See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

COUNT See also:

• BENJAMIN
• BENJAMIN, JUDAHPHILIP (1811-1884)

BENJAMIN See also:

• THOMPSON
• THOMPSON, FRANCIS (1860-1907)
• THOMPSON, LAUNT (1833-1894)
• THOMPSON, SIR HENRY, BART
• THOMPSON, SIR JOHN SPARROW (1844-1894)
• THOMPSON, THOMAS PERONNET (1783-1869)
• THOMPSON, WILLIAM HEPWORTH (18ro–1886)

THOMPSON See also:

• COUNT BENJAMIN THOMPSON RUMFORD (1753-1814)

RUMFORD (1753-1814)  , See also:

• BRITISH

British-See also:

• AMERICAN

American See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science, philanthropist and See also:

• ADMINISTRATOR

administrator, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• WOBURN

Woburn, in See also:

• MASSACHUSETTS (an Indian name, originally applied to a tribe of Indians)

Massachusetts, on the 26th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1753 . The See also:

• THOMPSON
• THOMPSON, FRANCIS (1860-1907)
• THOMPSON, LAUNT (1833-1894)
• THOMPSON, SIR HENRY, BART
• THOMPSON, SIR JOHN SPARROW (1844-1894)
• THOMPSON, THOMAS PERONNET (1783-1869)
• THOMPSON, WILLIAM HEPWORTH (18ro–1886)

Thompson See also:

• FAMILY

family had been settled in New See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England since the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the previous See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, and belonged to the class of moderately wealthy farmers . His See also:

• FATHER

father died while he was very See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young, and his See also:

• MOTHER

mother speedily married a second See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time . But he seems to have been well cared for, and he was at the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of fourteen sufficiently advanced " in See also:

• ALGEBRA (from the Arab. al-jebr wa'l-mugabala, transposition and removal [of terms of an equation], the name of a treatise by Mahommed ben Musa al-Khwarizmi)

algebra, See also:

• GEOMETRY

geometry, See also:

• ASTRONOMY (from Gr. &arpov, a star, and v ,usiv, to classify or arrange)

astronomy, and even the higher See also:

• MATHEMATICS (Gr. /saBnµar1Kil, Sc. vOcvn or E7rlQTt'µn; from p iN.La, "learning" or "science ")

mathematics," to calculate a See also:

• SOLAR, SOLLER (Lat. solarium, Fr.• galetas, Ital. solaio)

solar See also:

• ECLIPSE (Gr. €uheo,tis, falling out of place, failing)

eclipse within four seconds of accuracy . In 1766 he was apprenticed to a storekeeper at See also:

• SALEM

Salem, in New England, and while in that employment occupied himself in chemical and See also:

• MECHANICAL

mechanical experiments, as well as in See also:

• ENGRAVING

engraving, in which he attained to some proficiency . The outbreak of the American See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War put a stop to the See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade of his See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master, and he. thereupon See also:

• LEFT

left Salem and went to See also:

• BOSTON
• BOSTON, THOMAS (1676-1732)

Boston, where he engaged himself as assistant in another See also:

• STORE (from O. Fr. estor or estoire, Late Lat. staurum or instaurum, stock, provisions, supply, from the late use of instaurare, to provide, properly to construct, renew, restore)

store . He was at that See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, between seventeen and eighteen years old, and at nineteen, he says, "I married, or rather I was married." His wife was the widow of See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

Colonel See also:

• BENJAMIN
• BENJAMIN, JUDAHPHILIP (1811-1884)

Benjamin Rolfe, and the daughter of See also:

• TIMOTHY
• TIMOTHY, FIRST EPISTLE TO
• TIMOTHY, SECOND EPISTLE TO

Timothy See also:

• WALKER, FRANCIS AMASA (1840-1897)
• WALKER, FREDERICK (184o--1875)
• WALKER, GEORGE (c. 1618-169o)
• WALKER, HENRY OLIVER (1843— )
• WALKER, HORATIO (1858– )
• WALKER, JOHN (1732—1807)
• WALKER, OBADIAH (1616-1699)
• WALKER, ROBERT (d. c. 1658)
• WALKER, ROBERT JAMES (1801-1869)
• WALKER, SEARS COOK (1805—1853)
• WALKER, THOMAS (1784—1836)
• WALKER, WILLIAM (1824-1860)

Walker, " a highly respectable See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister, and one of the first settlers at See also:

• RUMFORD, BENJAMIN THOMPSON, COUNT (1753-1814)

Rumford," now called See also:

• CONCORD
• CONCORD, BOOK OF (Liber Concordiae)

Concord, in New See also:

• HAMPSHIRE (or COUNTY OF SOUTHAMPTON, abbreviated HANTS)

Hampshire . His wife was possessed of considerable See also:

