RUSSIAN  LITERATURE See also:

• IVAN (JOHN)

Ivan to Kurbskiy, there is his See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter to See also:

• COSMAS

Cosmas and the See also:

• BROTHER

brother-See also:

• HOOD,
• HOOD, JOHN BELL (1831–1879)
• HOOD, SAMUEL HOOD, VISCOUNT (1724–1816)
• HOOD, SIR SAMUEL (1762-1814)
• HOOD, THOMAS (1799-1845)
• HOOD, TOM (1835–1874)

hood of the Cyrillian monastery on the See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

White See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake (Bielo Ozero), in which he reproaches them for the self-indulgent lives they are leading . Other See also:

• WORKS

works of the 16th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century are the Stepennaya Kniga, or " See also:

• BOOK

Book of Degrees " (or " Pedigrees "), in which See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical events are grouped under the reigns of the See also:

• GRAND

grand-See also:

• DUKES
• DUKES, LEOPOLD (1810-1891)

dukes, whose pedigrees are also given; and the See also:

• LIFE

Life of the See also:

• TSAR, or CZAR

Tsar Feodor Ivanovich (1584–98), written by the See also:

• PATRIARCH (M.E. and O. Fr. patriarche, Lat. patriarcha, Gr. aarpuipxtis, from srarptu., clan, and apxil, rule)

patriarch See also:

• JOB

Job . To the beginning of the 17th century belongs the See also:

• CHRONOGRAPH

Chronograph of See also:

• SERGIUS, ST

Sergius Kubasov of See also:

• TOBOLSK

Tobolsk . His See also:

• WORK

work extends from the creation of the See also:

• WORLD

world to the See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession of See also:

• MICHAEL
• MICHAEL (1596-1645)
• MICHAEL (Hebrew Sn,q, " Who is like God? ")

Michael Uth See also:

• ROMANOV

Romanov, and contains interesting accounts of such centary. of the members of the Russian royal See also:

• FAMILY

family as Kubasov had himself seen . Something of the same See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind must have been the See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

journal of See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince Mstislayskiy, which he showed the See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador See also:

• JEROME, JEROME KLAPKA (1859– )
• JEROME, ST (HIERONYMUS, in full EUSEBIUS SOPHRONIUS HIERONYMUS) (c. 340–420)

Jerome Horsey, but which is now lost.' To the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of the first Romanovs belongs the See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story of the See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of See also:

• AZOV
• AZOV, SEA OF

Azov, a See also:

• PROSE

prose poem, which tells us, in an inflated See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style, how in 1637 a See also:

• BODY

body of See also:

• COSSACKS (Russ. Kazak; plural, Kazaki, from the Turki quzzaq, " adventurer, free-hooter ")

Cossacks triumphantly repelled the attacks of the See also:

• TURKS

Turks . There is also an See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the siege of the Troitza monastery by the Poles during the " Smutnoe Vremya,", or See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

Period of Troubles, as it is called-that which deals with the adventures of the false See also:

• DEMETRIUS

Demetrius and the See also:

• POLISH

Polish invasion which followed . But all these are surpassed by the work on See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia of See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory Karpov Kotoshikhin . He to . served in the ambassador's' See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office (posolskiy prikaz), s ikhin. and when called upon to give See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information against his colleagues fled to See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland about 1664 . Thence he passed into See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden and wrote his account of Russia under See also:

• ALEXIS
• ALEXIS, WILLIBALD

Alexis Mikhailovich at the See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request of See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count Delagardie, the See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor . He was executed in 1667 for slaying in a See also:

• QUARREL

quarrel the See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master of the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house in which he lived . The See also:

• MANUSCRIPT

manuscript was found by See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor Soloviev of See also:

• HELSINGFORS (Finnish Helsinki)

Helsingfors at See also:

• UPSALA, or UPPSALA

Upsala and printed in 184o .

