SACRAMENTO  , the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of See also:

• CALIFORNIA
• CALIFORNIA, LOWER (Baja California)
• CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF

California, U.S.A., and the See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county-seat of Sacramento county, 91 M . (by See also:

• RAIL

rail) N.E. of See also:

• SAN

San Francisco, on the eastern See also:

• BANK

bank of the Sacramento See also:

• RIVER

river, about 61 m. above its mouth, at the point where it is joined by the See also:

• AMERICAN

American . Pop . (1850) 6820, (1890) 26,386, (1900) 29,282, of whom 6723 were See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign-See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born (1371 Germans, 1293 Irish, 964 See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese, 655 See also:

• ENGLISH

English, 446 English See also:

• CANADIAN

Canadian and 337 See also:

• JAPANESE

Japanese) and 402 were negroes, (1910, See also:

• CENSUS (from Lat. censere, to estimate or assess; connected by some with centum, i.e. a count by hundreds)

census) 44,696 . See also:

• LAND

Land See also:

• AREA

area (1906) 4.49 sq. m . Sacramento is on the See also:

• DIRECT

direct See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east-See also:

• WARD
• WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
• WARD, ARTEMUS
• WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
• WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
• WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
• WARD, JAMES (1843– )
• WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
• WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
• WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
• WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
• WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)

ward See also:

• LINE

line to See also:

• OGDEN

Ogden, See also:

• UTAH

Utah, of the See also:

• SOUTHERN

Southern (once the Central) Pacific railway (which has its See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main shops here), the starting point of the Southern Pacific line to See also:

• PORTLAND
• PORTLAND, EARL OF
• PORTLAND, ISLE OF
• PORTLAND, WILLIAM BENTINCK, EARL
• PORTLAND, WILLIAM HENRY CAVENDISH BENTINCK

Portland, See also:

• OREGON

Oregon, the See also:

• TERMINUS

terminus of several shorter branches of the Southern Pacific and on the Western Pacific, which has repair shops here, and it is served by interurban electric See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways connecting with places in the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys . The See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city is about 200 M. below Red See also:

• BLUFF (a word of uncertain origin; possibly connected with an obsolete Dutch word, blaf, broad)

Bluff, the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of river See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation for boats See also:

• DRAWING

drawing 2 or 21 ft. of See also:

• WATER

water; for boats drawing 4 to 5 ft . Colusa, 91 M. above Sacramento, is the head of navigation; at See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low water, vessels drawing 7 ft. of water go up the river to Sacramento . There are two daily steamer lines to San Francisco, besides See also:

• FREIGHT, (pronounced like " weight "; derived from the Dutch vracht or vrecht, in Fr. fret, the Eng. " fraught " being the same word, and formerly used for the same thing, but now only as an adjective= " laden ")

freight lines . The city site is level (formerly in many parts 5 ft. below See also:

• FLOOD (in O. Eng. flod, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Flut, Dutch vloed, from the same root as is seen in " flow," " float ")
• FLOOD, HENRY (1732-1791)

flood level of the river) and is about 30 ft. above See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-level, and the See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

street See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan is rectangular . The business See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter has been filled in, and levees have been built along the Sacramento and American See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers . The See also:

• CLIMATE

climate is mild: the See also:

• AVERAGE

average See also:

• ANNUAL

annual temperature is 6o•5° F.; average for See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter months, 48.3°; for See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring, 59.50; for summer, 71.7°; for autumn, 6r•5°; average rainfall, 19.94 in.; average number of clear days per annum, 244 .

The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal buildings are: a very See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state capitol (cornerstone laid, 186o; completed, 1874) in a wooded See also:

• PARK (Fr. part; Ital. parco; Sp. Marque; O.Eng. pearroc; connected with Ger. pferch, fold, and pfarrei, district, translating med. Lat. parochia, parish)
• PARK, EDWARDS AMASA (1808–1900)
• PARK, MUNGO (1771-1806?)

park of 35 acres, in which is an Insectary where parasites of injurious See also:

• INSECTS

insects are propagated; See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic and See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant Episcopal cathedrals; the county See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court-See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house; the city See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall; the public library (in 1908, 41,400 volumes); and the Crocker See also:

• ART

Art See also:

• GALLERY (through Ital. galleria, from Med. Lat. galeria, of which the origin is unknown)

Gallery, which was presented to the city by the widow of See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

Judge E . B . Crocker, one of the founders of the Central Pacific, with an art school and an exhibit of the minerals of the state . There is a state library of 140,000 volumes in the capitol; connected with it are travelling See also:

• LIBRARIES

libraries sent out through the rural districts of the state . In Sacramento are the large state See also:

• PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

printing See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment, in which, in addition to other books and documents, See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text-books for the entire state school See also:

• SYSTEM

system are printed; the See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College of the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

Brothers, See also:

• HOWE
• HOWE, EIJAS (1819 — 1867)
• HOWE, JOHN (1630-17o6)
• HOWE, JOSEPH (1804–1873)
• HOWE, JULIA WARD (1819–1910)
• HOWE, RICHARD HOWE, EARL (1726-1799)
• HOWE, SAMUEL GRIDLEY (1801-1876)
• HOWE, WILLIAM HOWE, 5TH VISCOUNT (1729-1814)

Howe's See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy, See also:

• ATKINSON, EDWARD (1827—1905)
• ATKINSON, SIR HARRY ALBERT (1831—1892)

Atkinson's Business College, St See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph's Academy, the See also:

• STANFORD, SIR CHARLES VILLIERS (1852– )

Stanford-See also:

• LATHROP, FRANCIS (1849–1909)

