See also:

• RUDOLPH
• RUDOLPH (d. 1o8o)
• RUDOLPH, or RAOUL

RUDOLPH I  . (1218-1291), See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king, son of See also:

• ALBERT
• ALBERT (1490'1545)
• ALBERT (149o-1568)
• ALBERT (1522–1557)
• ALBERT (FRANCIS CHARLES AUGUSTUS ALBERT EMMANUEL) (1819—1861)
• ALBERT (FRIEDRICH RUDOLF ALBRECHT)
• ALBERT, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS
• ALBERT, MADAME (c. 2805—2846)

Albert IV. See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count of See also:

• HABSBURG, or HAPSBURG

Habsburg, and Hedwig, daughter of See also:

• ULRICH

Ulrich count of Kyburg, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• LIMBURG
• LIMBURG, or LIMEOURG

Limburg on the 1st of May 1218 . At his See also:

• FATHER

father's See also:

• DEATH

death in 1239 See also:

• RUDOLPH
• RUDOLPH (d. 1o8o)
• RUDOLPH, or RAOUL

Rudolph inherited the See also:

• FAMILY

family estates in See also:

• ALSACE (Ger. Elsass)

Alsace, and in 1245 he married Gertrude, daughter of Burk-hard III. count of Hohenberg . He paid frequent visits to the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of his godfather the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick II., and his See also:

• LOYALTY

loyalty to Frederick and to his son See also:

• CONRAD (d. 955)
• CONRAD, JOSEPH (1856– )
• CONRAD, or KONRAD (M. H. Ger. Kuonrdl, i.e. " keen in counsel," Lat. Conradus, It. Corrado, cf. the A.S. Ccenred)

Conrad IV. was richly rewarded by grants of See also:

• LAND

land, but in 1254 was excommunicated by See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• INNOCENT (INNOCENTIUS)
• INNOCENT (POPES)

Innocent IV . The disorder in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany after the fall of the See also:

• HOHENSTAUFEN

Hohenstaufen afforded an opportunity for Rudolph to increase his possessions . His wife was an heiress; and on the death of his childless See also:

• UNCLE

uncle, See also:

• HARTMANN, KARL ROBERT EDUARD VON (1842–1906)
• HARTMANN, MORITZ (1821–1872)

Hartmann VI. count of Kyburg, in 1264, he seized his valuable estates . Successful feuds with the bishops of See also:

• STRASSBURG, or STRASBURG (French Strasbourg)

Strassburg and See also:

• BASEL (Fr. Bale)
• BASEL (Fr. Belle, but Basle is a wholly erroneous form; Ital. Basilea)
• BASEL, CONFESSION OF
• BASEL, COUNCIL OF

Basel further augmented his See also:

• WEALTH

wealth and his reputation; rights over various tracts of land were See also:

• PURCHASED

purchased from abbots and others; and he was also the possessor of large estates in the regions now known as See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland and Alsace . These various See also:

• SOURCES

sources of wealth and See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence had rendered Rudolph the most powerful See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince in S.W . Germany when, in the autumn of 1273, the princes met to elect a king . His See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election at See also:

• FRANKFORT

Frankfort on the 29th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1273 was largely due to the efforts of his See also:

• BROTHER

brother-in-See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, Frederick III. of See also:

• HOHENZOLLERN

Hohenzollern, See also:

• BURGRAVE

burgrave of See also:

• NUREMBERG (Ger. Nurnberg)

Nuremberg . The support of Albert See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• SAXE, JOHN GODFREY (1816-1887)
• SAXE, MAURICE, COMTE DE (1696-1750)

Saxe-See also:

• LAUENBURG

Lauenburg, and of See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis II. count See also:

• PALATINE (from Lat. palatium, a palace,)

palatine of the See also:

• RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine and duke of upper See also:

• BAVARIA (Ger. Bayern)

Bavaria, had been purchased by betrothing them to two of Rudolph's daughters; so that Ottakar II. king of Bohemia, a See also:

• CANDIDATE

candidate for the See also:

• THRONE

throne, was almost alone in his opposition . Rudolph was crowned at See also:

• AIX

Aix-la-Chapelle on the 24th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1273, and the feast which followed has been described by See also:

• SCHILLER, JOHANN CHRISTOPH FRIEDRICH VON (1759-18o5)

Schiller in Der See also:

• GRAF, ARTURO (1848– )
• GRAF, KARL HEINRICH (1815–1869)

Graf von Hapsburg .

To win the approbation of the pope Rudolph renounced all imperial rights in See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, the papal territory and See also:

• SICILY (Ital. Sicilia)

Sicily, and promised to See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead a new crusade; and Pope See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory X., in spite of Ottakar's protests, not only recognized Rudolph himself, but persuaded See also:

• ALPHONSO

Alphonso X. king of See also:

• CASTILE, or CASTILLE (Castilla)

Castile, who had been chosen German king in 1257, to do the same . In See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1274 it was decided by the See also:

• DIET

diet at Nuremberg that all See also:

• CROWN

crown estates seized since the death of the emperor Frederick II. must be restored, and that Ottakar of Bohemia must See also:

• ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer to the diet for not recognizing the new king . Ottakar refused to appear or to restore the provinces of See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria, See also:

• STYRIA (German, Steiermark or Steyermark)

Styria, See also:

• CARINTHIA (Ger. Kdrnten)

Carinthia and See also:

• CARNIOLA (Ger. Krain)

Carniola which he had seized . He wasplaced under the See also:

• BAN

ban; and in See also:

• JUNE

June 1276 See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war was declared against him . Having detached See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry I. duke of See also:

• LOWER

lower Bavaria from his See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side, Rudolph compelled the Bohemian king to cede the four provinces in November 1276 . Ottakar was then invested with Bohemia by Rudolph, and his son See also:

• WENCESLAUS (1361-1419)

Wenceslaus was betrothed to a daughter of the German king, who made a triumphal entry into See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna . Ottakar, however, raised questions about the See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution of the treaty, made an See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance with some See also:

• POLISH

Polish chiefs and procured the support of several German princes, including his former ally, Henry of lower Bavaria . To meet this See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination Rudolph entered into alliance with See also:

• LADISLAUS [I.]