The picture which Kotoshikhin draws of his native See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country is a sad one, and from his description, and the facts we gather from the Domostroy, we can reconstruct the Old Russia of the time before See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter the See also:

• GREAT

Great . Perhaps, as an .See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile, Kotoshikhin allowed himself to write too bitterly . A curious work is the Uriadnik Sokolnichia Puti (" Directions for See also:

• FALCONRY (Fr. fauconnerie, from Late Lat. falco, falcon)

Falconry "), which was written for the use of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor Alexis, who, like many Russians of old time, was much addicted to' this pastime . The Serb, Yuri Krzhanich, who wrote in Russian, was the Krzha- first See also:

• PAN (" pasturer ")
• PAN (common in various forms to many Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Pfanne; it is generally taken to be an early adaptation in a shortened form of Lat. patina, shallow bowl or dish, from patere, to lie open)

pan-Slavist, anticipating Kollar by one See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred attn. and fifty years or more . He wrote a See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical Servian See also:

• GRAMMAR (from Lat. grammatica, sc. ars; Gr. ypaµ)

grammar (with comparison of the Russian, Polish, Croatian and White Russian), which was edited from the' See also:

• MANUSCRIPTS

manuscripts by Bodianski in 1848 . For his time he had a very See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good insight into See also:

• SLAVONIC, OLD

Slavonic See also:

• PHILOLOGY

philology . His pan-Slavism, however, sometimes took a See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form by no means See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical . He went so far as to maintain that a See also:

• COMMON

common Slavonic See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language might be made for all the peoples of that See also:

• RACE

race—an impossible project which has been the See also:

• DREAM (from a root dreug, connected with Germ. trugen, to deceive)

dream of many enthusiasts . He was banished to See also:

• SIBERIA

Siberia, and finished his grammar at Tobolsk . He also wrote a work on the Russian See also:

• EMPIRE

empire in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 17th century, completed in 1676, which was edited by Beszonov in 186o . The picture See also:

• DRAWN

drawn, as in the corresponding See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of Koto.-shikhin, is a very gloomy one . To this period belongs the life of the patriarch See also:

• NIKON [NIKITA MININ] (1605-1681)

Nikon by Shusherin .

The struggles of Nikon with the tsar, and his emendations of the sacred books, which led to a great See also:

• SCHISM

schism in Russia, are well known . They have been made See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar to Englishmen by the eloquent pages of the See also:

• LATE

late See also:

• DEAN (Lat. decanus, derived from the Gr. 8eaa, ten)
• DEAN, FOREST OF

Dean See also:

• STANLEY (FAMILY)
• STANLEY, ARTHUR PENRHYN (18x5–1881)
• STANLEY, EDWARD (1779-1849)
• STANLEY, SIR HENRY MORTON (184o-1904)
• STANLEY, SIR WILLIAM (1548-163o)
• STANLEY, THOMAS (1625-1678)

Stanley.2 From this revision may be dated the rise of the Raskolniks (Dissenters) or Staro-obriadtsi pofotzkL (those who adhere to the old See also:

• RITUAL (from Lat. ritus, a custom, especially a religious rite or custom)

ritual) . With See also:

• SIMEON
• SIMEON (or SYMEON) OF DURHAM (d. after 1129)
• SIMEON, JOSEPH JEROME, COMTE (1749–1842)

Simeon Polotzki (Polotskiy) (1628–168o) the old period of Russian ' Horsey says: " I read in their cronickells written and kept in secreat by a great priem prince of that country named See also:

• KNEE (O. E. cneow, a word common to Indo-European languages, cf. Ger. Knie, Fr. genou, Span. hinojo, Lat. genu, Gr. ybvv, Sansk. janu)

Knee Ivan Fedorowich Mistisloskoie, who, owt of his love and favour, imparted unto me many See also:

• SECT

sect-eats observed in the memory and prods of his tyme, which was fowerscore years, of the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, natur, and See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of that comonweelth. years, Russia at the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

Close of the Sixteenth Century (H'akluytSociety, 1856) . 2 Lectures on the Eastern See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church . anachronisms . The third is altogether poetical . The Poviest o Drakule (" Story of Drakula ") is a collection of anecdotes See also:

• RELATING

relating to a cruel prince of See also:

• WALACHIA, or WALLAHHIA

Walachia who lived in the 15th century . (See See also:

• RUMANIA
• RUMANIA, or ROUMANIA [Romdnia]

RUMANIA, See also:

• HISTORY

History.) Several of the barbarities described in it have also been assigned to Ivan the Terrible . The See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early Russian See also:

• LAWS

laws See also:

