See also:

• RUSTICATION (i.e. the making " rustic " or countrified, from Lat. rus, country; thus the term " rusticate " is used for taking a country holiday, or in academic circles to be " rusticated " is to be sent away from a university for punishment)

RUSTICATION (i.e. the making " rustic " or countrified, from See also:

• LAT

Lat. rus, See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country; thus the See also:

• TERM

term " rusticate " is used for taking a country See also:

• HOLIDAY

holiday, or in See also:

• ACADEMIC

academic circles to be " rusticated " is to be sent away from a university for See also:

• PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

punishment)  , in See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture, the technical See also:

• TERM

term (See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent bossage) given to See also:

• MASONRY

masonry in which the centre See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face of the See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone is either See also:

• LEFT

left rough as it came from the See also:

• QUARRY

quarry, or is worked in various ways to give variety to the See also:

• SURFACE

surface . The earliest example exists in the See also:

• PLATFORM (Fr. plateforme, i.e. ground plan)

platform at See also:

• PASARGADAE

Pasargadae in See also:

• PERSIA

Persia (56o B.C.), erected by See also:

• CYRUS
• CYRUS (Gr. KDpos; Pers. Kuru-sh; Babyl. Kurash; Hebr. Koresh)

Cyrus, where the edge See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the four sides of the stone forms a draft, two or three inches wide, worked with a See also:

• CHISEL (from the O. Fr. cisel, modern ciseau, Late Lat. cisellum, a cutting tool, from caedere, to cut)

chisel, the centre part being left rough . Similar See also:

• WORK

work• exists at Arak-el-Emir in See also:

• PALESTINE

Palestine (151 B.C.), The finest examples are those of the walls of the See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple at See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem, and at See also:

• HEBRON (mod. Khulzl er-Rahman, i.e. " the friend of the Merciful One "—an allusion to Abraham)

Hebron, where the stones are of immense See also:

• SIZE

size and the See also:

• RUSTICATION (i.e. the making " rustic " or countrified, from Lat. rus, country; thus the term " rusticate " is used for taking a country holiday, or in academic circles to be " rusticated " is to be sent away from a university for punishment)

rustication projects sometimes over a See also:

• FOOT

foot . The Crusaders' castles in Palestine are all boldly rusticated, but the projecting portions have been worked over with a chisel in See also:

• DIAGONAL (Gr. &a, through, ywvia, a corner)

diagonal lines, and this enables them to be distinguished from the earlier masonry . In the five-sided See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower at See also:

• NUREMBERG (Ger. Nurnberg)

Nuremberg and the See also:

• BURG

Burg-Capelle at Rothenburg, the rustication has a decorative value, so that in later work it was employed for the quoin-stones of towers . The masonry of the Palazzo Vecchio, and of the Pitti, See also:

• STROZZI

Strozzi and Riccardi palaces, all in See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence, and of other palaces in See also:

• SIENA

Siena and See also:

• VOLTERRA (anc. Volaterrae)

Volterra, is rusticated . Rustication was employed in terraces and grottos in " "See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, where on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of its extravagances it gave rise to the term " See also:

• GROTESQUE

grotesque." In the later See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance the edges of the stone were bevelled off, with a sunk See also:

• JOINT (through Fr. from Lat. junctum, jungere, to join)

joint in addition; and the treatment was known as vermiculated, if in See also:

• IMITATION (Lat. imitatio, from intitari, to imitate)

imitation of See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth burrowed by See also:

• WORMS

worms; marine, if with small See also:

• SHELL
• SHELL (O. Eng. scell, scyll, cf. Du. sceel, shell, Goth. skalja, tile; the word means originally a thin flake,. cf. Swed. skalja, to peel off; it is allied to " scale " and " skill," from a root meaning to cleave, divide, separate)

shell holes; stalactitic, if carved in imitation of See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

lime deposits, &c . In Italy the projecting portions were sometimes worked into facets . Rustication was introduced into See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England by Inigo See also:

• JONES
• JONES, ALFRED GILPIN (1824-1906)
• JONES, EBENEZER (182o-186o)
• JONES, ERNEST CHARLES (1819-1869)
• JONES, HENRY (1831-1899)
• JONES, HENRY ARTHUR (1851- )
• JONES, INIGO (1573-1651)
• JONES, JOHN (c. 1800-1882)
• JONES, MICHAEL (d. 1649)
• JONES, OWEN (1741-1814)
• JONES, OWEN (1809-1874)
• JONES, RICHARD (179o-1855)
• JONES, SIR ALFRED LEWIS (1845-1909)
• JONES, SIR WILLIAM (1746-1794)
• JONES, THOMAS RUPERT (1819– )
• JONES, WILLIAM (1726-1800)

Jones, who, in old See also:

• SOMERSET, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• SOMERSET, EDMUND BEAUFORT, DUKE OF (c. 1404–1455)
• SOMERSET, EDWARD SEYMOUR, DUKE OF (c. 1506–1552)
• SOMERSET, LORD ROBERT EDWARD HENRY (1776-1842)
• SOMERSET, ROBERT CARR (or KER), EARL OF (e. 1590-1645)

Somerset See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House, See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York Stairs Watergate, the gateway of the Botanical See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

Garden at See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford, and elsewhere, used it only in alternate courses, his example being followed by other architects of the Renaissance . The term is now applied to the See also:

• ASHLAR

ashlar blocks of masonry which alternate with the circular drums of columns in many public buildings .