See also:

• SABBATION, or SAMBATYON

SABBATION, or SAMBATYON  , a See also:

• RIVER

river (real or imaginary) in See also:

• MEDIA

Media—named in some old authorities (Palestinian See also:

• TALMUD

Talmud; and See also:

• MIDRASH

Midrash Gen . See also:

• RABBA

Rabba, lxxiii.)—the site of the See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile of the Ten Tribes . But See also:

• JOSEPHUS, FLAVIUS (c. 37-C. 95?)

Josephus (See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War, vii. v. i) has this curious passage, from which, no doubt, many of the subsequent legends were derived: " Now See also:

• TITUS
• TITUS, FLAVIUS SABINUS VESPASIANUS
• TITUS, THE EPISTLE TO

Titus See also:

• CAESAR, GAIUS JULIUS (102—44 B.c.)
• CAESAR, SIR JULIUS (1557-1558-1636)

Caesar tarried some See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time at Berytus (See also:

• BEIRUT

Beirut) and then removed thence and gave magnificent shows in all the cities of See also:

• SYRIA

Syria through which he went, and exhibited the See also:

• CAPTIVE (from Lat. capere, to take)

captive See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews as See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof of the destruction of that nation . He saw on his See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

march a river (identified by See also:

• SIR

Sir C . W . See also:

• WILSON, ALEXANDER (1766-1813)
• WILSON, HENRY (1812–1875)
• WILSON, HORACE HAYMAN (1786–1860)
• WILSON, JAMES (1742—1798)
• WILSON, JAMES (1835— )
• WILSON, JAMES HARRISON (1837– )
• WILSON, JOHN (1627-1696)
• WILSON, JOHN (178 1854)
• WILSON, ROBERT (d. 1600)
• WILSON, SIR DANIEL (1816–1892)
• WILSON, SIR ROBERT THOMAS (1777—1849)
• WILSON, SIR WILLIAM JAMES ERASMUS
• WILSON, THOMAS (1663-1755)
• WILSON, THOMAS (c. 1525-1581)
• WILSON, WOODROW (1856— )

Wilson with the stream See also:

• RUNNING

running from the intermittent See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring Fauwar ed-See also:

• DEIR, or DEIR

Deir in the See also:

• LEBANON
• LEBANON (from Semitic laban, " to be white," or " whitish," probably referring not to snow, but to the bare white walls ofchalk or limestone which form the characteristic feature of the whole range)

Lebanon ') of such a nature as deserves to be recorded in See also:

• HISTORY

history . It runs between Arcaea ('Arka), which is See also:

• PART

part of See also:

• AGRIPPA
• AGRIPPA, HEROD, I
• AGRIPPA, HEROD, II
• AGRIPPA, MARCUS VIPSANIUS

Agrippa's See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom, and Rapharaea (Rafaniyeh, at See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north end of the Lebanon), and has something very wonderful and See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar in it . .For when it runs, its current is strong, and has plenty of See also:

• WATER

water; after which its springs fail for six days together, and leave its channel dry, as any one may see . After this it runs on the seventh See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day as it did before, and as though it had undergone no See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change at all, and it has been observed to keep this See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order perpetually and exactly: whence they See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call it the Sabbatic river, so naming it from the sacred See also:

• SABBATH

Sabbath of the Jews." See also:

• WHISTON, WILLIAM (1667-1752)

Whiston, in his notes to Josephus, already points out that See also:

• PLINY, THE ELDER
• PLINY, THE YOUNGER

Pliny describes the same river (Hist . Nat. xxxi . II), but according to his See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account the river ran for six days and rested on the seventh . This is the favourite See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of the See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend, for though there are intermittent streams in various parts of See also:

• ASIA

Asia, none has yet been found to correspond to the fixed regularity posited in the tradition .