• PRESENT

present many features of See also:

• INTEREST

interest, such as the Russkaya Pravda of Yaroslav, which is preserved in the See also:

• CHRONICLE (from Gr. Xpovos, time)

chronicle of See also:

• NOVGOROD
• NOVGOROD (formerly known as V elikiy-Novgorod, Great Novgorod)

Novgorod; the date is between 1018 and codes of 1054• The laws show Russia at that time to have taws . been in See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization quite on a level with the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . But the evil See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of the See also:

• MONGOLS

Mongols was soon to make itself See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt . The next important See also:

• CODE (Lat. codex)

code is the Sudebnik of Ivan III., the date of which is 1497; this was followed by that of Ivan IV. of the See also:

• YEAR

year 1550, in which we have a republication by the tsar of his grand-See also:

• FATHER

father's laws, with additions .

In the time of this emperor also was issued the Stoglav (1551), a body of ecclesiastical regulations . Mention must also be made of the Ulozhenie or " See also:

• ORDINANCE
• ORDINANCE, or ORDONNANCE

Ordinance " of the tsar Alexis . This abounds with enactments of sanguinary See also:

• PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

punishment: See also:

• WOMEN

women are buried alive for murdering their husbands; See also:

• TORTURE (from Lat. torquere, to twist)

torture is recognized as a means of procuring See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence; and the See also:

• KNOUT (from the French transliteration of a Russian word of Scandinavian origin; cf. A.-S. cnotta, Eng. knot)

knout and See also:

• MUTILATION (from Lat. mutilus, maimed)

mutilation are mentioned on almost every See also:

• PAGE
• PAGE, THOMAS NELSON (1853- )
• PAGE, WILLIAM (1811-1885)

page . Some of the penalties are whimsical: for instance, the See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man who uses See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco is to have his See also:

• NOSE (O.Eng. nosu, cf. Dutch neus, Swed. nos, snout; the Aix in Provence. Both at Aix and at Lyons he acquired great connexion with O.Eng. nasu is obscure, cf. Ger. Nase, Lat. pares, distinction by his labours during outbreaks of the plague. In nostrils,

nose cut off; this was altered by Peter the Great, who himself practised the See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit and encouraged it in others . In 1553 a See also:

• PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

printing See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press was established at See also:

• MOSCOW (Russian Moskva)
• MOSCOW, (Russian Moskva)

Moscow, and in 1564 the first book was printed, an " Apostol," as it introdac- is called, i.e. a book containing the Acts of the Apostles See also:

• LION
• LION (Lat, leo, leonis; Gr. Mew)

Lion of and the Epistles . The printers were Ivan Feodorov printing' and Peter Timofieiev; a See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument has been erected to the memory of the former . As early as 1548 Ivan had invited printers to Russia, but they were detained on their See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey . Feodorov and his companions were soon, however, compelled to leave Russia, and found a See also:

• PROTECTOR

protector in See also:

• SIGISMUND (1368-1437)

Sigismund III . The cause appears to have been the enmity of the copyists of books, who succeeded in See also:

• DRAWING

drawing over to their See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side the more fanatical priests . The first Slavonic See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible was printed at See also:

• OSTROG

Ostrog in See also:

• VOLHYNIA

Volhynia in r581 . Another press, however, was soon established at Moscow; up to 1600 sixteen books had been issued there . A curious work of the time of Ivan the Terrible is the Domostroy, or " Book of See also:

• HOUSEHOLD, ROYAL

Household Management," which is Time of said to have been written by the See also:

• MONK (O.Eng. munuc; this with the Teutonic forms, e.g. Du. monnik, Ger. Witch, and the Romanic, e.g. Fr. moine, Ital. monacho and Span. monje, are from the Lat. monachus, adaptedfrom Gr. µovaXos, one living alone, a solitary; Own, alone)
• MONK (or MONCK), GEORGE
• MONK, JAMES HENRY (1784-1856)
• MONK, MARIA (c. 1817—1850)

monk See also:

• SYLVESTER, JAMES
• SYLVESTER, JOSHUA (1563–1618)

Sylvester .

