SAINTES  , a See also:

• TOWN

town of western See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of an See also:

• ARRONDISSEMENT (from arrondir, to make round)

arrondissement in the See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of See also:

• CHARENTE

Charente-Inferieure, 47 M . S.E. of La Rochelle by the railway from See also:

• NANTES
• NANTES, EDICT OF

Nantes to See also:

• BORDEAUX

Bordeaux . Pop . (1906), .town, 13,744; See also:

• COMMUNE (Med. Lat. communia, Lat. communis, common)
• COMMUNE, MEDIEVAL

commune, 19,025 . Saintes is pleasantly situated on the See also:

• LEFT

left See also:

• BANK

bank of the Charente, which separates it from its suburb of See also:

• LES

Les Dames . It is of See also:

• INTEREST

interest for its See also:

• ROMAN

Roman remains, of which the best preserved is the triumphal See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

arch of Germanicus, dating from the reign of Tiberius . This formerly stood on a Roman See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge destroyed in 1843, when it was removed and reconstructed on the right bank of the See also:

• RIVER

river . Ruins of See also:

• BATHS

baths and of an See also:

• AMPHITHEATRE (Gr. 441, around, and O&arpov, a place for spectators)

amphitheatre are also to be seen . The amphitheatre,larger than that of See also:

• NIMES
• NIMES, COUNCILS OF (Concilia Nemausensia)

Nimes, and in See also:

• AREA

area surpassed only by the Coliseum, See also:

• DATES

dates probably from the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the 1st or the beginning of the 2nd See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century and was capable of holding 20,000 spectators . A Roman See also:

• BUILDING

building known as the Capitol was destroyed after the See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture of the town from the See also:

• ENGLISH

English by See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles of See also:

• ALENCON

Alencon, See also:

• BROTHER

brother of See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip of See also:

• VALOIS, COUNTS AND DUKES OF
• VALOIS, HENRI DE [VALESIUS] (1603-1676)

Valois, in 1330, and its site is occupied by a See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital . Saintes was a See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop's see till 1790; the See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral of St See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter, built in the first See also:

• HALF

half of the 12th century, was rebuilt in the 15th century, and again after it had been almost destroyed by the See also:

• HUGUENOTS

Huguenots in 1568 . The interior has now an unattractive See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance .

The See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower (15th century) is 236 ft. high . The See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of St See also:

• EUTROPIUS

Eutropius (founded at the close of the 6th century, rebuilt in the 11th, and had its See also:

• NAVE

nave destroyed in the See also:

• WARS

Wars of See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

Religion) stands above a very interesting well-lighted See also:

• CRYPT (Lat. crypta, from the Gr. Kp&arrew, to hide)

crypt—the largest in France after that of See also:

• CHARTRES

Chartres—adorned with richly sculptured capitals and containing the See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb of St Eutropius (4th or 5th century) . The See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone See also:

• SPIRE

spire dates from the 15th century . Notre-See also:

• DAME
• DAME (through the Fr. from Lat. domina, mistress, lady, the feminine of dominus, master, lord)

Dame, a splendid example of the See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture of the rlth and 12th centuries, with a See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble See also:

• CLOCK

clock-tower, is no longer devoted to religious purposes . The old hotel de ville (16th and 18th centuries) contains a library, and the See also:

• PRESENT

present hotel de ville a museum . See also:

• BERNARD, CHARLES DE
• BERNARD, CLAUDE (1813-1878)
• BERNARD, JACQUES (1658--1718)
• BERNARD, MOUNTAGUE (1S2o—1882)
• BERNARD, SAINT
• BERNARD, SAINT (Iogo-1153)
• BERNARD, SIMON (1779—1839)
• BERNARD, SIR THOMAS, BART

Bernard See also:

• PALISSY, BERNARD (1510-1589)

Palissy, the See also:

• PORCELAIN

porcelain-maker, has a statue in the town, where he lived from 1542 to 1562 . Small vessels ascend the river as far as Saintes, which carries on See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade in See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain, See also:

• BRANDY

brandy and See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine, has See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron foundries, See also:

• WORKS

works of the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state railway, and manufactures earthenware, tiles, &c . Saintes (See also:

• MEDIOLANUM, or MEDIOLANIUM (mod. Milan, q.v.)

