See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

JOSEPH See also:

• XAVIER, FRANCISCO DE (1506-1552)

XAVIER See also:

• JOSEPH XAVIER SAINTINE (1798-1865)

SAINTINE (1798-1865)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French novelist and dramatist, whose real surname was See also:

• BONIFACE (Bonifacius)
• BONIFACE, SAINT (680-754)

BONIFACE, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris on the loth of See also:

• JULY

July 1798 . In 1823 he produced a See also:

• VOLUME

volume of See also:

• POETRY

poetry in the manner of the Romanticists, entitled Poemes, odes, epitres . In 1836 appeared Picciola, the See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story of the See also:

• COMTE, AUGUSTE [ISIDORE AUGUSTE MARIE FRANCOIS XAVIER] (1798-1857)

comte de Charney, a See also:

• POLITICAL

political prisoner in See also:

• PIEDMONT (Ital. Piemonte; Low Lat. Pedemons and Pedemontium)

Piedmont, whose See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason was saved by his cult of a tiny See also:

• FLOWER (Lat. flos, floris; Fr. fleur)
• FLOWER, SIB

flower growing between the paving stones of his See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison yard . This story is a masterpiece of the sentimental See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind, and has been translated into many See also:

• EUROPEAN

European See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages . He produced many other novels, none of striking individuality with the exception of Seul (1857), which purported to be the See also:

• AUTHENTIC (from Gr. aOO 'rns, one who does a thing himself)

authentic See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander See also:

• SELKIRK
• SELKIRK (or SELCRA1G), ALEXANDER (1676-1721)
• SELKIRK, THOMAS DOUGLAS, 5TH EARL OF (1771–1820)

Selkirk on his See also:

• DESERT

desert See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island . See also:

• SAINTINE, JOSEPH XAVIER (1798-1865)

Saintine was a prolific dramatist, and collaborated in some See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred pieces with See also:

• SCRIBE, AUGUSTIN EUGENE (1791-1860, French dramatist, was born in Paris on the 24th of December 1791. His father was a silk merchant, and he was well educated, being destined for the bar. But, having a real gift for the theatre, a gift which unfortunately

Scribe and others, usually under the name of See also:

• XAVIER, FRANCISCO DE (1506-1552)

Xavier . He died on the 21st of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1865 . ST INGBERT, a See also:

• TOWN

town of See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, in the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of See also:

• BAVARIA (Ger. Bayern)

Bavaria on the Rohrbach, 14 M. by See also:

• RAIL

rail W. of See also:

• ZWEIBRUCKEN

Zweibrucken . Pop . (1905) 15,521 . It has See also:

• COAL

coal-mines and manufactures of See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass and machinery . There are also large See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron and See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel See also:

• WORKS

works in the town, and other See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries are the making of See also:

• POWDER (through O. Fr. puldre, modern poudre, from Lat. pulvis, pulveris, dust)

powder, See also:

• LEATHER (a word which appears in all Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Leder, Dutch leer or leder, Swed. leder, and in such Celtic forms as Welsh llader)
• LEATHER, ARTIFICIAL

leather, cigars, See also:

• SOAP

soap and See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton .

St Ingbert is named after the Irish See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

saint, St Ingobert, and belonged for 300 years to the electorate of See also:

• TRIER (French Troves)

Trier . ST IVES, a See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market town, municipal See also:

• BOROUGH (A.S. nominative burh, dative byrig, which produces some of the place-names ending in bury, a sheltered or fortified place, the camp of refuge of a tribe, the stronghold of a chieftain; cf. Ger. Burg, Fr. bor, bore, bourg)
• BOROUGH [BURROUGH, BURROWE, BORROWS], STEVEN (1525–1584)

borough and seaport in the St Ives See also:

• PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of See also:

• CORNWALL

Cornwall, See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, to m . N.N.E. of See also:

• PENZANCE

Penzance, on a See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the See also:

• GREAT

Great Western railway . Pop . (19o1) 6699 . It lies near the W. See also:

• HORN
• HORN (a common Teutonic word, cognate with Lat. cornu; cf. Gr. Kipas)
• HORN (Lat. cornu; corresponding terms being Fr. cor, trompe; Ger. Horn; Ital. corno)
• HORN, ARVID BERNHARD, COUNT (1664-1742)
• HORN, PHILIP DE MONTMORENCY, COUNT

horn of St Ives See also:

• BAY

Bay on the N. See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast . The older streets near the See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour are narrow and irregular, but on the upper slopes there are See also:

• MODERN

modern terraces with See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good houses . The small harbour, protected by a See also:

• BREAKWATER

breakwater, originally built by See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• SMEATON, JOHN (1724–1792)

Smeaton in 1767, has suffered from the See also:

• ACCUMULATION (from Lat. accumulare, to heap up)

accumulation of See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand, and at the lowest tides is dry . The See also:

• FISHERIES

fisheries for See also:

• PILCHARD (in earlier 16th century forms pylcher, pilchar; of unknown origin; the Fr. pilseir is adapted from Eng.)

pilchard, See also:

• HERRING (Clupea harengus, Haring in German, le hareng in French, sill in Swedish)

herring and See also:

• MACKEREL

mackerel are important . See also:

• BOAT (0. Eng. bdt; the true etymological connexion with Dutch and Ger. boot, Fr. bateau, Ital. battello presents great difficulties; Celtic forms are from O. Eng.)

Boat-See also:

• BUILDING

building and See also:

• SAIL

sail-making are carried on . An See also:

• EMINENCE (Lat. eminentia)

eminence See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of the town is marked by a See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument erected in 1782 by John Knill, a native of the town, who intended to be buried here; to maintain a quinquennial celebration on the spot he bequeathed See also:

• PROPERTY

property to the town authorities . The borough is under a See also:

• MAYOR (Lat. major, greater)
• MAYOR, JOHN EYTON BICKERSTETH (1825– )

mayor, 4 aldermen and 12 councillors .

See also:

• AREA

Area, 1890 acres . The town takes name from St Hya, or Ia, an Irish virgin and See also:

• MARTYR (Gr. pimp or µaprvs)

martyr, who is said to have accompanied St Piran on his missionary See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey to Cornwall in the 5th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, and to have landed near this See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place . The Patent Rolls disclose an almost continuous See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of trials for piracy and See also:

• PLUNDER

plunder by St Ives sailors from the beginning of the 14th to the end of the 16th century . A See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere chapelry of Lelant and the less important member of the distant See also:

• MANOR

manor of Ludgvan Leaze, which in Domesday See also:

• BOOK

Book appears as Luduam, it had no fostering See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand to See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister to its growth . In See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to See also:

• AUGMENT (Lat. augere, to increase)

augment the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of the Tudors in the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House of See also:

• COMMONS

Commons, See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip and See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary in 1558 invested it with the See also:

• PRIVILEGE

privilege of returning 2 members . Its affairs were at that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time administered by a headwarden, who after 1598 appears under the name of portreeve, 12 See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief burgesses and 24 See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary burgesses . The portreeve was elected by the 24; the 12 by the chief inhabitants . This See also:

• BODY

body had See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control over the fishing, the harbour and harbour dues, the fabric of the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church, sanitation and the poor . In 1639 a See also:

• CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter of See also:

• INCORPORATION (from Lat. incorporare, to form into a body)

incorporation was granted under which the portreeve became mayor, the 12 became aldermen, and the 24 were styled burgesses . See also:

• PRO

Pro-See also:

• VISION (from Lat. videre, to see), or SIGHT

vision was made for four fairs and for markets on Wednesdays and Saturdays, also for a See also:

• GRAMMAR (from Lat. grammatica, sc. ars; Gr. ypaµ)

grammar school . This charter was surrendered to See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles II. and a new one granted in 1685, the latter reducing the number of aldermen to to and of burgesses also to to . It ratified the parliamentary See also:

• FRANCHISE (from 0. Fr. franchise, freedom, franc, free)

franchise and the fairs and markets, and provided a See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of See also:

• PIE

pie-powder; it also contained a clause safeguarding the rights of the See also:

• MARQUESS (1760-1842)
• MARQUESS, or MARQUIS (Fr. marquis, Ital. marchese; from med. Lat. marchio, marchisus, i.e. comes marchiae, " count of the March ")

marquess of See also:

• WINCHESTER
• WINCHESTER, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF

Winchester, See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord of the manor of Ludgvan Leaze and Porthia .