Ivan the This See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest was at one time very influential with Terrible . Ivan, but ultimately was banished to the Solovetskoy monastery on the White See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea . The work was originally intended by Sylvester for his son See also:

• ANTHEMIUS

Anthemius and his daughter-in-See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law See also:

• PELAGIA, ST

Pelagia, but it soon became very popular . We have a faithful picture of the Russia of the time, with all its barbarisms and See also:

• IGNORANCE (Lat. ignorantia, from ignorare, not to know); want of knowledge, a state of mind which in law has important consequences. A well-known legal maxim runs: ignorantia juris non excusat ("ignorance of the law does not excuse")

ignorance . We see the unbounded authority of the See also:

• HUSBAND

husband in his own household: he may inflict See also:

• PERSONAL

personal chastisement upon his wife; and her See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty lies in ministering to his wants . To the reign of Ivan the Terrible must also be assigned the Chetii-Minei or " Book of Monthly Readings," containing extracts from the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek fathers, arranged for every See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day of the See also:

• WEEK (from A.S. wicu, Germanic *wikon, probably=change, turn)

week . The work was compiled by the See also:

• METROPOLITAN (Lat. metropolitanus, Gr. µnrpoiroXtrns)

metropolitan Macarius, and was the labour of twelve years . An important writer of the same period was Prince See also:

• ANDREW (Gr. 'AvBp4as, manly)
• ANDREW, JOHN ALBION (1818-1867)

Andrew Kurbskiy, descended from the sovereigns of See also:

• YAROSLAVL
• YAROSLAVL, or YAROSLAV

Yaroslavl, who was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born about 1528 . In his early days Kurbskiy saw a great See also:

• DEAL

deal of service, having fought at Kazan and in See also:

• LIVONIA, or LIVLAND (Russian, Liflandia)

Livonia . But he quarrelled with Ivan, who had begun to persecute the followers of Sylvester and Adashev, and fled to Lithuania in 1563, where he was well received by Sigismund See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus . From his See also:

• RETREAT (O. Fr. retrete, mod. retraite, from Lat. retrahere, to draw back)

retreat he commenced a See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence with Ivan, in which he reproached him for his many cruelties . Ivan in his See also:

• ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer declared that he was quite justified in taking the lives of his slaves if he thought it right to do so .

Kurbskiy died in exile in 1583 . He also wrote a life of Ivan, but Bestuzhev Riumin thinks that his hatred of Ivan led him to exaggerate, and he regrets that See also:

• KARAMZIN, NIKOLAI MIKHAILOVICH (1765-1826)

Karamzin should have followed him so closely . Besides the answers of literature may be closed . He • was See also:

• TUTOR (Lat. tutor, guardian, tueri, to watch over, protect)

tutor to the tsar Feodor, son of Alexis, and may be said to have helped to intro-duce the culture of the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West into Russia, as he was educated at See also:

• KIEV
• KIEV, KIEFF, or KIYEFF

Kiev, then a portion of Polish territory . Polotzki came to Moscow about 1664 . He wrote religious works (Vienets Vicry, " The See also:

• GARLAND, JOHN (fl. 1202—1252)

Garland of Faith "), and composed poems and religious dramas (The Prodigal Son, Nebuchadnezzar, &c.) . He has See also:

• LEFT

left us some droll verses on the tsar's new See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace of Kolomenskoe, which are very curious doggerel . The artificial lions that roared, moved their eyes, and walked especially delighted him . There does not seem to be any ground for the assertion (often met with even in Russian writers) that See also:

• SOPHIA (1630-1714)

Sophia, the See also:

• SISTER

sister of Peter the Great, was acquainted with See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French, and translated some of the plays of See also:

• MOLIERE (1622-1673)

Moliere . And now all things were to be changed . Russia was to adopt the forms of literature in use in the West . One of the The chief helpers of Peter the Great in the See also:

• EDUCATION

education of See also:

• MODERN

modern the See also:

• PEOPLE

people was Feofane (See also:

• THEOPHANES

Theophanes) Procopovich period .

