FABRIZIO See also:

• FABRIZIO RUFFO (1744-1827)

RUFFO (1744-1827)  , Neapolitan See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

cardinal and politician, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• SAN

San Lucido in See also:

• CALABRIA

Calabria on the 16th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1744 . His See also:

• FATHER

father, Litterio See also:

• RUFFO, FABRIZIO (1744-1827)

Ruffo, was See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of Baranello, and his See also:

• MOTHER

mother, Giustiniana, was of the See also:

• FAMILY

family of See also:

• COLONNA
• COLONNA, GIOVANNI PAOLO (circa 1637—1695)
• COLONNA, VITTORIA (1490-1547)

Colonna . Fabrizio owed his See also:

• EDUCATION

education to his See also:

• UNCLE

uncle, the cardinal See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas Ruffo, then See also:

• DEAN (Lat. decanus, derived from the Gr. 8eaa, ten)
• DEAN, FOREST OF

dean of the Sacred See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College . In See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• LIFE

life be secured the favour of Giovanni Angelo Braschi di Cesera, who in 1775 became See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• PIUS

Pius VI . Ruffo was placed by the pope among the chierici di See also:

• CAMERA (a Latin adaptation of Gr. Kagapa, an arched chamber)

camera—the clerks who formed the papal See also:

• CIVIL

civil and See also:

• FINANCIAL

financial service . He was later promoted to be treasurer-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general, a See also:

• POST

post which carried with it the See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war . Ruffo's conduct in See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office was diversely judged . See also:

• COLLETTA, PIETRO (1775-1831)

Colletta, the historian of See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples, speaks of him as corrupt, and See also:

• JOMINI, ANTOINE HENRI, BARON (1779-1869)

Jomini repeats the See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge . Ruffo's biographer, Sachinelli, says that he incurred hostility by restricting the feudal See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers of some of the landowners in the papal states . In 1791 he was removed from the treasurership, but. was created cardinal on the 29th of September, though he was not in orders . He never became a See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest . Ruffo went to Naples, where he was named See also:

• ADMINISTRATOR

administrator of the royal domain of See also:

• CASERTA

Caserta, and received the See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

abbey of S .

See also:

• SOPHIA (1630-1714)

Sophia in See also:

• BENEVENTO

Benevento in commendam . When in See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1798 the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French troops advanced on Naples, Ruffo fled to See also:

• PALERMO (Greek, Havopuos; Latin, Panhormus, Panormus)

Palermo with the royal family . He was chosen to See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head a royalist See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement in Calabria, where his family, though impoverished by See also:

• DEBT (Lat. debitum, a thing owed)

debt, exercised large feudal powers . He was named See also:

• VICAR (Lat. vicarius, substitute)

vicar-general on the 25th of See also:

• JANUARY

January . 17oo- On the 8th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February he landed at La See also:

• CORTONA

Cortona with a small following, and began to raise the so-called " See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army of the faith " in association with Fra See also:

• DIAVOLO, FRA (1771-1806)

Diavolo and other brigand leaders . Ruffo had no difficulty in upsetting the republican See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government established by the French, and by See also:

• JUNE

June had advanced to Naples (see NAPLES and See also:

• NELSON
• NELSON, HORATIO NELSON, VISCOUNT (1758-1805)
• NELSON, ROBERT (s656-1715)

NELSON) . The See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign has given rise to much controversy . Ruffo appears to have lost favour with the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king by showing a tendency to spare the republicans . He resigned his vicar-generalship to the See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of Cassero, and during the second French See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest and the reigns of See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph See also:

• BONAPARTE

Bonaparte and See also:

• MURAT, JOACHIM (1767—1815)

Murat he lived quietly in Naples . Some See also:

• NOTICE

notice was taken of him by See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon, but he never held an important post . After the restoration of the Bourbons he was received into favour . During the revolutionary troubles of 1822 he was consulted by the king, and was even in office for a very See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time as a " loyalist " See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister .

He died on the 13th of December 1827 . The See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of Ruffo given in Celletta's See also:

• HISTORY

History of Naples (See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation, See also:

• EDINBURGH

Edinburgh, 186o) must be taken with caution . Colletta was a violent liberal See also:

• PARTISAN, or PARTIZAN

partisan, who wrote in See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile, and largely from memory . He has been corrected by the Duca de See also:

• LAURIA (LURIA or LURIA) ROGER DE (d. 1305)
• LAURIA, or LORIA

Lauria, Intorno alla storia del Reame di Napoli di Pietro Colletta (Naples, 1877) . Ruffo's own See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the question is stated in Memorie Storiche See also:

• SULLA, LUCIUS CORNELIUS (138–78 B.C.)

sulla vita del Cardinale Fabrizio Ruffo, by Domenico Sacchinelli (Naples, 1836) . See also Fabrizio Ruffo: Revolution and Gegen-Revolution von Neapel, by See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

Baron von' Helfert (See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna, 1882) .