In 1835 a mayor, 4 aldermen and 12 councillors were invested with the See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration of the borough . In 1832 St Ives lost one of its members, and in 1885 the other . Both markets are now held, but only one of the fairs . This takes place on the Saturday nearest St See also:

• ANDREW (Gr. 'AvBp4as, manly)
• ANDREW, JOHN ALBION (1818-1867)

Andrew's See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day . ST IVES, a market town and municipal borough in the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern parliamentary division of See also:

• HUNTINGDONSHIRE (HUNTS)

Huntingdonshire, England, mainly on the See also:

• LEFT

left (See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north) See also:

• BANK

bank of the See also:

• OUSE

Ouse, 5 M . E. of See also:

• HUNTINGDON
• HUNTINGDON, EARLS OF
• HUNTINGDON, SELINA HASTINGS, COUNTESS OF (1707—1791)

Huntingdon by the Great Eastern railway . Pop . (1901) 2910 . The See also:

• RIVER

river is crossed by an old See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge said to have been built by the abbots of See also:

• RAMSEY
• RAMSEY, SIR ANDREW CROMBIE (1814—1891)

Ramsey See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early in the 15th century . A building over the centre See also:

• PIER (older forms per or Pere, from Med. Lat. pera; the word for piers out of water. For river piers, where a firm, watertight is of obscure origin, and the connexion with Fr. Pierre, Lat. stratum is found at a moderate depth below the river-bed, the pctr

pier of the bridge was once used as a See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel . The See also:

• CAUSEWAY

causeway (1827) on the south See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the river is built on See also:

• ARCHES, COURT OF

arches so as to assist the flow of the river in time of See also:

• FLOOD (in O. Eng. flod, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Flut, Dutch vloed, from the same root as is seen in " flow," " float ")
• FLOOD, HENRY (1732-1791)

flood . The church of All See also:

• SAINTS, BATTLE OF THE

Saints is Perpendicular, with earlier portions .

A curious See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom is practised annually in this church in connexion with a See also:

• BEQUEST (from 0. Eng. becwethan, to declare or express in words; cf. " quoth ")

bequest made by a certain Dr See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert See also:

• WILDE, OSCAR

Wilde in 1678: it is the See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution of Bibles to six boys and six girls of the town . The See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision was that the Bibles should be See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast for by See also:

• DICE (plural of die, O. Fr. de, derived from Lat. dare, to give)

dice on the Communion table . See also:

• OLIVER, ISAAC (c. 1566--1617)
• OLIVER, PETER (1594-1648)

Oliver See also:

• CROMWELL, HENRY (1628-1674)
• CROMWELL, OLIVER (1599-1658)
• CROMWELL, RICHARD (1626–1712)
• CROMWELL, THOMAS, EARL OF

Cromwell was a See also:

• RESIDENT

resident in St Ives in 1634-1635, but the house which he inhabited—Slepe See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

Hall—was demolished in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 19th century . St Ives has a considerable agricultural See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade . It is governed by a mayor, 4 aldermen and 12 councillors . Area 2326 acres . The manor of "Slepe" is said to have been given bylEthelstan " Mannessune " to the See also:

• ABBOT (from the Hebrew ab, a father, through the Syriac abba, Lat. abbas, gen. abbatis, O.E. abbad, fr. late Lat. form abbad-em changed in 13th century under influence of the Lat. form to abbat, used alternatively till the end of the 17th century; Ger. Ab
• ABBOT, EZRA (1819-1884)
• ABBOT, GEORGE (1603-1648)
• ABBOT, ROBERT (1588?–1662?)
• ABBOT, WILLIAM (1798-1843)

abbot of Ramsey and confirmed to him by See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• EDGAR (EADGAR)
• EDGAR, or EADGAR (c. 1050-c. 1130)

Edgar . It owed its See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change of name to the supposed See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of the See also:

• GRAVE

grave of St Ive, a See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop, in toot,and a priory was founded in the same See also:

• YEAR

year by Abbot Ednoth as a See also:

• CELL (from Lat. cella, probably from an Indo-European kal —seen in Lat. celare, to hide; another suggestion connects the word with Lat. cera, wax, taking the original meaning to refer to the honeycomb)

cell to Ramsey . St Ives was chiefly noted for its See also:

• FAIR

fair, which was first granted to the abbot of Ramsey by See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry I. to be held on See also:

• MONDAY (in O.E. Monandaeg, the moon's day, a translation of the Late Lat. Lunae dies, from which the French lundi is taken)

Monday in See also:

• EASTER

Easter See also:

• WEEK (from A.S. wicu, Germanic *wikon, probably=change, turn)

week and eight days following . In the reign of Henry III. merchants from See also:

• FLANDERS (Flem. Vlaanderen)

Flanders came to the fair, which had become so important that the king granted it to be continued beyond the eight days if the abbot agreed to pay a See also:

• FARM

farm of £50 yearly for the extra days . The fair, with a market on Monday granted to the abbot in 1286, survives, and was See also:

• PURCHASED

purchased in 1874 by the See also:

• CORPORATION (from Lat. corporare, to form into a body, corpus, corporis)

corporation from the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• MANCHESTER
• MANCHESTER (popularly Manchester-by-the-Sea)
• MANCHESTER, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Manchester . The town was incorporated in 1874 .