Mediolanum or Mediolanium) , the capital of the Santones, was a flourishing town before See also:

• CAESAR, GAIUS JULIUS (102—44 B.c.)
• CAESAR, SIR JULIUS (1557-1558-1636)

Caesar's See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest of See also:

• GAUL
• GAUL, GILBERT WILLIAM (1855— )

Gaul ; in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages it was capital of the See also:

• SAINTONGE

Saintonge . See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity was introduced by St Eutropius, its first bishop, in the middle of the 3rd century . See also:

• CHARLEMAGNE [CHARLES THE GREAT] (c. 742-814)
• CHARLEMAGNE, JEAN ARMAND (1753–1838)

Charlemagne rebuilt its cathedral . The See also:

• NORMANS

Normans burned the town in 845 and 854 . See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard Cceur de See also:

• LION
• LION (Lat, leo, leonis; Gr. Mew)

Lion fortified himself within its walls against his See also:

• FATHER

father See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry II., who captured it after a destructive See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege .

In 1242 St See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis defeated the English under its walls and was received into the town . It was not, however, till the reign of Charles V. that Saintes was permanently recovered from the English . The Protestants did See also:

• GREAT

great damage during the Wars of Religion . ST See also:

• ETIENNE, CHARLES GUILLAUME (1778-1845)

ETIENNE, an See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial town of See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east-central France, capital of the department of See also:

• LOIRE

Loire, 310 M . S.S.E. of See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris and 36 m . S.S.W. of See also:

• LYONS
• LYONS (Fr. Lyon)
• LYONS, COUNCILS OF
• LYONS, EDMUND LYONS, BARON (1790-1858)
• LYONS, RICHARD BICKERTON PEMELL LYONS, 1ST EARL (1817–1887)

Lyons by See also:

• RAIL

rail . Pop . (1906), town, 130,940; commune, 146,788 . St Etienne is situated on the Furens, which flows through it from S.E. to N.W., partly underground, and is an important See also:

• ADJUNCT (from Lat. ad, to, and jungere, to join)

adjunct to the See also:

• SILK

silk manufacture . The town is uniformly built, its See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal feature being the straight thoroughfare nearly 4 m. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long which traverses it from N. to S . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of the squares is the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

Place See also:

• MARENGO

Marengo, which has a statue of F . Gamier, the explorer, and is overlooked by the town See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall and the prefecture, both See also:

• MODERN

modern .

The church of St Etienne dates from the 15th century, and the Romanesque church of the See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

abbey of Valbenotte is on the S.E. outskirts of the town . A valuable collection of arms and See also:

• ARMOUR, PHILIP DANFORTH (1832-1901)

armour, a picture See also:

• GALLERY (through Ital. galleria, from Med. Lat. galeria, of which the origin is unknown)

gallery, industrial collections, and a library with numerous See also:

• MANUSCRIPTS

manuscripts are in the Palais See also:

• DES

des Arts . St Etienne is the seat of a See also:

• PREFECT (prefet)

prefect, and has an important school of See also:

• MINING

mining, and See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools of See also:

• MUSIC

music, See also:

• CHEMISTRY
• CHEMISTRY (formerly "chymistry"; Gr. xvµela; for derivation see ALCHEMY)

chemistry and See also:

• DYEING (0. Eng. dedgian, dealt ; Mid. Eng. deyen)

dyeing, &c . The town owes its importance chiefly to the See also:

• COAL

coal-See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin which extends between See also:

• FIRMINY

Firminy and Rive-de-Gier over an area 20 m. long by 5 M. wide, and is second only to those of See also:

• NORD

Nord and Pas-de-See also:

• CALAIS

Calais in France . There are concessions giving employment to some 18,000 workmen and producing annually between 3,000,000 and 4,000,000 tons . The See also:

• MINERAL

mineral is of two kinds—smelting coal, said to be the best in France, and See also:

• GAS

gas coal . There are manufactures of See also:

• RIBBONS

ribbons, trimmings and other goods made from silk and mixtures of See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton and silk . This See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry dates from the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early 17th century, is carried on chiefly in small factories (See also:

• ELECTRICITY

electricity supplying the See also:

• MOTIVE (from Lat. movere, to move)

motive See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power), and employs at its maximum some 5o,00o hands . The attendant industry of dyeing is carried on on a large See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale . The manufacture of See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel and iron and of heavy iron goods such as armour-plating occupies about 3000 workmen, and about half that number are employed in the See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of ironmongery generally . See also:

• WEAVING

Weaving machinery, cycles, automobiles and agricultural implements are also made . The manufacture of See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire-arms, carried on at the See also:

• NATIONAL

national factory under the direction of See also:

• ARTILLERY (the O. Fr. artiller, to equip with engines of war, probably comes from Late Lat. articulum, dim. of ars, art, cf. " engine " from ingenium, or of artus, joint)

artillery See also:

• OFFICERS

officers, employs at busy times more than 10,000 men, and can turn out 480,000 rifles in the See also:

• YEAR

year .

Private firms, employing 4500 hands, make both military rifles and sporting-guns, revolvers, &c . To these See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries must be added the manufacture of elastic fabrics, See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass, cartridges, See also:

• LIQUEURS

liqueurs, See also:

• HEMP (in O. Eng. henep, cf. Dutch hennep, Ger. Hanf , cognate with Gr. Kavval3er, Lat. cannabis)

hemp-cables, &c . At the close of the 12th century St Etienne was a See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish of the Pays de Gier belonging to the abbey of Valbenoite . By the middle of the 14th century the coal trade had reached a certain development, and at the beginning of the 15th century Charles VII. permitted the town to erect fortifications . The manufacture of fire-arms for the state was begun at St Etienne under See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis I. and was put under the surveillance of state inspectors early in the 18th century . In 1789 the town was producing at the See also:

• RATE

rate of 12,000 muskets per annum; between See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1794 and May 1796 they delivered over 170,000; and ,00,00o was the See also:

• ANNUAL

annual See also:

• AVERAGE

average throughout the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire . The first See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways opened in France were the See also:

• LINE

line between St Etienne and Andrezieux on the Loire in 1828 and that between St Etienne and Lyons in 1831 . In 1856 St Etienne became the administrative centre of the department instead of See also:

• MONTBRISON

Montbrison . ST EUSTATIUS and SABA, two islands in the Dutch See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West Indies . St Eustatius lies 12 M . N.W. of St Kitts in 17° 5o' N. and 62° 40' W . It is 8 sq. m. in area and is composed of several volcanic hills and intervening valleys .

It contains Orangetown, situated on an open roadstead on the W., with a small export trade in yams and sweet potatoes . Pop . (1908) 1283 . A few See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles to the N.W. is the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island of SABA, 5 sq. m. in extent . It consists of a single volcanic See also:

• CONE (Gr. Kwvos)

cone rising abruptly from the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea to the height of nearly 2800 ft . The town, Bottom, See also:

• STANDING

standing on the See also:

• FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

floor of an old See also:

• CRATER

crater, can only be approached from the See also:

• SHORE

shore 800 ft. below, by a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of steps cut in the solid See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock and known as the " See also:

• LADDER, (0. Eng. hlaeder; of Teutonic origin, cf. Dutch leer, Ger. Leiter; the ultimate origin is in the root seen in " lean," Or. KNiµat)

Ladder." The best boats in the Caribbees are built here; the See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood is imported and the vessels, when See also:

• COMPLETE

complete, are lowered over the See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face of the cliffs . Pop . (1908) 2294 . The islands See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony of See also:

• CURACAO, or CURACOA

Curacao (q.v.) . See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

SAINT-EVREMOND, CHARLES DE MARGUETEL DE SAINT-See also:

• DENIS (DIoNysms), SAINT
• DENIS, JOHANN NEPOMUK COSMAS MICHAEL (1729-1800)

