See also:

• RUTEBEUF, or RUSTEBUEF (fl. 1245-1285)

RUTEBEUF, or RUSTEBUEF (fl. 1245-1285)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French irouvere, was See also:

• BARN

barn in the first See also:

• HALF

half of the 13th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . His name is nowhere mentioned by his contemporaries . He. frequently plays in his See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse on the word See also:

• RUTEBEUF, or RUSTEBUEF (fl. 1245-1285)

Rutebeuf, which was probably a nom de guerre, and is variously explained by him as derived from See also:

• RUDE, FRANCOIS (1784–1855)

rude &zuf and rude a;uvre . He was evidently of humble See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth, and he was a Parisian by See also:

• EDUCATION

education and See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence . Paulin See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris thought that he began See also:

• LIFE

life in the lowest See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of the See also:

• MINSTREL

minstrel profession as a jongleur . Some of his poems have autobiographical value . In Le Mariage de Rutebeuf, he says that on the 2nd of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1261 he married a woman old and ugly, with neither See also:

• DOWRY (in Anglo-Fr. dowarie, O. Fr. douaire, Med. Lat. dotaria, from Lat. dos; from root of dare, to give; in Fr. dot)

dowry nor amiability.' In the Complaints de Rutebeuf he details a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of misfortunes which have reduced him to abject destitution . In these circumstances he addresses himself to See also:

• ALPHONSE, COUNT OF TOULOUSE AND OF POITIERS (I220-1271)

Alphonse, See also:

• COMTE, AUGUSTE [ISIDORE AUGUSTE MARIE FRANCOIS XAVIER] (1798-1857)

comte de See also:

• POITIERS

Poitiers, See also:

• BROTHER

brother of See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis IX., for See also:

• RELIEF

relief . Other poems in the same vein reveal that his own miserable circumstances were chiefly due to a love of See also:

• PLAY

play, particularly a See also:

• GAME

game played with See also:

• DICE (plural of die, O. Fr. de, derived from Lat. dare, to give)

dice; which was known as griesche . It would :seem that his See also:

• DISTRESS

distress could not be due" to lack of patrons, for his metrical life of See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth of See also:

• HUNGARY
• HUNGARY (Hungarian Magyarorszdg)

Hungary was written by See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request of See also:

• ERARD

Erard de Valery, who wished to See also:

• PRESENT

present it to See also:

• ISABEL

Isabel, See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

queen of See also:

• NAVARRE (Span. Navarra)

Navarre; and he wrote elegies on the deaths of Anceau de 1'Isle See also:

• ADAM
• ADAM (or ADAN) DE LE HALE (died c. 1288)
• ADAM, ALEXANDER (1741–1809)
• ADAM, JULIETTE (1836– )
• ADAM, LAMBERT SIGISBERT (1700-1759)
• ADAM, MELCHIOR (d. 1622)
• ADAM, PAUL (1862– )
• ADAM, ROBERT (1728—1792)
• ADAM, SIR FREDERICK (1781-1853)
• ADAM, WILLIAM (1751-1839)

Adam, the third of the name, who died about 1251, Eude, comte de See also:

• NEVERS

Nevers (d . 1267), See also:

• THIBAUT (or THEOBALD) IV
• THIBAUT, ANTON FRIEDRICH JUSTUS (1774-1840)

Thibaut V. of Navarre (d . 1270), and Alphonse, comte de Poitiers (d .

1271), which were probably paid for by the families of the personages celebrated . In the Pauvrete de Rutebeuf he addresses Louis IX. himself . The piece which is most obviously intended for popular recitation is the Dit de l'Herberie, a dramatic See also:

• MONOLOGUE (from Gr. µovos, alone, and X yos, speech)

monologue in See also:

• PROSE

prose and verse supposed to be delivered by a See also:

• QUACK

quack See also:

• DOCTOR (Lat. for " teacher ")

doctor . Rutebeuf was ' also a See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master in the verse See also:

• CONTE

conte, and the five of his fabliaux that have come down to us are See also:

• GAY, JOHN (1685-1732)
• GAY, MARIE FRANCOISE SOPHIE (1776-1852)
• GAY, WALTER (1856– )

gay and amusing . The See also:

• MATTER

matter,' it may be added, is sufficiently See also:

• GROSS

gross . The adventures of See also:

• FRERE, JOHN HOOKHAM (1769-1846)
• FRERE, PIERRE EDOUARD (1819-1886)
• FRERE, SIR HENRY BARTLE EDWARD (1815-1884)