ST See also:

• JEAN

JEAN-D'ANGELY, a town of western See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of an See also:

• ARRONDISSEMENT (from arrondir, to make round)

arrondissement in the See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of See also:

• CHARENTE

Charente-Inferieure, 33 M . E. of See also:

• ROCHEFORT
• ROCHEFORT, HENRI, MARQUIS DE

Rochefort by rail . Pop . (1906) 6242 . St Jean lies on the right bank of the Boutonne, which is navigable for small vessels . The See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish church of St Jean stands on the site of an See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

abbey church of the 13th century, of which some remains are left . In 1568 the monastery was destroyed by the See also:

• HUGUENOTS

Huguenots, but much of it was rebuilt in the 17th and 18th centuries, to which See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period belong two towers and the See also:

• FACADE

facade of an unfinished church . St Jean owes the suffix of its name to the neighbouring See also:

• FOREST

forest of Angery (Angeriacum) . See also:

• PIPPIN, or PEPIN

Pippin I. of See also:

• AQUITAINE

Aquitaine in the 9th century established there a See also:

• BENEDICTINE

Benedictine monastery which was afterwards reputed to possess the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head. of John the Baptist . This relic attracted hosts of pilgrims; a town See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew up, took the name of St Jean d'Angeri, afterwards d'Angely, was fortified in 1131, and in 1204 received a charter from Philip See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus . The See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the place was disputed between French and See also:

• ENGLISH

English in the Hundred Years' See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War, and between Catholics and Protestants at a later date . In 1569 it capitulated to the duke of See also:

• ANJOU

Anjou (afterwards Henry III.) .

See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XIII. again took it from the Protestants in 1621 and deprived it of its privileges and its very name, which he changed to Bourg-Louis . ST JEAN-DE-LUZ, a coast town of south-western France, in the department of Basses-See also:

• PYRENEES [Span. Pirineos, Fr. Pyrenees]

Pyrenees, at the mouth of the Nivelle, 14 m . S.W. of See also:

• BAYONNE

Bayonne on a branch of the' See also:

• SOUTHERN

Southern railway . Pop . (2906) 3424 . St Jean-de-Luz is situated in the Basque See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country on the bay of St Jean-de-Luz, the entrance to which is protected by breakwaters and moles . It has a 13th-century church, the chief features of which are the galleries in the See also:

• NAVE

nave, which, according to the Basque custom, are reserved for men . The Maison Lohobiague, the Maison de l'See also:

• INFANTE (Spanish and Portuguese form of Lat. infans, young child)

Infante (both 17th cent.), and the hotel de ville (1657) are picturesque old buildings . St Jean is well known for its bathing and as a See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter resort . Fishing is a considerable See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry . From the 14th to the 17th century St Jean-de-Luz enjoyed a prosperity due to its mariners and fishermen . Its vessels were the first to set out for See also:

• NEWFOUNDLAND

Newfoundland in 152o .

In 1558, owing to the depredations of its privateers, the Spaniards attacked and burned the town . In 1627, however, it was able to equip 8o vessels, which succeeded in saving the island of R6 from the duke of See also:

• BUCKINGHAM
• BUCKINGHAM, EARLS, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• BUCKINGHAM, FIRST DUKE
• BUCKINGHAM, GEORGE VILLIERS, 1ST DUKE 0E1
• BUCKINGHAM, GEORGE VILLIERS, 2ND DUKE 0E1 (1628-1687)
• BUCKINGHAM, HENRY STAFFORD, 2ND DUKE OF3 (1454-1483)
• BUCKINGHAM, JAMES SILK (1786-1855)

Buckingham . In 166o the treaty of the Pyrenees was signed at St Jean-de-Luz, and was followed by the See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage there of the Infanta Maria See also:

• THERESA, ST (1515-1582)