• PROPERTY

property, and was his See also:

• SENIOR, NASSAU WILLIAM (1790-1864)

senior by fourteen years . This See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage was the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of his success . Soon after it he became acquainted with See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

Governor See also:

• WENTWORTH, WILLIAM CHARLES (1793-1872)

Wentworth of New Hampshire, who conferred on him the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of a See also:

• LOCAL

local See also:

• REGIMENT (from Late Latin regimentum, rule, regere, to rule, govern, direct)

regiment of See also:

• MILITIA (Fr. milice, Ger. Miliz, from Lat. miles, soldier, militia, military service)

militia . He speedily became the See also:

• OBJECT

object of distrust among the See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends of the American cause, and it was considered prudent that he should seek an See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early opportunity of leaving the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . On the evacuation of Boston by the royal troops, therefore, in 1776, he was selected by Governor Wentworth to carry despatches to England .

On his arrival in See also:

• LONDON

London See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George Germain, secretary of See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, appointed him to a clerkship in his See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office . Within a few months he was advanced to the See also:

• POST

post of secretary of the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• GEORGIA

Georgia, and in about four years he was made under-secretary of state . His See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official duties, however, did not interfere with the See also:

• PROSECUTION

prosecution of scientific pursuits, and in 1779 he was elected a See also:

• FELLOW

fellow of the Royal Society . Among the subjects to which he especially directed his See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention were the explosive force of See also:

• GUNPOWDER

gunpowder, the construction of firearms, and a See also:

• SYSTEM

system of signalling at See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea . In connexion with the last, he made a cruise in the Channel See also:

• FLEET

fleet, on See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board the " Victory," as a volunteer under the command of See also:

• ADMIRAL

Admiral See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

• HARDY, ALEXANDRE (1569?-1631)
• HARDY, SIR THOMAS DUFFUS (1804-1878)
• HARDY, SIR THOMAS MASTERMAN
• HARDY, THOMAS (1840- )

Hardy . On the resignation of Lord See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North's See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration, of which Lord George Germain was one of the least popular members, he left the See also:

• CIVIL

civil service, and was nominated to a See also:

• CAVALRY (Fr. cavalerie, Ger. Kavallerie or Reiterei, derived ultimately from late Lat. caballus, horse)

cavalry command in the revolted provinces of See also:

• AMERICA

America . But the War of See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

Independence was practically at an end and in 1783 he finally quitted active service, with the See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank and See also:

• HALF

half-pay of a See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant-colonel . He now formed the See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design of joining the See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army, for the purpose of campaigning against the See also:

• TURKS

Turks, and so crossed over from See also:

• DOVER
• DOVER, GEORGE JAMES WELBORE
• DOVER, HENRY JERMYN, EARL OF (c. 1636-1708)
• DOVER, ROBERT (1575-1641)

Dover to See also:

• CALAIS

Calais with See also:

• GIBBON
• GIBBON, EDWARD (1737–1794)

Gibbon, who, See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing to his friend Lord See also:

• SHEFFIELD
• SHEFFIELD, JOHN BAKER HOLROYD, 1ST EARL

Sheffield, calls his fellow-passenger, " Mr Secretary-Colonel-Admiral-Philosopher Thompson." At See also:

• STRASSBURG, or STRASBURG (French Strasbourg)

Strassburg he was introduced to See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince See also:

• MAXIMILIAN
• MAXIMILIAN (1832—1867)

Maximilian, afterwards elector of See also:

• BAVARIA (Ger. Bayern)

Bavaria, and was by him invited to enter the civil and military service of that state . Having obtained the leave of the British See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government to accept the prince's offer, he received the See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of See also:

• KNIGHTHOOD

knighthood from George III., and during eleven years he remained at See also:

• MUNICH (Ger. Munchen)

Munich as minister of war, minister of See also:

• POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

police, and See also:

• GRAND

grand See also:

• CHAMBERLAIN (0. Fr. chamberlain, chamberlenc, Mod. Fr. chambellan, from O. H. Ger. Chamarling, Chamarlinc, whence also the Med. Lat. cambellanus, camerlingus, camerlengus; Ital. camerlingo; Span. camerlengo, compounded of 0. H. Ger. Chamara, Kamara [Lat.
• CHAMBERLAIN, JOSEPH (1836— )
• CHAMBERLAIN, JOSHUA LAWRENCE (1828– )
• CHAMBERLAIN, SIR NEVILLE BOWLES (1820-1902)

chamberlain to the elector . His See also:

• POLITICAL

political and courtly employments, however, did not absorb all his time, and he contributed during his stay in Bavaria a number of papers to the Philosophical Transactions . But that he was sufficiently alert as the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal adviser of the elector the results of his labours in that capacity amply prove . He reorganized the Bavarian army; he immensely improved the See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of the See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial classes throughout the country by providing them with See also:

• WORK

work and instructing them in the practice of domestic See also:

• ECONOMY

economy; and he did much to suppress mendicity .