(1681-1736), author of the Ecclesiastical Regulations and some plays, who advocated the cause of See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science; the old school was defended by See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen Yavorskiy (1658-1722), whose See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

Rock of Faith was written to refute the See also:

• LUTHERANS

Lutherans and Calvinists . Another remarkable writer of the times of Peter the Great was Pososhkov (b . 1673), a See also:

• PEASANT (O. Fr. paysant, Mod. paysan; Lat. pagensis, belonging to the pagus or country; cf. " pagan ")

peasant by See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth, who produced a valuable work on Poverty and' Riches . Antiokh Kantemir (1708-1744), son of a former See also:

• HOSPODAR

hospodar of See also:

• MOLDAVIA

Moldavia, wrote some See also:

• CLEVER

clever satires still read; they are imitated from Boileau . He also translated parts of See also:

• HORACE [QuINTus HORATIUS FLACCUS] (65-8 B.C.)

Horace . Besides his satires, he published versions of See also:

• FONTENELLE, BERNARD LE BOVIER DE (1657-1757)

Fontenelle's Pluralite See also:

• DES

des Mondes and the histories of See also:

• JUSTIN (JUNIANUS JUSTINUS)

Justin and See also:

• CORNELIUS
• CORNELIUS, CARL AUGUST PETER (1824-1874)
• CORNELIUS, PETER VON (1784–1867)

Cornelius See also:

• NEPOS, CORNELIUS (c. 99–24 B.C.)
• NEPOS, JULIUS

Nepos . He was for some time Russian ambassador at the courts of See also:

• LONDON

London and See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris . But more celebrated than these men was writer of See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse and prose, and has left odes, tragedies, didactic See also:

• POETRY

poetry, essays and fragments of epics . Vassilii Tatistchev (1686-1750) was the author of a Russian history which is interesting as the first See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt in that See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field . He was disgraced for peculation, and died at See also:

• ASTRAKHAN

Astrakhan, as See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor, in 1750 . His work was not given to the world till after his See also:

• DEATH

death . There had been a slight See also:

• SKETCH (directly adapted from Dutch schets, which was taken from Ital. schizzo, a rough draft, Lat. schedium, something hastily made, Gr. oxE&os, sudden, off-hand, axeb6v, near by; Ger. Skizze and Fr. esquisse are from the same source)

sketch published before by Khilkov, entitled the Marrow Tredia- of Russian History .

See also:

• BASIL (Russ. VASILY)

Basil Trediakovski (1703-1769) was kovskl born at Astrakhan, and we are told that Peter, passing through that See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city at the time of his See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian expedition, had Trediakovski pointed out to him as one of the most promising boys of the school there . Whereupon, having questioned him, the tsar said, with truly prophetic insight, " A busy worker, but master of nothing." His Telemakhida, a poem in which he versified the Tilemaque of See also:

• FENELON, BERTRAND DE SALIGNAC

Fenelon, See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew upon him the derision of the wits of the time . He had frequently to endure the rough See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse-See also:

• PLAY

play of the courtiers, for the position of a See also:

• LITERARY

literary man at that time in Russia was not altogether a cheerful one . His services, however, to the Russian language were great . From the commencement of the reign of See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth Russian literature made great progress, the French furnishing See also:

• MODELS

models . Sumaro- kov . See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander Sumarokov (1718-1777) wrote prose and verse in abundance—comedies, tragedies, idyls, satires and epigrams . He is, perhaps, best entitled to remembrance for his plays, which are rhymed, and in the French style . His Dmitri Samozvanets (" Demetrius the Pretender ") is certainly not Knlazh- without merit . Some of the pieces of Kniazhnin had nln. great success in their time, such as The Chatterbox, The Originals and especially The Fatal See also:

• CARRIAGE

Carriage . He is now almost forgotten . In 1756 the first See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre was opened at St See also:

• PETERSBURG

Petersburg, the director being Sumarokov .

Up to this time the Russians had acted only religious plays, such as those written by Simeon Polotzki . The reign of See also:

• CATHERINE
• CATHERINE, SAINT

Catherine II . (1762-96), herself a voluminous writer, saw the rise of a whole See also:

• GENERATION (from Lat. generare, to beget, procreate; genus, stock, race)

generation of See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court poets . Everything in Russia was to be forced like See also:

• PLANTS

plants in a hot-house; she was to have Homers, Pindars, Horaces and Virgils . Michael Kheraskov (1733-1807) wrote besides other poems two enormous epics—the Rossiada in twelve books, and See also:

• VLADIMIR
• VLADIMIR, ST (c. 956-1015)