Theresa and Louis XIV . At that time the See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population numbered r6,000 . The cession of Newfoundland to England in 1713, the loss of See also:

• CANADA

Canada, and the silting-up of the harbour were the three causes which contributed to the decline 'of the town . ST JOHN, CHARLES See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

WILLIAM See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

GEORGE (18o9-1856), English naturalist and sportsman, son of See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

General the Hon . See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick St John, second son of Frederick, second See also:

• VISCOUNT (through O. Fr. viscomte, mod. vicomte, from Low Lat. vice-comes, cf. Portug. visconde, Ital. visconte)

Viscount See also:

• BOLINGBROKE, HENRY ST JOHN, VISCOUNT (1678-1751)

Bolingbroke, was born on the 3rd of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1809 . He was educated at See also:

• MIDHURST

Midhurst, See also:

• SUSSEX
• SUSSEX, EARLS OF
• SUSSEX, KINGDOM OF (SO Seaxe, i.e. the South Saxons)
• SUSSEX, THOMAS RADCLYFFE [or RATCLYFFE], 3RD EARL OF (c. 1525-1583)

Sussex, and about 1828 obtained a clerk-See also:

• SHIP

ship in the See also:

• TREASURY

treasury, but resigned in 1834, in which year he married a See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady with some See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune . He ultimately settled in the " Laigh " of See also:

• MORAY

Moray, " within easy distance of See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain See also:

• SPORT (a contracted or shortened form of "disport," to amuse, divert oneself, O. Fr. se dis porter or deporter, to leave off work, hence to play, Lat. dis-, away, and portare, to carry; the origin of the meaning lies in the notion of turning away from ser

sport." In 1853 a paralytic seizure deprived him of the use of his limbs, and for the benefit of his See also:

• HEALTH

health he removed to the south of England . He died at See also:

• WOOLSTON, THOMAS (1669—1731)

Woolston, near See also:

• SOUTHAMPTON
• SOUTHAMPTON, EARL OF
• SOUTHAMPTON, HENRY WRIOTHESLEY, 3RD EARL OF (1J73—1624)

Southampton, on the 22nd of July 1856, His works are See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

Wild See also:

• SPORTS
• SPORTS, THE BOOK OF

Sports and Natural See also:

• HISTORY

History of the See also:

• HIGHLANDS, THE

Highlands (1846, 2nd ed . 1848, 3rd ed . 1861); Tour in See also:

• SUTHERLAND, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Sutherland (1849, 2nd ed., with recollections by See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

Captain H .

St John, 1884); Notes of Natural History and Sport in Morayshire, with Memoir by C . Innes (1863i 2nd ed . 1884) . They are written in a graphic See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style, and illustrated with engravings, many of them from See also:

• CLEVER

clever See also:

• PEN (Lat. penna, a feather, pen)

pen-and-See also:

• INK (from Late Lat. encaustum, Gr. gysavorov, the purple ink used by Greek and Roman emperors, from iyKaiew, to burn in)

ink sketches of his own . ST JOHN, See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

JAMES AUGUSTUS (1801-1875), See also:

• BRITISH

British author and traveller, was born in See also:

• CARMARTHENSHIRE

Carmarthenshire, See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales. on the 24tk . of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 18o1 . He received private instruction in the See also:

• CLASSICS

classics, and also acquired proficiency in French, See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian, See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish, Arabic and Persian . He obtained a connexion with a See also:

• PLYMOUTH
• PLYMOUTH, EARLS OF

Plymouth newspaper, and when, in 1824, James See also:

• SILK

Silk Buckingham started the See also:

• ORIENTAL

Oriental See also:

• HERALD (O. Fr. heraut, herault; the origin is uncertain, but O.H.G. heren, to call, or hariwald, leader of an army, have been proposed; the Gr. equivalent is Kddpvi : Lat. praeco, caduceator, fetialis)

Herald, St John became assistant editor . In 1827, together with D . L . See also:

• RICHARDSON, GEORGE
• RICHARDSON, HENRY HOBSON (1838-1886)
• RICHARDSON, SAMUEL (1689-1761)
• RICHARDSON, SIR JOHN (1787-1865)

Richardson, he founded the See also:

• LONDON

London Weekly See also:

• REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

Review, subsequently purchased by See also:

• COLBURN, HENRY (d. 1855)
• COLBURN, ZERAH (1804-1840)

Colburn and transformed into the Court See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal . He lived for some years on the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

Continent and went in 1832 to See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt and See also:

• NUBIA

Nubia, travelling mostly on See also:

• FOOT

foot .

