamer is sometimes difficult to steer . In order to make the rudder more manageable, it has been balanced, i.e. pivoted, on a shaft placed at about a third of its length from the foremost edge . In a See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double screw there is no opening, but the balanced rudder is still used, and the ship can be turned by See also:

• REVERSING

reversing one of the screws . The need for more See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power to work the helm has led to the introduction of See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam, and See also:

• HYDRAULIC

hydraulic steering apparatus which can be set in See also:

• MOTION (Lat. motio, from movere, to move)
• MOTION, LAWS OF

motion by a small wheel . See See also:

• BURNEY, CHARLES (1726-1814)

Burney's See also:

• FALCONER, HUGH (18o8–1865)
• FALCONER, WILLIAM (1732–1769)

Falconer's See also:

• DICTIONARY

Dictionary (See also:

• LONDON

London, 183o) ; Torr's Ancient Ships (See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge, 1894); See also:

• NARES, SIR GEORGE STRONG (1831– )

Nares, See also:

• SEAMANSHIP

Seamanship (See also:

• PORTSMOUTH
• PORTSMOUTH, EARLS OF
• PORTSMOUTH, LOUISE DE

Portsmouth, 1882) .