Vladimir in eighteen; they are now but little read . Hippolitus Bogdanovich (1743-1803) wrote a See also:

• PRETTY

pretty lyric piece, Dushenka, based upon La See also:

• FONTAINE, PIERRE FRANCOIS LEONARD (1762-1853)

Fontaine, and telling the old story of the loves of See also:

• CUPID (Cupido, " desire ")

Cupid and See also:

• PSYCHE (//vxi7)

Psyche . With Ivan Khemnitzer begins the See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of fabulists; this See also:

• HALF

half-See also:

• ORIENTAL

oriental form of literature, so common in countries ruled absolutely, has been very popular in Russia . Khemnitzer (1744-1784), whose name seems to imply a See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German origin, began by translating the fables of See also:

• GELLERT, CHRISTIAN FURCHTEGOTT (1715-1769)
• GELLERT, or KILLHART

Gellert, but afterwards produced See also:

• ORIGINAL

original at Moscow (1744-1792) . His best production is Nedorosl Visin . (" The See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

Minor "), in which he satirizes the coarse features of Russian society, the See also:

• ILL

ill-treatment of the See also:

• SERFS, SERROS

serfs, and other matters . He saw See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France on the See also:

• EVE

eve of the great Revolution, and has well described what he did see . Russian as he was, and accustomed to See also:

• SERFDOM (from Fr. serf, Lat. servus, a servant or slave)

serfdom, he was yet astonished at the wretched See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of the French peasants .

The great poet of the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of Catherine, the See also:

• LAUREATE (Lat. laureatus, from laurea, the laurel tree)

laureate of her glories, was See also:

• GABRIEL (Heb. SKns, man of God)

Gabriel Derzhavin (1743-1816) . He Der- essayed many styles of See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition, and was a great zhavin . master of his native language . There is something grandiose and See also:

• ORGAN

organ-like in his high-See also:

• SOUNDING (for derivation see SOUND above)

sounding verses; unfortunately he occasionally degenerates into bombast . His versification is perfect; and he had the courage to write satirically of many persons of high See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank . His See also:

• ODE (Gr. uiSri, from aei&ew, to sing)

Ode to See also:

• GOD

God is the best known of his poems in Western countries . He was a student of See also:

• OSSIAN

Ossian, and of See also:

• EDWARD

Edward See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

Young, the author of the See also:

• NIGHT

Night Thoughts . Other celebrated poems of Derzhavin are Felitza, Odes on the Death of Prince Mestcherskiy, The Nobleman, The Taking of See also:

• ISMAIL (1830-1895)

Ismail, and The Taking of See also:

• WARSAW
• WARSAW (Polish Warszawa, Ger. Warschau, Fr. Varsovie)

Warsaw . His See also:

• MEMOIRS

Memoirs were published in 1857 . An unfortunate author of the days of Catherine was Alexander Radistchev (1749-1802), who, having, in a small work, A Journey to St Petersburg and Moscow, spoken too severely of the twist. miserable condition of the serfs, was punished by banish- ment to Siberia, from which he was afterwards allowed to return, but not till his See also:

• HEALTH

health had been permanently injured by his sufferings . An equally sad See also:

• FATE

fate befell the spirited writer See also:

• NICHOLAS
• NICHOLAS (1841– )
• NICHOLAS (or NICLAES), HENRY (or HENDRIK) (c. 1501-C. 158o)
• NICHOLAS, SIR EDWARD (1593-1669)
• NICHOLAS, ST

Nicholas Novikov (1744-1818), who, after having worked hard as a Novikov. journalist, and done much for education in Russia, See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell under the suspicion of the government, and was imprisoned by Catherine . On her death he was released by her successor .