Frere Denyse le cordelier, and of " la See also:

• DAME
• DAME (through the Fr. from Lat. domina, mistress, lady, the feminine of dominus, master, lord)

dame qui alla trois fois autour du moaner," find a See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in the Cent Nouvelles nouvelles . Rutebeuf's serious See also:

• WORK

work as a satirist probably See also:

• DATES

dates from about• 1260 . His See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief topics are the iniquities of the friars, and the See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of the See also:

• SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy of the university of Paris against their encroachments; and he delivered a series of eloquent and insistent poems (1262, 1263, 1268, 1274) exhorting princes' and See also:

• PEOPLE

people to take See also:

• PART

part in the See also:

• CRUSADES

crusades . He was a redoubtable See also:

• CHAMPION (Fr. champion, Late Lat. campio from campus; a field or open space, i.e. one " who takes the field " or fights; cf. Ger. Kampf, battle, and Kampfer, fighter)

champion of the university of Paris in its See also:

• QUARREL

quarrel with the religious orders who were supported by See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander IV., and he boldly defended See also:

• GUILLAUME
• GUILLAUME, JEAN BAPTISTE CLAUDE EUGENE (1822-1905)

Guillaume de Saint-Amour when he was driven into See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile . The libels, indecent songs and rhymes condemned by the pope to be burnt together with the Perils See also:

• DES

des derniers temps attributed to Saint-Amour, were probably the work of Rutebeuf . The See also:

• SATIRE (Lat. satira, satura; see below)

satire of Renart le Bestourne, which borrows from the Reynard See also:

• CYCLE
• CYCLE (Gr. KUK)^os, a circle)

cycle little but the names under which the characters are disguised, was directed, according to Paulin Paris, against See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip the Bold . To his later years belong his religious poems, and also the Voie de Paradis, the description of a See also:

• DREAM (from a root dreug, connected with Germ. trugen, to deceive)

dream, in the manner of the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman de la See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

Rose .

The best work of Rutebeuf is to be found in his satires and verse conies . A See also:

• MIRACLE (Lat. miraculum, from mirari, to wonder)

miracle play of his, Le Miracle de See also:

• THEOPHILE

Theophile, is one of the earliest dramatic pieces extant in French . The subject of See also:

• THEOPHILUS

Theophilus, the Cilician See also:

• MONK (O.Eng. munuc; this with the Teutonic forms, e.g. Du. monnik, Ger. Witch, and the Romanic, e.g. Fr. moine, Ital. monacho and Span. monje, are from the Lat. monachus, adaptedfrom Gr. µovaXos, one living alone, a solitary; Own, alone)
• MONK (or MONCK), GEORGE
• MONK, JAMES HENRY (1784-1856)
• MONK, MARIA (c. 1817—1850)

monk who made a pact with the See also:

• DEVIL (Gr. &a,3oXos, " slanderer," from &ctflisXX sty, to slander)

devil, which was afterwards returned to him by the intervention of the Virgin, was a See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar one with the See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story-tellers of the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages . Rutebeuf can claim no priority in the choice of the subject, which had been treated dramatically in the Latin piece ascribed to the See also:

• NUN (O. Eng. nunne, from Lat. nonnus, nonna, familiar terms for an old man or woman)

nun Hroswitha of See also:

• GANDERSHEIM

Gandersheim, but his piece has considerable importance in dramatic See also:

• HISTORY

history . The Euvres of Rutebeuf were edited by Achille Jubinal in 1839 (new edition, 1874) ; a more See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical edition is by Dr Adolf Kressner ' It has been suggested that Brunetto See also:

• LATINI, BRUNETTO (c. 1210-C. 1294)

Latini was thinking of Rutebeuf when he wrote in his Li',re du Tresor: " Le Rire, le jeu, voila la See also:

• VIE

vie du jongleur, qui se moque de lui-mcme, de sa femme, de ses enfants, de tout le monde." (Rusiebuef's Gedichte; Wolfenbiittel, 1885) . See also the See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article by Paulin Paris in Hist. lilt. de la See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France (1842), vol. xx. pp . 719-83, and Rutebeuf (1891), by M . See also:

• LEON
• LEON, LUIS PONCE DE (1527-1591)
• LEON, MOSES BEN SI
• LEON, or LEON DE LAS ALDAMAS

Leon Cledat, in the Grands Ecrivains See also:

• FRANCAIS, ANTOINE, COUNT (1756-1836)

francais Series .