See also:

• RUDOLPH
• RUDOLPH (d. 1o8o)
• RUDOLPH, or RAOUL

RUDOLPH II  . (1552-1612), See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor, son of the emperor See also:

• MAXIMILIAN
• MAXIMILIAN (1832—1867)

Maximilian II. by his wife Maria,, daughter of the emperor See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles V., was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna on the 18th of See also:

• JULY

July 1552 . In 1563 he was sent to See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain, where his natural abilities were improved by a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• EDUCATION

education, but he lacked the See also:

• FRANK, JAKOB (1726-1791)

frank and tolerant spirit of his See also:

• FATHER

father, resembling rather his See also:

• UNCLE

uncle See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip II. of Spain . In 1572 he was crowned See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• HUNGARY
• HUNGARY (Hungarian Magyarorszdg)

Hungary, three years later king of Bohemia; and in See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1575 he was chosen king of the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans, or See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German king, at See also:

• REGENSBURG (RATISBON)

Regensburg, becoming emperor on his father's See also:

• DEATH

death in October 1576 . The importance of See also:

• RUDOLPH
• RUDOLPH (d. 1o8o)
• RUDOLPH, or RAOUL

Rudolph's reign is negative rather than See also:

• POSITIVE (or PORTABLE) ORGAN

positive, consisting more in what he did not do than in what he did; although it is questionable whether any ruler could have pre-vented the religious struggles of See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany and the See also:

• THIRTY

Thirty Years' See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War . The more active See also:

• PART

part of the emperor's See also:

• LIFE

life was the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period from his See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession to about 1597 . During that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time he attended the infrequent imperial diets, and took an See also:

• INTEREST

interest in the struggle in the See also:

• NETHERLANDS

Netherlands and the See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire against the See also:

• TURKS

Turks . He was at times suspicious of the papal policy, while his relations with Spain were somewhat inharmonious . As a convinced Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic he forwarded the progress of the See also:

• COUNTER

counter-See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

reformation, and in See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general the tolerant policy of Maximilian II. was reversed . See also:

• POLITICAL

Political as well as religious privileges were attacked; the See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration was conducted by Germans; and the result was a considerable amount of discontent which became very pronounced about the opening of the 17th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . Concurrently with the growth of this unrest Rudolph had become increasingly subject to attacks of depression and eccentricity, which were so serious as to amount almost to See also:

• INSANITY (from Lat. in, not, and sanus, sound)

insanity . In 1604, after a war with See also:

• TURKEY

Turkey had been in progress since 1593, many of the Hungarians rebelled against Rudolph and See also:

• CHOSE (Fr. for " thing ")

chose See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen See also:

• BOCSKAY, STEPHEN [ISTVAN] (1557–1606)

Bocskay as their See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince .

By this time the members of the See also:

• HABSBURG, or HAPSBURG

Habsburg See also:

• FAMILY

family were thoroughly alarmed at the indifference or incompetence of the emperor; and their anxieties were not diminished by the knowledge that he was in feeble See also:

• HEALTH

health, was unmarried, and had refused to take any steps towards securing the See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election of a successor . In See also:

• APRIL

April 16o6 they declared Rudolph incapable of ruling, and recognized one of his younger See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers, the See also:

• ARCHDUKE (Lat. archidux, Ger. Erzherzog)

archduke See also:

• MATTHIAS
• MATTHIAS (1557-1619)

Matthias, afterwards emperor, as their See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head; and in the following See also:

• JUNE

June Matthias, having already with the emperor's reluctant consent taken the conduct of affairs into his own hands, made See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace by granting extensive concessions to the rebellious Hungarians, and concluded a treaty with the See also:

• SULTAN (an Arabic word meaning " victorious " or " a ruler," sultat, dominion)

sultan in See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November of the same See also:

• YEAR

year . Then shaking off his lethargy Rudolph prepared to renew the war with the Turks; a move which Matthias met by throwing himself upon the support of the See also:

• NATIONAL

national party in Hungary . Matthias also found adherents in other parts of his See also:

• BROTHER

brother's dominions, with the result that in June 16o8 the emperor was compelled to cede to him the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of Hungary together with the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria and See also:

• MORAVIA (Ger., Ma/wen; Czech, Morava)

Moravia . Rudolph now sought the aid of the princes of the empire, and even of the Protestants; but he had met with no success in this direction when trouble arose in Bohemia . Having at first rejected the demand of the Bohemians for greater religious See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty, the emperor was soon obliged to yield to See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior force, and in 1609 he acceded to the popular wishes by issuing the See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

Letter of See also:

• MAJESTY (Fr. majeste; Lat. majestas, grandeur, greatness, from the base mag-, as in magnus, great, major, greater, &c.)