Lathrop Memorial See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

Home for Friendless Girls (1900), under the Sisters of See also:

• MERCY (adapted from Fr. merci, Lat. merces, reward)
• MERCY (or MERCI), FRANZ, FREIHERR VON

Mercy, two other orphanages, the Southern Pacific Railway See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

Hospital (1868), the Mater Misericordiae Hospital (1895, Sisters of Mercy), See also:

• WENTWORTH, WILLIAM CHARLES (1793-1872)

Wentworth Hospital, a City Receiving Hospital (1884), the See also:

• MARGUERITE

Marguerite Home (for old ladies), the Mater Misericordiae Home (1895, Sisters of Mercy) and the Peniel See also:

• RESCUE (in Middle Eng. rescous, from O. Fr. recousse, Low Lat. rescussa, from reexcussa,reexcutere, to shake off again, re, again, ex, off, quatere, to shake)

Rescue Home (1899) . Just outside the city limits is the State Agri-cultural See also:

• PAVILION

Pavilion, with See also:

• RACE

race track and live-stock See also:

• EXHIBITION

exhibition grounds (where the State Agricultural Society holds its annual " State Exposition " in See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September) . The city has a large wholesale See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade . Its prosperity rests upon that of the splendid Sacramento Valley, a See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country of See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain and See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit farms, along whose eastern See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie the See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold-producing counties of the state . It is the centre of the greatest See also:

• DECIDUOUS (from Lat. decidere, to fall down)

deciduous fruit region of California, and shipped about xr,000 See also:

• CAR (Late Lat. carra)

car-loads east of the Rocky Mountains in 1909 . Sacramento derives electric See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power from Folsom, on the American river, 22 m. away, and from Colgate, on the Yuba river, 119 m. distant . The manufacturing interests of the city are large and varied: the city's manufactures include See also:

• FLOUR

flour (1905, value $1,172,747), See also:

• LUMBER

lumber, distilled liquors, canned and preserved vegetables and fruits, packed meats, cigars and See also:

• HARNESS (from O. Fr. harneis or harnois; the ultimate origin is obscure; the Celtic origin which connects it with the Welsh haiarn, iron, has phonetic and other difficulties; the French is the origin of the Span. arnes, and Ger. Harnisch)

harness . In 1905 the See also:

• TOTAL

total value of the factory product was $10,319,416 .

In 1909 the assessed valuation of the city was about $30,400,000, and the bonded indebtedness about $r,roo,000 . The city owns its own water system, which has a capacity of 22 million gallons daily,, and is a See also:

• FINANCIAL

financial success . In 1839 See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus $utter (18o3-188o), a Swiss military officer, was allowed to erect a fort on the then frontier of California, on the See also:

• PRESENT

present site of Sacramento . He became a Mexican See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official (1840), and in 1841 obtained from the Mexican See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government a See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant of 11 square leagues of land . Sutter's fort, or " New Helvetia" (a See also:

• REPRODUCTION

reproduction of which, with a See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical museum, in Fort Sutter Park, is one of the See also:

• OBJECTS

objects of See also:

• INTEREST

interest in the city), was on the direct line of overland See also:

• IMMIGRATION (from Lat. in, into, and tnigrare, to depart)

immigration from the East, and its position—purposely 'selected by Sutter with a view to freedom of interference from Mexican officials—made Sutter a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of See also:

• GREAT

great importance in the last years of the Mexican regime . After the See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery ' of gold in 1848, made on Sutter's land, near the present Coloma, about 45 M . E.N.E. of Sacramento, several See also:

• RIVAL

rival towns were started on Sutter's See also:

• PROPERTY

property near the fort . Of these See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune finally favoured Sacramento—a name already frequently applied to the fort, and adopted for the name of the See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement about its embarcadero or river landing in 1848 . The first See also:

• SALE
• SALE, GEORGE (c. 1697-1736)
• SALE, SIR ROBERT HENRY (1782—1845)

sale of See also:

• TOWN

town lots was in See also:

• JANUARY

January 1849 . Here began the determined See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement for the organization of a state government . The extraordinary richness of the placer mines of '49 caused the city to grow with wonderful rapidity . In See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1849 its See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population was probably 2000, in See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 4000 and a See also:

• YEAR

year later 1o,o00 .

Trouble with land "squatters almost led to See also:

• LOCAL

local See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war in r85o . In 1849 the city offered $r,000,000 for the See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of being the state capital, which it finally secured in See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1854 (the legislature having already met here once in 1851) . Between See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1849 and January 1853 the city was thrice devastated by fearful floods, and it was two-thirds destroyed by See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire in November 1852; but though these misfortunes caused a collapse of inflated realty values they did not seriously cripple the city in its development . A city government was organized in See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1849, and in February r85o this government was incorporated, and in 1863 reincorporated; the city and county governments were consolidated from 1858 to 1863; and a new city See also:

• CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter was received in 1893, coming into effect in 1894 . The first local See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam railway of California was opened from Sacramento in 1855, and here in 1863 was begun the See also:

• BUILDING

building of the Central Pacific railway across the Sierras, the first See also:

• TRAIN (M. Eng. trayn or trayne, derived through Fr. from Late Lat. trahinare, to drag, draw, Lat. trahere, cf. trail, trace, ultimately from the same source)

train from the See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast reaching Sacramento in May 1869 . In 1862 there was another flood, the most destructive in the See also:

• HISTORY

history of the city; since then the See also:

• MEASURES

measures taken for See also:

• PROTECTION

protection have secured safety from the river . The government of the city in the 'fifties was excessively corrupt and expensive . Progress since the end of the flush See also:

• MINING

mining days has been steady and conservative .