The See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short reign of See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul was not favourable to literary production; the censorship of the press was extremely severe, and many See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign books were excluded from Russia . But a better state of things came with the reign of Alexander, one of the glories of whose day was Nicholai Karamzin (q.v.) . His chief work is his History of the Russian Empire, but he Karam-appeared in the fourfold aspect of historian, novelist, essayist and poet . Nor need we do more than mention the celebrated See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

Archbishop See also:

• PLATON, LEVSHIN (1737-1812)

Platon (q.v.) . Ivan See also:

• DMITRIEV, IVAN IVANOVICH (1760-1837)

Dmitriev Platon . (176o-1837) wrote some pleasing lyrics and epistles, Dmitrlev. but without much force . He appears from his trans- lations to have been well acquainted with the English poets . Ozerov (1769-1816) wrote a great many tragedies, which Ozerov. are but little read now . They are in rhyming alex- andrines . He occasionally handled native subjects with success, as in his Dmitri Donskoy (1807) and Yaropolk and See also:

• OLEG (?-912)

Oleg (1798) . In Ivan See also:

• KRILOFF (or KRuILov), IVAN ANDREEVICH (1768-1844)

Kriloff (q.v.) the Russians found their most Krlloff. genial fabulist . As Derzhavin was the poet of the age of Catherine, so Vasilii Zhukovskiy (1783-1852) may be Zhuk- said to have been that of the age of Alexander .

He is ovskiy. more remarkable, however, as a translator than as an original poet . With him Romanticism began in Russia . He became reader to the empress and afterwards tutor to her See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children . In 1802 he published his version of See also:

• GRAY
• GRAY (or GREY), WALTER DE (d. 1255)
• GRAY, ASA (1810-1888)
• GRAY, DAVID (1838-1861)
• GRAY, ELISHA (1835-1901)
• GRAY, HENRY PETERS (1819-18/7)
• GRAY, HORACE (1828–1902)
• GRAY, JOHN DE (d. 1214)
• GRAY, JOHN EDWARD (1800–1875)
• GRAY, PATRICK GRAY, 6TH BARON (d. 1612)
• GRAY, ROBERT (1809-1872)
• GRAY, SIR THOMAS (d. c. 1369)
• GRAY, THOMAS (1716-1771)

Gray's See also:

• ELEGY

Elegy, which at once became a highly popular poem in Russia . Zhukovskiy translated many pieces from the German (See also:

• GOETHE, JOHANN WOLFGANG VON (1749-1832)

Goethe, See also:

• SCHILLER, JOHANN CHRISTOPH FRIEDRICH VON (1759-18o5)

Schiller, See also:

• UHLAND, JOHANN LUDWIG (1787-1862)

Uhland) and English (See also:

• BYRON, GEORGE GORDON BYRON, 6TH BARON (1788-1824)
• BYRON, HENRY JAMES (1834-1884)
• BYRON, HON
• BYRON, JOHN BYRON

Byron, See also:

• MOORE, A
• MOORE, ALBERT JOSEPH (1841–1893)
• MOORE, EDWARD (1712–1757)
• MOORE, GEORGE (1853– )
• MOORE, GEORGE FOOT (1851– )
• MOORE, HENRY (1831–1895)
• MOORE, JOHN (1729-1802)
• MOORE, SIR JOHN (1761-1809)
• MOORE, THOMAS (1779-1852)

Moore, See also:

• SOUTHEY, ROBERT (1774-1843)

Southey) . One of his original productions, "The Poet in the See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

Camp of the Russian Warriors," was on the lips of every one at the time of the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War of the Fatnerland (Otechestvennaia Voina) in 1812 . He produced versions of the See also:

• EPISODE

episode of Nala and Damayanti from the Mahabharata, of Rustum and Zohrab from the Shah-Namah, and of a See also:

• PART

part of the Odyssey . In the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of these three masterpieces, however, he was obliged to work from literal See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

translations (mostly German), as he was unacquainted with the original See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages . The Iliad was translated during this period by Gnedich, who was familiar Qnedch with Greek . He has produced a faithful and spirited version, and has naturalized the See also:

• HEXAMETER

hexameter in the Russian language with much skill . See also:

• CONSTANTINE

Constantine Batiushkov (1787-1855) See also:

• BAIL

Bail-was the author of many elegant poems, and at the outset ushkov. of his career promised much, but sank into imbecility, and lived in this condition to an advanced age . Merzliakov and Tziganov deserve a passing See also:

• NOTICE

notice as the writers of songs some of which still keep their popularity .