DENIS, SEIGNEUR DE (1610-1703), was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Saint-Denis-le-Guast, near See also:

• COUTANCES
• COUTANCES, WALTER OF (d. 1207)

Coutances, the seat of his See also:

• FAMILY

family in See also:

• NORMANDY

Normandy, on the 1st of See also:

• APRIL

April Oro . He was a See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil of the See also:

• JESUITS

Jesuits at the See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College de Clermont (now Louis-le-See also:

• GRAND

Grand), Paris; then a student at See also:

• CAEN

Caen . For a See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time he studied See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law at the College d'See also:

• HARCOURT
• HARCOURT, SIMON HARCOURT, 1ST VISCOUNT (c. 1661-1727)
• HARCOURT, SIR WILLIAM GEORGE GRANVILLE VENABLES VERNON (1827-1904)
• HARCOURT, WILLIAM VERNON (1789-1871)

Harcourt .

He soon, however, took to arms, and in 1629 went with See also:

• MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

Marshal See also:

• BASSOMPIERRE, FRANCOIS DE (1579-1646)

Bassompierre to See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy . He served through great part of the See also:

• THIRTY

Thirty Years' See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War, distinguishing himself at the siege of Landrecies (1637), when he was made See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

captain . During his See also:

• CAMPAIGNS

campaigns he studied the works of See also:

• MONTAIGNE, MICHEL DE (1533-1592)

Montaigne and the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish and See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages . In 1639 he met Gassendi in Paris, and became one of his disciples . He was present at Rocroy, at See also:

• NORDLINGEN

Nordlingen, and at See also:

• LERIDA

Lerida . For a time he was See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person-ally attached to See also:

• CONDE
• CONDE, LOUIS DE BOURBON, PRINCE
• CONDE, LOUIS II
• CONDE, PRINCES OF

Conde, but offended him by a satirical remark and was deprived of his command in the See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince's See also:

• GUARDS, AND HOUSEHOLD TROOPS

guards in 1648 . During the See also:

• FRONDE, THE

Fronde, Saint-Evremond was a steady royalist . The See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of Candale (of whom he has left a very severe portrait) gave him a command in See also:

• GUIENNE

Guienne, and Saint-Evremond, who had reached the grade of marechal de See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp, is said to have saved 50,000 livres in less than three years . He was one of the numerous victims involved in the fall of See also:

• FOUQUET (or FOUCQUET), NICOLAS (1615-168o)

Fouquet . His See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter to . Marshal Crequi on the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace of the See also:

• PYRENEES [Span. Pirineos, Fr. Pyrenees]

Pyrenees, which is said to have been discovered by See also:

• COLBERT, JEAN BAPTISTE (1619-1683)

Colbert's agents at the seizure of Fouquet's papers, seems a very inadequate cause for his disgrace . Saint-Evremond fled to See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland and to See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, where he was kindly received by Charles II. and was pensioned .

After See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James II.'s See also:

• FLIGHT

flight to France Saint-Evremond was invited to return, but he declined . Hortense See also:

• MANCINI, PASQUALE STANISLAO (1817-1888)

Mancini, the most attractive of See also:

• MAZARIN, JULES (1602-1661)

Mazarin's attractive See also:

• GROUP

group of nieces, came to England in 1670, and set up a See also:

• SALON

salon for love-making, gambling and witty conversation, and here Saint-Evremond was for many years at See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home . He died on the 29th of September 1703 and was buried in See also:

• WESTMINSTER
• WESTMINSTER, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• WESTMINSTER, STATUTES OF
• WESTMINSTER, SYNODS OF

Westminster Abbey, where his See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument still is in Poet's Corner close to that of See also:

• PRIOR (from Lat. prior—former, and hence superior, through O. Fr. priour)
• PRIOR, MATTHEW (1664-1721)

Prior . Saint-Evremond never authorized the See also:

• PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

printing of any of his works during his lifetime, though Barbin in 1668 published an unauthorized collection . But he empowered Des Maizeaux to publish his works after his See also:

• DEATH

death, and they were published in See also:

• LONDON

London (2 vols., 1705), and often reprinted . His masterpiece in See also:

• IRONY (Gr. dipaweLa, from eipwv, one who says less than he means, eiepees, to speak)

irony is the so-called Conversation du marechal d'Hocquincourt avet le Pere Canaye (the latter a Jesuit and Saint-Evremond's masterat school), which has been frequently classed with the Lettres provinciales . His (Euvres melees, edited from the See also:

• MSS

MSS. by See also:

• SILVESTRE, PAUL ARMAND (1837-1901)

Silvestre and Des Maizeaux, were printed by See also:

• JACOB
• JACOB, JOHN (1812-1858)

Jacob See also:

• TONSON

Tonson (London, 2705, 2 vols.; 2nd ed., 3 vols., 2709), with a See also:

• NOTICE

notice by Des Maizeaux . His See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence with Ninon de See also:

• LENCLOS, NINON DE (1615-1705)

Lenclos, whose fast friend he was, was published in 1752; La Comedie des academistes, written in 1643, was printed in 1650 . Modern See also:

• EDITIONS

editions of his works are by Hippeau (Paris, 1852), C . See also:

• GIRAUD, GIOVANNI, COUNT (1776-1834)

Giraud (Paris, 1865), and a selection (1881) with a notice by M. de See also:

• LESCURE, LOUIS MARIE JOSEPH, MARQUIS DE (1766—1793)

Lescure . ST FLORENTIN, a town of See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-central France, in the department of See also:

• YONNE

Yonne, 37 M . S.E. of See also:

• SENS

Sens on the Paris-See also:

• LYON, MARY MASON (1797-1849)
• LYON, NATHANIEL (1818-1861)

Lyon-Mediterranee railway .

Pop . (1906) 2303 . It stands on a See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill on the right bank of the Arrnance, half a mile from its confluence with the Armancon and the See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal of See also:

• BURGUNDY

Burgundy . In the highest part of the town stands the church, begun in the latter half of the 15th century, and though retaining the See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic form, with great flying buttresses, is mainly in the See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style .. It is approached through a narrow See also:

• ALLEY (from the Fr. allee, a walk)

alley up a steep flight of steps, and contains a fine See also:

• HOLY

Holy See also:

• SEPULCHRE, CANONS REGULAR OF THE HOLY
• SEPULCHRE, EASTER
• SEPULCHRE, THE HOLY

Sepulchre in bas-See also:

• RELIEF

relief and a See also:

• CHOIR (0. Fr. cuer from Lat. chorus; pronounced quire, and until the end of the 17th century so spelt, the spelling being altered to agree with the Fr. chceur)

choir-See also:

• SCREEN (usually, but very doubtfully, connected with Lat. scrinium, a box for holding books, from scribere, to write; a connexion with Ger. Schranke, barrier, has been suggested)

screen and stained glass of admirable Renaissance workmanship . The nave, left incomplete, was restored and finished between 1857 and 1862 . The See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market-gardens of St Florentin produce large quantities of See also:

• ASPARAGUS

asparagus . The town stands on the site of the Roman military See also:

• POST

post Castrodunum, the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of the martyrdom in the 3rd century of See also:

• SAINTS, BATTLE OF THE

Saints Florentin and Hilaire, See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round whose tomb it See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew up . The abbey established here in the 9th century afterwards became a priory of the abbey of St Germain at See also:

• AUXERRE

Auxerre . The town and its territory belonged, under the See also:

• MEROVINGIANS

Merovingians, to Burgundy, and in later times to the See also:

• COUNTS

counts of See also:

• CHAMPAGNE

Champagne, from whom it passed to the See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings of France . Louis XV. raised it from the See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of viscounty to that of See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county and bestowed it on Louis See also:

• PHELYPEAUX

Phelypeaux, afterwards Duc de la Vrilliere . ST See also:

• FLOUR

FLOUR, a town of See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-central France, capital of an arrondissement in the department of See also:

• CANTAL

Cantal, situated at a height of 2900 ft. on a basaltic See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau overlooking the See also:

• LANDER, RICHARD LEMON (1804–1834)

Lander, a tributary of the Truyere, 47 M .