The multitude of beggars in Bavaria had See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long been a public See also:

• NUISANCE (through Fr. noisance, nuisance, from Lat. nocere, to hurt)

nuisance and danger . In one See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day he caused no fewer than 2600 of these outcasts and depredators in Munich and its suburbs alone to be arrested by military patrols, and transferred by them to an industrial See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment which he had prepared for their reception . In this institution they were both housed and fed, and they not only supported themselves by their labours but earned a surplus for the benefit of the electoral revenues . The principle on which their treatment proceeded is stated by him in the following memorable words: " To make vicious and abandoned See also:

• PEOPLE

people happy," he says, " it has generally been supposed necessary first to make them virtuous . But why not See also:

• REVERSE

reverse this See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order ? Why not make them first happy, and then virtuous ? " In 1791 he was created a See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count of the See also:

• HOLY

Holy See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire, and See also:

• CHOSE (Fr. for " thing ")

chose his See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of Rumford from the name as it then was of the American township to which his wife's family belonged . In 1795 he visited England, one incident of his See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey being the loss of all his private papers, including the materials for an autobiography, which were contained in a See also:

• BOX
• BOX (Gr. irl or, Lat. buxus, box-wood; cf. 2r6Eir, a pyx)

box stolen from off his postchaise in St See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul's See also:

• CHURCHYARD
• CHURCHYARD, THOMAS (c. 152o-16o4)

Churchyard . During his See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence in London he applied himself to the See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of methods for curing smoky chimneys and the contrivance of improvements in the construction of fireplaces . But he was quickly recalled to Bavaria, Munich being threatened at once by an Austrian and a See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French army . The elector fled from his See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital, and it was entirely owing to Rumford that a hostile occupation of the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city was prevented . It was now proposed that he should be accredited as Bavarian See also:

• AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador in London; but the circumstance that he was a British subject presented an insurmountable obstacle .

He, however, again came to England, and remained there in a private station for several years . In 1798 he presented to the Royal Society his " Enquiry concerning the Source of See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

Heat which is excited by See also:

• FRICTION (from Lat. fricare, to rub)

Friction," in which he combated the current view that heat was a material substance, and regarded it as a mode of See also:

• MOTION (Lat. motio, from movere, to move)
• MOTION, LAWS OF

motion . In 1799 he, in See also:

• CONJUNCTION (from Lat. conjungere, to join together)

conjunction with Sir See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

Banks, projected the establishment of the Royal Institution . It received its See also:

• CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter of See also:

• INCORPORATION (from Lat. incorporare, to form into a body)

incorporation from George III. in 1800, and Rumford himself selected Sir See also:

• HUMPHRY, OZIAS (1742-1810)

Humphry See also:

• DAVY, SIR HUMPHRY

Davy as scientific lecturer there . Until 1804 he lived at the Royal Institution in See also:

• ALBEMARLE, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Albemarle See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

Street, London, or at a See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house which he rented at See also:

• BROMPTON

Brompton, and he then established himself in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, marrying (his first wife having died in 1792) as his second wife the wealthy widow of See also:

• LAVOISIER, ANTOINE LAURENT (1743-1794)

Lavoisier, the celebrated chemist . With this See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady he led an extremely uncomfortable See also:

• LIFE

life, till at last they agreed to See also:

• SEPARATE

separate . He took up his residence at Auteuil, where he died suddenly on the 21st of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1814, in the sixty-second See also:

• YEAR

year of his age . Rumford was the founder and the first recipient of the Rumford See also:

• MEDAL (Fr. medaille, from Lat. metallum)

medal of the Royal Society . He was also the founder of the See also:

• RUM
• RUM (according to Skeat, a corruption of Malay brum or bram; the adjective " rum," i.e. " queer," being a distinct word, in Gipsy rem)

Rum-See also:

• FORD, EDWARD ONSLOW
• FORD, JOHN (r586–c.1640)
• FORD, RICHARD (1796-1858)
• FORD, THOMAS (b. c. 158o)

ford medal of the American See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy of Arts and Sciences, and of the Rumford professorship in Harvard University . His See also:

• COMPLETE

complete See also:

• WORKS

works with a memoir by G . E . See also:

• ELLIS (originally SHARPE), ALEXANDER JOHN (1814-189o)
• ELLIS, GEORGE (1753-1815)
• ELLIS, ROBINSON (1834- )
• ELLIS, SIR HENRY (1777-1869)
• ELLIS, WILLIAM (1794 – 1872)

Ellis were published by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1870-75 .