During his short life (1799-1837) Alexander See also:

• PUSHKIN, ALEXANDER (1799-1837)

Pushkin produced many celebrated poems, Pushkin. which will be found enumerated in the See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article devoted Oriboyeto him (see Pusxxus) . In Alexander See also:

• GRIBOYEDOV, ALEXANDER SERGUEEVICH (1795-1829)

Griboyedov (1795- dov . 1829) (q.v.) the Russians saw the writer of one of their most clever comedies (See also:

• GORE
• GORE, CATHERINE GRACE FRANCES (1799-1861)
• GORE, CHARLES (1853– )

Gore of Uma), which may perhaps be translated " The Misfortune of being Too Clever " (lit . " Grief out of Wit ") . Ivan See also:

• KOZLOV

Kozlov (1774-1838) was author of some Kozkw. pretty original lyrics, and some translations from the English, among others See also:

• BURNS, JOHN (1858– )
• BURNS, ROBERT (1759-1796)
• BURNS, SIR GEORGE

Burns's Cottar's Saturday Night . He became a cripple and See also:

• BLIND, MATHILDE (1841—1896)

blind, and his misfortunes elicited some See also:

• CHEERING

cheering and sympathetic lines from Pushkin, which will always be read with See also:

• PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure . Pushkin found a successor in Michael See also:

• LERMONTOV, MIKHAIL YUREVICH (1814–1841)

Lermontov (q.v.), who Lomono- Michael See also:

• LOMONOSOV, MIKHAIL VASILIEVICH (1711-1765)

Lomonosov (q.v.) . He was an indefatigable sot, Kheraskov . Bogdanovich . Khemnitzer . specimens . A writer of real See also:

• NATIONAL

national See also:

• COMEDY

comedy appeared in See also:

• DENIS (DIoNysms), SAINT
• DENIS, JOHANN NEPOMUK COSMAS MICHAEL (1729-1800)

Denis von Visin, probably of German extraction, but born has left us many exquisite lyrics .

A genuine See also:

• BARD

bard of the people, Lennon . And one of their most truly national authors, was Alexis See also:

• TOY
• TOY, CRAWFORD HOWELL (1836– )

toy . Koltsov (1809-1842), the son of a See also:

• TALLOW (M.E. talugh, talg, cf. Du. talk, L. Ger. talg ; the connexion with O.E. taelg, dye, or Goth, tulgus, firm, is doubtful)

tallow See also:

• MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

merchant of See also:

• VORONEZH

Voronezh . He has left us a few exquisite lyrics, which Koltsov• are to be found in all the collections of Russian poetry . He died of See also:

• CONSUMPTION (Lat. consumere)

consumption after a protracted illness . Another poet who much resembled Koltsov was Ivan See also:

• NIKITIN, ATHANASIUS

Nikitin (1826-Nikttin . 1861), born in the same See also:

• TOWN

town, Voronezh . His best poem was Kulak . Nikitin, to support his relations, was obliged to keep an See also:

• INN

inn; this he was afterwards enabled to See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change for the more congenial occupation of a bookseller . The novel in Russia has had its cultivators in Zagoskin and Lazhechnikov, who imitated Zagoskin . See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• WALTER, HUBERT (d. 1205)
• WALTER, JOHN (1738/9-1812)

Walter See also:

• SCOTT, ALEXANDER (fl. 1550)
• SCOTT, DAVID (18o6-1849)
• SCOTT, MICHAEL (1789-1835)
• SCOTT, ROBERT (1811-1887)
• SCOTT, SIR GEORGE GILBERT (1811-1878)
• SCOTT, SIR WALTER, BART
• SCOTT, WILLIAM BELL (1811-1890)
• SCOTT, WINFIELD (1786-1866)

Scott . The most celebrated of the romances Zag of Zagoskin was Yuri Miloslayskiy, a See also:

• TALE (O.Eng. talu, number, account, story; the word is common to many Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Zahl, number, Erzahlung, narrative, Du. taal, speech, language)

tale of the See also:

• EXPULSION (Lat. expulsio, from expellere)

expulsion of the Poles from Russia in 1612 .

The book may even yet be read with interest: it gives a very spirited picture of the times; unfortunately, a See also:

• GLOSS, GLOSSARY

gloss is put upon the barbarity of the See also:

• MANNERS, CHARLES (1857– )

manners of the period . Among the better known productions of Lazhechnikov are The Heretic and The Palace of See also:

• ICE (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Eis)