Various See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval travellers reported such See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers, e.g . Petahiah of See also:

• REGENSBURG (RATISBON)

Regensburg, who states that such a stream may be found near Jabneh, but his assertion is unfounded . Mahommedans still assert that Josephus's statement is true of the Nahr-al-Arus in the neighbourhood in which he locates his Sabbatic river, but See also:

• MODERN

modern travellers See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report that this stream runs every third day . Such facts would, however, be sufficient to explain the origin of the legend . The accounts of Josephus and Pliny do not assert that the intermittence of the current had any connexion with Saturday . Aqiba (q.v.) in the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early part of the 2nd See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century A.D., however, assumes this connexion (Sanhedrin 65 b), and a confusion between the Sambatyon of the Lost Tribes and the Sabbatical river of Syria begins to See also:

• MANIFEST (Lat. manifestus, clear, open to view)

manifest itself . It is owing to the narrative of Eldad the Danite (q.v.) that the Sambatyon river See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose into wide fame in the 9th century . His See also:

• DIARY

diary became the Arabian Nights not only of the Jews but also of many medieval Christians and Moslems . Eldad describes the See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

Children of See also:

• MOSES (Gr. Mwvo c, Mcoo-i3s)
• MOSES, ASSUMPTION OF

Moses, a powerful and Utopian See also:

• RACE

race, whose territory is surrounded by a wonderful river . He describes it in these terms: " The river Sambatyon is 200 yds. broad, about as far as a See also:

• BOW (pronounced " bo ")

bow-shot . It is full of See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand and stones, but without water; the stones make a See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• NOISE (a word of doubtful origin; O. Fr. nogse or nose; Prov. nausa, which points to Lat. nausea, sickness, as the origin; others take Lat. noxia, harm, as the source)

noise like the waves of the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea and a stormy See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

wind, so that in the See also:

• NIGHT

night the noise is heard at a distance of See also:

• HALF

half a day's See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey . There are See also:

• SOURCES

sources of water which collect themselves in one See also:

• POOL

pool, out of which they water the See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields .

There are See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish in it, and all kinds of clean birds See also:

• FLY (formed on the root of the supposed original Tent. fleugan, to fly)

fly See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round it . And this river of See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone and sand rolls during the six working days and rests on the Sabbath day . As soon as the Sabbath begins, See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire surrounds the river, and the flames remain until the next evening, when the Sabbath ends." NSldeke (Beitrage zur Geschichte See also:

• DES

des Alexanderromans, 48) has shown that the Sambatyon appears in one version of the See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander Legend . Kaswini, the author of the Arab Cosmography, also refers to the Sambatyon . So does Prester See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John in his See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter addressed to the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick; in his account it is the violence of the current of sand and stone that. prevents the Lost Tribes from reuniting . It is unnecessary to summarize the various embellishments of the legend; in one version the river attains a width of 17 in. and throws stones as high as a See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house . But there are no stones on Saturday; it then resembles a See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake of See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow-See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white sand . Menasseh See also:

• BEN (from Old Eng. bennan, within)

ben See also:

• ISRAEL (Hebrew for " God strives " or " rules "; see Gen. xxxii. 28; and the allusion in Hosea xii. 4)

Israel (q.v.), who gave See also:

• VOGUE, EUGENE MELCHIOR, COMTE DE (1848- )

vogue to this latter See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story in his See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

Hope of Israel, adds the detail that if sand from Sambatyon be kept in a See also:

• BOTTLE (Fr. bouteille, from a diminutive of the Lat. butta, a flask; cf. Eng. " butt ")

bottle it agitates itself during six days but remains still on the Saturday . The site of the Sambatyon varies considerably in the different narratives . Media, See also:

• ETHIOPIA, or AETHIOPIA (Gr. AlOtoaia)

Ethiopia, See also:

• PERSIA

Persia, See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India, the See also:

• CASPIAN

Caspian See also:

• DISTRICT

district, —all these are suggested . Reggio identified the river with the See also:

• EUPHRATES (Babylon. Purattu, Heb. Perath, Arab. Frdt or Furst, Old Pers. Ufratu, Gr. Eb4 parrls)

Euphrates, Flinn with the Zeb in Adiabene . But as Neubauer remarks: " It would be lost time to trouble ourselves about the See also:

• IDENTIFICATION (Lat. idem, the same)

identification of this stream." See Neubauer, " Where are the Ten Tribes ?

" in Jewish Quarterly See also:

• REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

Review, vol. i. passim; M . Seligsohn in Jewish Encyclopedia, x . 681 . (I .