See also:

• RUST (O.E. rust, a word which appears in -many Teutonic languages, cf. Du. roest, Ger. rost); in origin it is allied with " ruddy " and " red," the reddish-brown powdery substance which forms on the surface of iron or steel exposed to atmospheric corrosio

RUST (O.E. rust, a word which appears in -many See also:

• TEUTONIC
• TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages, cf. Du. roest, Ger. rost); in origin it is allied with " ruddy " and " red," the reddish-See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown powdery substance which forms on the See also:

• SURFACE

surface of See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron or See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel exposed to atmospheric corrosio  n . Formerly the See also:

• PROCESS

process was regarded as oxidation pure and See also:

• SIMPLE

simple, and, although it was known that See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron did not See also:

• RUST (O.E. rust, a word which appears in -many Teutonic languages, cf. Du. roest, Ger. rost); in origin it is allied with " ruddy " and " red," the reddish-brown powdery substance which forms on the surface of iron or steel exposed to atmospheric corrosio

rust in dry See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air, yet no See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt was made to explain why See also:

• WATER

water was necessary to the See also:

• ACTION

action . F . Crace-See also:

• CALVERT
• CALVERT, FREDERICK CRACE (1819–1873)
• CALVERT, SIR HARRY, BART

Calvert in 1871 showed that the See also:

• CARBON (symbol C, atomic weight 12)

carbon dioxide of the See also:

• ATMOSPHERE (Gr. fir µ6r, vapour; orkaipa, a sphere)

atmosphere was a See also:

• FACTOR (from Lat. facere, to make or do)

factor; and in 1888 Crum See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

Brown published the theory—termed the " carbonic See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid theory "—that water and carbon dioxide react with iron to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form ferrous carbonate and See also:

• HYDROGEN [symbol H, atomic weight x-oo8 (0=16)]

hydrogen, the ferrous carbonate being subsequently oxidized by moist See also:

• OXYGEN (symbol 0, atomic weight 16)

oxygen to ferric See also:

• HYDRATE

hydrate and regenerating carbon dioxide, which again reacts with more iron . This theory was controverted by See also:

• WYNDHAM, SIR CHARLES (1837— )
• WYNDHAM, SIR WILLIAM, BART

Wyndham See also:

• DUNSTAN, SAINT (924 or 925-g88)

Dunstan, who attempted to prove that carbon dioxide was not necessary to rusting; and in See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of the acid theory, he set up a See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme which involved the See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of hydrogen peroxide . G . T . See also:

• MOODY, DWIGHT LYMAN (RYTHER) (1837-1899)

Moody has since shown that when all traces of carbon dioxide are removed (which is a matterof See also:

• GREAT

great experimental difficulty) iron may be See also:

• LEFT

left, in contact with oxygen and water for See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long periods without rust appearing, but on the See also:

• ADMISSION

admission of carbon dioxide specks are rapidly formed . It also appears that rust changes in See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition on exposure to the atmosphere, both the ferrous See also:

• OXIDE

oxide and carbonate being in See also:

• PART

part oxidized to ferric oxide . Acids, other than carbonic, may promote rusting; this is particularly the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case with ironwork exposed to the acids—sulphurous, nitric, &c. contained in See also:

• SMOKE (from O. Eng. smeocan, to smoke, reek, cf. Dutch meek, Ger. Schmauch, probably allied to Gr. vol9caiv)

smoke . It is probable that the action depends upon the presence of iron, oxygen and water, and some acid which makes the water an electrolyte . See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

Steel differs in many ways from iron in respect of atmospheric corrosion; the heterogeneous nature of steel gives occasion to a selective rusting, ferrite is much more readily attacked than the cementite and pearlite; moreover, the introduction of other elements may retard rusting; this is particularly the case with the See also:

• NICKEL
• NICKEL (symbol Ni, atomic weight 58.68 (0=16))

nickel-steels .