Ladislaus IV. king of See also:

• HUNGARY
• HUNGARY (Hungarian Magyarorszdg)

Hungary, and gave additional privileges to the citizens of Vienna . On the 26th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1278 the See also:

• RIVAL

rival armies met on the See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks of the See also:

• RIVER

river See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March near Durnkrut, and Ottakar was defeated and killed . See also:

• MORAVIA (Ger., Ma/wen; Czech, Morava)

Moravia was subdued and its See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government entrusted to Rudolph's representatives, while Wenceslaus was again betrothed to one of his daughters . Rudolph's See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention was next turned to his new possessions in Austria and the adjacent countries . He spent several years in establishing his authority there, but found some difficulty in making these provinces hereditary in his family .

At length the hostility of the princes was overcome, and in See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1282 Rudolph invested his sons Albert and Rudolph with the duchies of Austria and Styria at See also:

• AUGSBURG
• AUGSBURG, CONFESSION OF
• AUGSBURG, WAR OF THE LEAGUE OF

Augsburg, and so laid the See also:

• FOUNDATIONS

foundations of the greatness of the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of Habsburg . Turning to the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west he compelled See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip I. count of upper See also:

• BURGUNDY

Burgundy to cede some districts to him in 1281, forced the citizens of Berne to pay the See also:

• TRIBUTE (Lat. tributurn, a stated payment, contribution)

tribute which they had previously refused, and in 1289 marched against Philip's successor, See also:

• OTTO

Otto IV., and compelled him to do See also:

• HOMAGE (from homo, through the Low Lat. hominaticum, which occurs in a document of 1035)

homage . In 1281 his first wife died, and on the 5th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1284 he married See also:

• ISABELLA (1451-15o4)
• ISABELLA, ISABEAU

Isabella, daughter of See also:

• HUGH
• HUGH, ST

Hugh IV. duke of Burgundy . Rudolph was not very successful in restoring See also:

• INTERNAL

internal See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace to Germany . Orders were indeed issued for the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of landpeaces in Bavaria, See also:

• FRANCONIA (Ger. Franken)

Franconia and See also:

• SWABIA, SUABIA

Swabia, and afterwards for the whole of Germany; but the king lacked the See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power, or the determination, to enforce them, although in December 1289 he led an expedition into Thuringia where he destroyed a number of robber-castles . In 1291 he attempted to secure the election of his son Albert as German king; but the princes refused on the pretext of their inability to support two See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings, but perhaps because they feared the increasing power of the Habsburgs . Rudolph died at See also:

• SPIRES (Ger. Speyer or Speier)

Spires on the 15th of See also:

• JULY

July 1291 and was buried in the See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral of that See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city . He had a large family, but only one of his sons, Albert, afterwards the German king Albert I., survived him . Rudolph was a tall See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man with See also:

• PALE (through Fr. pal, from Lat. palms, a stake, for paglus, from the stem pag- of pangere, to fix; " pole " is from the same original source)

pale See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face and prominent See also:

• NOSE (O.Eng. nosu, cf. Dutch neus, Swed. nos, snout; the Aix in Provence. Both at Aix and at Lyons he acquired great connexion with O.Eng. nasu is obscure, cf. Ger. Nase, Lat. pares, distinction by his labours during outbreaks of the plague. In nostrils,

nose . He possessed many excellent qualities, bravery, piety and generosity; but his reign is memorable rather in the See also:

• HISTORY

history of the house of Habsburg than in that of the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of Germany . The best See also:

• MODERN

modern authorities are K . See also:

• HAGEN
• HAGEN, FRIEDRICH HEINRICH VON DER (178o-1856)

Hagen, Deutsche Geschichte von See also:

• RUDOLF (otherwise known as Basso NOROK and Gannon)

Rudolf von Habsburg bis auf See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die neueste Zeit (Frankfort, 1854–57) O .

Lorenz, Geschichte Rudolfs von Habsburg and Adolfs von See also:

• NASSAU

Nassau (Vienna, 1863–67) ; Th . Lindner, Deutsche Geschichte unter den Habsburgern and Luxemburgern (See also:

• STUTTGART

Stuttgart, 1888–93) ; A . See also:

• HUBER, FRANCOIS (1750-1831)
• HUBER, JOHANN NEPOMUK (1830-1879)
• HUBER, LUDWIG FERDINAND (1764–1804)

Huber, Rudolf von Habsburg vor seiner Thronbesteigung (Vienna, 1873) ; J . Hirn, Rudolf von Habsburg (Vienna, 1874) ; H. von See also:

• ZEISSBERG, HEINRICH, RITTER

Zeissberg, Ueber das Rechtsverfahren Rudolf von Habsburg gegen Ottokar von Bohmen (Vienna, 1882) ; H . Otto, Die Beziehungen Rudolfs von Habsburg zu Papst Gregor X . (See also:

• ERLANGEN

Erlangen, 1893) ; A . Busson, See also:

• DEE
• DEE (Welsh, Dyfrdwy;, Lat.., and in Milton, Deva)

Dee Krieg von 5278 and die Schlacht bei Durnkrut (Vienna, 1880) ; and O . Redlich, Rudolf von Habsburg (See also:

• INNSBRUCK

Innsbruck, 1903) .