Majesty (Majestatsbrief), and then made similar concessions to his subjects in See also:

• SILESIA

Silesia and elsewhere . A See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short reconciliation with Matthias was followed by further disorder in Bohemia, which was invaded by Rudolph's See also:

• COUSIN (Fr. cousin, Ital. cugino, Late Lat. cosinus, perhaps a popular and familiar abbreviation of consobrinus, which has the same sense in classical Latin)
• COUSIN, JEAN (1500-1590)
• COUSIN, VICTOR (1792–1867)

cousin, the archduke See also:

• LEOPOLD (M.H. Ger. Liupolt; O.H. Ger. Liupald, from hut, Mod. Ger. Leute, " people," and paid, " bold," i.e. " bold for the people ")

Leopold (1586-1632) . The Bohemians invoked the aid of Matthias, who gathered an See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army; and in 1611 the emperor, practically a prisoner at See also:

• PRAGUE (Ger. Prag; Bohemian Praha)

Prague, was again forced to cede a kingdom to his brother . Rudolph died at Prague, his usual See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence, on the loth of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1612, and was succeeded as emperor by Matthias . Rudolph was a See also:

• CLEVER

clever and cultured See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man, greatly interested in See also:

• CHEMISTRY
• CHEMISTRY (formerly "chymistry"; Gr. xvµela; for derivation see ALCHEMY)

chemistry, See also:

• ALCHEMY

alchemy, See also:

• ASTRONOMY (from Gr. &arpov, a star, and v ,usiv, to classify or arrange)

astronomy and See also:

• ASTROLOGY

astrology; he was a See also:

• PATRON

patron of Tycho See also:

• BRAHE, PER, COUNT (1602-1680)
• BRAHE, TYCHO (1546-1601)

Brahe and See also:

• KEPLER, JOHANN (1571-1630)

Kepler, and was himself somethingof a See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar and an artist . He was the greatest See also:

• COLLECTOR

collector of his See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, his agents ransacking See also:

• EUROPE

Europe to fill his museums with rare See also:

• WORKS

works of See also:

• ART

art . His education at the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court and an hereditary tendency to insanity, however, made him haughty, suspicious and consequently very unpopular, while even in his best days the See also:

• TEMPER (from Lat. temperare, to mingle or compound in due proportion, to qualify, rule, regulate, to be moderate, formed from tempos, time, fit or due season)

temper of his mind was that of a recluse rather than of a ruler .

The See also:

• SOURCES

sources for the life and times of Rudolph II. are somewhat scanty, as many of the See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official documents of the reign, which were kept at Prague and not at Vienna, were destroyed, probably during the Thirty Years' War . The best authorities, however, are: Rudolphi II. epistolae ineditae, edited by B, See also:

• COMTE, AUGUSTE [ISIDORE AUGUSTE MARIE FRANCOIS XAVIER] (1798-1857)

Comte de See also:

• PACE (through O. Fr. pas, from Lat. passus, step, properly the stretch of the leg in walking, from pandere, to stretch)
• PACE, RICHARD (c. 1482-1536)

Pace (Vienna, 1771) ; M . See also:

• RITTER, HEINRICH (1791-1869)
• RITTER, KARL (1779–1859)

Ritter, Quellenbeitrage zur Geschichte See also:

• DES

des Kaisers See also:

• RUDOLF (otherwise known as Basso NOROK and Gannon)

Rudolf II (See also:

• MUNICH (Ger. Munchen)

Munich, 1872); and Deutsche Geschichte See also:

• IM(K2+a2+h2—2 ah cos 0)

im Zeitalter der Gegenreformation and des dreissigjahrigen Krieges (See also:

• STUTTGART

Stuttgart, 1887 fol.) ; L. von See also:

• RANKE, LEOPOLD VON (1795-1886)

Ranke, Zur deutschen Geschichte: Vom Religionsfrieden bis zum 3o jahrigen Kriege (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1868) ; A . See also:

• GINDELY, ANTON (1829–1892)

Gindely, Rudolf II. and See also:

• SEINE
• SEINE (Lat. Sequana)
• SEINE, or SEAN (O. Fr. seigne, mod. seine, Lat. sagena, Gr. vaytivrl, a draw-net)

seine Zeit (Prague, 1862—68) ; F . Stieve, See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Verhandlungen fiber die Nachfolge Kaiser Rudolfs II . (Munich, 188o) ; in the Allgemeane Deutsche Biographie, See also:

• BAND

Band See also:

• XXIX

xxix . (Leipzig, 1889) ; and Der U_rsprung des dreissigjahrigen Krieges (Munich, 1875); F. von Bezold, Kaiser Rudolf II. and die heilige Liga (Munich, 1886); J . See also:

• JANSSEN, JOHANNES (1829-1891)
• JANSSEN, or JANSEN (sometimes JOHNSON), CORNELIUS (1593-1664)
• JANSSEN, PIERRE JULES CESAR (1824–1907)

Janssen, Geschichte des Deutschen Volks seit dem Ausgang des Mittelalters (See also:

• FREIBURG

Freiburg, 1878 fol.), of which there is an See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation by M . A . See also:

• MITCHELL
• MITCHELL, DONALD GRANT (1822—1908)
• MITCHELL, MARIA (1818—1889)
• MITCHELL, SILAS WEIR (1830-)
• MITCHELL, SIR THOMAS LIVINGSTONE (1792-1855)

Mitchell and A . M . See also:

• CHRISTIE, RICHARD COPLEY (183o–Igor)

Christie (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1896 fol.) ; and H .

See also:

• MORITZ, KARL PHILIPP (1757-1793)

Moritz, Die Wahl Rudolfs II . (See also:

• MARBURG
• MARBURG, COLLOQUY OF (Marburger Religionsgesprach)

Marburg, 1895) .