E.N.E. of See also:

• AURILLAC

Aurillac by rail . Pop . (1906) 4090 . The streets are dark and narrow, but the town has spacious promenades established in the 18th century . St Flour grew up round the tomb of St See also:

• FLORUS
• FLORUS, JULIUS
• FLORUS, PUBLIUS ANNIUS

Florus, the apostle of See also:

• AUVERGNE

Auvergne, who died there in the 4th century . The abbey founded there about the beginning of the 11th century became in 1317 an episcopal See also:

• CHAPTER (a shortened form of chapiter, a word still used in architecture for a capital; derived from O. Fr. chapitre, Lat. capitellum, diminutive of caput, head)

chapter, and the town is still the seat of a bishopric . The cathedral (1396-1466) is the principal building . The manufacture of coarse woollen fabrics, of earthenware and candles is carried on . A few miles S.E. of the town the See also:

• GORGE

gorge of the Truyere is spanned by the fine railway viaduct of Garabit over 600 yds. long and at a height of 400 ft. above the river . ST See also:

• GALL (a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch gal, and Ger. Galle; the Indo-European root appears in Gr. xoXi,, and Lat. fel; possibly connected with " yellow," with reference to the colour of bile)
• GALL, FRANZ JOSEPH (1758-1828)

GALL (Ger . St Gallen), one of the cantons of north-east See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland, on the border of the See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of the See also:

• VORARLBERG

Vorarlberg and of the See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent principality of See also:

• LIECHTENSTEIN

Liechtenstein . It entirely surrounds the See also:

• CANTON
• CANTON (borrowed from the Ital. cantone, a corner or angle)
• CANTON (more correctly KWANG-CHOW Fu)
• CANTON, JOHN (1718-1772)

canton of See also:

• APPENZELL

Appenzell, which, like a great part .of this canton, formerly belonged to the abbots of St Gall, while the " See also:

• ENCLAVE (a French word from enclaver, to enclose)

enclave " of See also:

• HORN
• HORN (a common Teutonic word, cognate with Lat. cornu; cf. Gr. Kipas)
• HORN (Lat. cornu; corresponding terms being Fr. cor, trompe; Ger. Horn; Ital. corno)
• HORN, ARVID BERNHARD, COUNT (1664-1742)
• HORN, PHILIP DE MONTMORENCY, COUNT

Horn is in the canton of See also:

• THURGAU (Fr. Thurgovie)

Thurgau .

Its area is 779.3 sq. m., of which 710.1 sq. m. are reckoned " productive," forests covering 157.1 sq. m. and vineyards 2.8 sq. m., while of the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder 2.8 sq. m. are occupied by glaciers . The See also:

• ALTITUDE (Lat. altitudo, from altus, high)

altitude above the sea-level varies from 1306 ft . (the See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake of See also:

• CONSTANCE
• CONSTANCE (Ger. Konstanz or Costnitz)
• CONSTANCE, COUNCIL OF
• CONSTANCE, LAKE OF (called by the Romans Lacus Brigantinus or lake of Bregenz, and now usually named in German Bodensee, as well as the " Swabian Sea ")

Constance) to 10,667 ft . (the Ringelspitz) . The canton includes portions of the lake of Constance (21i sq. m.), of the See also:

• WALENSEE

Walensee (rather over 7 sq. m.), and of the lake of See also:

• ZURICH
• ZURICH (Fr. Zurich; Ital. Zurigo)

Zurich (4 sq. m.), and several small lakes wholly within its limits . Hilly in its N. region, the height gradually increases towards the S. border, while to its S . W. and E. extend considerable alluvial plains on the See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks of the See also:

• LINTH, or LIMMAT

Linth and of the See also:

• RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine . The two See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers just named form in part its frontiers, the principal stream within the canton being the Thur (as regards its upper course), with the middle reach of its principal affluent, the Sitter, both forming part of the Rhine basin . It has ports on the lake of Constance (See also:

