See also:

• JULIUS

JULIUS VON See also:

• SACHS, HANS (1494-1576)
• JULIUS VON SACHS (1832-1897)
• SACHS, MICHAEL (1808–1864)

SACHS (1832-1897)  , See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German botanist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• BRESLAU (Polish Wraclaw)

Breslau on the 2nd of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1832 . At an See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age he showed a See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste for natural See also:

• HISTORY

history, and on leaving school he became, in 1851, private assistant' to the physiologist J . E . Purkinje at -See also:

• PRAGUE (Ger. Prag; Bohemian Praha)

Prague . In 1856 he graduated as See also:

• DOCTOR (Lat. for " teacher ")

doctor of See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy, and then adopted a botanical career, establishing himself as Privatdozent for plant See also:

• PHYSIOLOGY (from Gr. 4 i s, nature, and koyos, discourse)

physiology in the university of 'Prague . In 1859 he was appointed physiological, assistant to the Agri-cultural See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy of See also:

• THARANDT

Tharandt in See also:

• SAXONY
• SAXONY (Ger. Provinz Sachsen)

Saxony; and in 186x he was called to be director of the See also:

• POLYTECHNIC (Gr. aroWus, many, and rEXvn, an art)

Polytechnic at See also:

• CHEMNITZ
• CHEMNITZ (or KEMNITZ), MARTIN (1522-1586)

Chemnitz, but was almost immediately transferred to the Agricultural Academy at Poppelsdorf, near See also:

• BONN

Bonn, where he 'remained until 1867, when he was nominated See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of See also:

• BOTANY (from Gr. l3or6v17, plant; ,66vicety, to graze)

botany in the university of See also:

• FREIBURG

Freiburg-See also:

• IM(K2+a2+h2—2 ah cos 0)

im-See also:

• BREISGAU

Breisgau . In 1868 he accepted the See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair,of botany in the university of Wiirzburg,. which he continued to occupy (in spite of calls to all the important German See also:

• UNIVERSITIES

universities) until his See also:

• DEATH

death on the 29th of May 1897 . - See also:

• SACHS, HANS (1494-1576)
• SACHS, JULIUS VON (1832-1897)
• SACHS, MICHAEL (1808–1864)

Sachs achieved distinction ash an investigator, a writer and a teacher; his name will ever be especially associated with the See also:

• GREAT

great development of plant physiology which marked the latter See also:

• HALF

half of -the- 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, though there is scarcely a See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of botany to which he did not materially contribute . His earlier papers, scattered through the volumes of botanical See also:

• JOURNALS

journals and of the publications of learned See also:

• SOCIETIES, LEARNED

societies (a collected edition was published in 1892–93), are of great and varied See also:

• INTEREST

interest . Prominent among them is. the See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of " Keimungsgeschichten," which laid the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of our knowledge of microchemical methods, as also of the morphological and physiological details. of germination . Then there is his resuscitation of the method of " See also:

• WATER

water-culture," and the application of it to the'investigation of the problems of See also:

• NUTRITION

nutrition; and further, his See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery that the See also:

• STARCH

starch-grains to be found in chloroplastids are the first visible product of their assimilatory activity . His later papers were almost exclusively published in the three volumes of the Arbeiten See also:

• DES

des botanischen Instituts in Wiirzburg (1871–88) .

Among these are his investigation of the periodicity of growth in length, in connexion with which he devised the self-registering See also:

• AUXANOMETER (Gr. ab iu'av, to increase, µfTpov, measure)

auxanometer, by which he established the retarding See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of the highly refrangible rays of the spectrum on the See also:

• RATE

rate of growth;, his researches on heliotropism and ;geotropism, in which he introduced the " clinostat "; his See also:

• WORK

work on the structure and the' arrangement of cells in growing-points; the elaborate experimental See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence upon which he based his " imbibition-theory " of the transpiration-current; his exhaustive study of the assimilatory activity of the See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green See also:

• LEAF (O. Eng. leaf, cf. Dutch loof, Ger. Laub, Swed. lof, &c.; possibly to be referred to the root seen in Gr. Ma-eta, to peel, strip)

leaf; and other papers of interest . Sachs' first published See also:

• VOLUME

volume was the Randbuch der Experimentalphysiologie der Pflanzen (1865; See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French edition, 1868), which gives an admirable See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of knowledge in certain departments of the subject, and includes a great See also:

• DEAL

deal of See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information . This was followed in 1868 by the first edition of his famous Lehrbuch der Botanik, by far the best See also:

• BOOK

book of its See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind . It is a comprehensive work, giving an able See also:

• SUMMARY

summary of the botanical See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science of the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, enriched with the results of many original investigations . The See also:

• FOURTH

fourth and last German edition was published in 1874, and two See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• EDITIONS

editions were issued by the See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

Press in 1875 and 1882 respectively . The Lehrbuch was eventually superseded by the Vorlesungen fiber Pflanzenphysiologie (1st ed., 1882; znd ed., 1887; Eng. ed., Oxford, 1887), a work more limited in See also:

• SCOPE (through Ital. scopo, aim, purpose, intent, from Gr. o'KOaos, mark to shoot at, aim, o ic07reiv, to see, whence the termination in telescope, microscope, &c.)

scope, but yet covering more ground than its See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title would imply; though it is a remarkable' book, it has not gained the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general recognition accorded to the Lehrbuch . Finally, there is the Geschichte der Botanik (1875); a brilliant and learned account of the development of the various branches of botanical science from the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 16th century up to 186o, of which an English edition was published in 1890 by the Oxford Press . As a teacher Sachs exerted great influence, for his vigorous See also:

• PERSONALITY (from Lat. persona, originally an actor's mask, from personare,1 to sound through)

personality and his ready and lucid utterance enabled him not only to instruct, but to See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire his students with something of his own See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm . A full account of Sachs' See also:

• LIFE

life and work was given by Professor Goebel, formerly his assistant, in See also:

• FLORA

Flora (1897), of which an English See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation appeared in Science Progress for 1898 . There is also aft obituary See also:

• NOTICE

notice of him in the Proc . See also:

• ROY, WILLIAM (1726-1790)

Roy . See also:

• SOC

Soc, vol. lxii .

(S . H .