• RORSCHACH

Rorschach) and of Zurich (Rapperswil), as well as Weesen and Walenstadt on the Walensee, while the watering place of See also:

• RAGATZ

Ragatz (q.v.) is supplied with hot mineral See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters from Pfafers . The See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main railway lines from Zurich past Sargans for See also:

• COIRE (Ger. Chur or Cur, Ital. Coira, Lat. Curia Raetorum, Romonsch Cuera)

Coire, and from Sargans past Altstatten and Rorschach for Constance, skirt its See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders, while the capital is on the See also:

• DIRECT

direct railway line from Zurich past Wil to Rorschach, and communicates by rail with Appenzell and with See also:

• FRAUENFELD

Frauenfeld . In 1900 the See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of the canton was 250,285, of whom 243,358 were See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German-speaking, 5300 Italian-speaking and 710 See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French-speaking, while there were 150,412 " Catholics " (whether ST GALL-SAINT-GAUDENS extensive collection of embroideries of all ages and dates . There are a number of fine modern buildings, such as the See also:

• BOURSE (from the Med. Lat. bursa, a purse)

Bourse .

The town is the centre of the Swiss See also:

• MUSLIN (through Fr. mousseline from It. mussolino, diminutive of Mussolo, i.e. the town Mosul in Kurdistan)

muslin, See also:

• EMBROIDERY (M.E. embrouderie, from O. Fr. embroder, Mod. Fr. broder)

embroidery and See also:

• LACE (corresponding to Ital. merletto, trina; Genoese Pizzo; Ger. spitzen; Fr. dentelle; Dutch kanten; Span. encaje; the English word owes something to the Fr. lassis or laces, but both are connected with the earlier Lat. laqueus; early French laces were

lace trade . About ro,000 persons were in 1900 occupied in and near the town with the embroidery industry, and about 49,000 in the canton . See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

Cold and fogs prevail in See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter (though the town is protected against the north See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

wind), but the See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat in summer is rarely intense . In 190o the population was 33,116 (having just doubled since 1870), of whom almost all were German-speaking, while the Protestants numbered 17,572, the Catholics (Roman or " Old ") 15,006 and the See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews 419 . The town of St Gall owes its origin to St Gall, an Irish See also:

• HERMIT

hermit, who in 614, built his See also:

• CELL (from Lat. cella, probably from an Indo-European kal —seen in Lat. celare, to hide; another suggestion connects the word with Lat. cera, wax, taking the original meaning to refer to the honeycomb)

cell in the thick See also:

• FOREST

forest which then covered the site of the future monastery, and lived there, with a few companions, till his death in 640 . Many pilgrims later found their way to his cell, and about the middle of the 8th century the collection of hermits' dwellings was transformed into a regularly organized See also:

• BENEDICTINE

Benedictine monastery . For the next three centuries this was one of the chief seats of learning and See also:

• EDUCATION

education in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . About 954 the monastery and its buildings were surrounded by walls as a See also:

• PROTECTION

protection against the See also:

• SARACENS

Saracens, and this was the origin of the town . The temporal See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers of the abbots vastly increased, while in the 13th century the town obtained See also:

• DIVERS

divers privileges from the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor and from the See also:

• ABBOT (from the Hebrew ab, a father, through the Syriac abba, Lat. abbas, gen. abbatis, O.E. abbad, fr. late Lat. form abbad-em changed in 13th century under influence of the Lat. form to abbat, used alternatively till the end of the 17th century; Ger. Ab
• ABBOT, EZRA (1819-1884)
• ABBOT, GEORGE (1603-1648)
• ABBOT, ROBERT (1588?–1662?)
• ABBOT, WILLIAM (1798-1843)

abbot, who about 1205 became a prince of the Empire . In 1311 St Gall became a See also:

• FREE

free imperial See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city, and about 1353 the See also:

• GILDS, or GUILDS

gilds, headed by that of the See also:

• CLOTH

cloth-weavers, obtained the See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of the civic See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government, while in 1415 it bought its See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)