The results of his journey were published under the titles Egypt and Mohammed See also:

• ALI

Ali, or Travels in the Valley of the See also:

• NILE
• NILE, BATTLE OF THE
• NILE, SOBAT

Nile (2 vols., 1834), Egypt and Nubia (1844), and See also:

• ISIS (Egyptian Ese)

Isis, an See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian See also:

• PILGRIMAGE (Fr. pelerinage, Lat. peregrinatio)

Pilgrimage (2 vols., 1853) . On his return he settled in London, and for many years wrote political " leaders " for the Daily See also:

• TELEGRAPH (Gr. Tike, far, and rypaq5eiv, to write)

Telegraph . In 1868 he published a See also:

• LIFE

Life of See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• WALTER, HUBERT (d. 1205)
• WALTER, JOHN (1738/9-1812)

Walter See also:

• RALEIGH
• RALEIGH, SIR WALTER (c. 1552-1618)

Raleigh, based on researches in the archives at See also:

• MADRID

Madrid and elsewhere . He died in London on the 22nd of September 1875 . Besides the works mentioned St John was also the author of Journal of a See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

Residence in See also:

• NORMANDY

Normandy (183o) ; Lives of Celebrated Travellers (183o) ; See also:

• ANATOMY
• ANATOMY (Gr. avaroyil, from ava-silo c', to cut up)

Anatomy of Society (1831) ; History, See also:

• MANNERS, CHARLES (1857– )

Manners and Customs of the See also:

• HINDUS

Hindus (1831) ; See also:

• MARGARET
• MARGARET (1283–1290)
• MARGARET (1353-1412)
• MARGARET (1489–1541)
• MARGARET, ST (c. 1045–1093)
• MARGARET, ST (SANCTA MARGARITA)

Margaret See also:

• RAVENSCROFT, EDWARD (fl. 1671-1697)

Ravenscroft, or Second Love (3 vols., 1835) ; The Hellenes, or Manners and Customs of See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

Ancient See also:

• GREECE

Greece (1842); Sir Cosmo See also:

• DIGBY, KENELM HENRY (1800-188o)
• DIGBY, SIR EVERARD (1578-1606)
• DIGBY, SIR KENELM (1603-1665)

Digby, a novel (1844); There and Back Again in See also:

• SEARCH, or VISIT AND SEARCH

Search of Beauty (1853) ; The See also:

• NEMESIS

Nemesis of See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

Power (1854) See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

Philosophy at the Foot of the See also:

• CROSS

Cross (1854); The See also:

• PREACHING (Fr. preecher, from Lat. praedicare, to proclaim)

Preaching of See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ (1855) ; The See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

Ring and the See also:

• VEIL (O.Fr. veile, mod. voile, from Lat. velum, cloth, awning, sail)

Veil, a novel (1856) ; Life of Louis See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon (1857); History of the Four Conquests of England (1862); and Weighed in the See also:

• BALANCE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. bilantia, an apparatus for weighing, from bi, two, and lanx, a dish or scale)

Balance, a novel (1864) . He also edited, with notes, various English classics . Of his four sons, all journalists and authors of some See also:

• LITERARY

literary distinction—See also:

• PERCY (FAMILY)
• PERCY, SIR HENRY
• PERCY, THOMAS (1729-1811)
• PERCY, THOMAS (c. 156o-16os)

Percy ' Bolingbroke (1821–1889), See also:

• BAYLE, PIERRE (1647-1706)

Bayle, See also:

• SPENSER, EDMUND (c. 1552-1599)
• SPENSER, JOHN (1559-1614)

Spenser and See also:

• HORACE [QuINTus HORATIUS FLACCUS] (65-8 B.C.)

Horace See also:

• ROSCOE, WILLIAM (1753—1831)

Roscoe (182–1888)—the second, BAYLE ST JOHN (1822-1869), began contributing to the See also:

• PERIODICALS

periodicals when only thirteen . When twenty he wrote a series of papers for See also:

• FRASER
• FRASER, ALEXANDER CAMPBELL (1819– )
• FRASER, JAMES (1818-1885)
• FRASER, JAMES BAILLIE (1783--1856)
• FRASER, SIR WILLIAM AUGUSTUS

Fraser under, the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title " De re vehiculari, or a Comic History of Chariots." To the same See also:

• MAGAZINE

magazine he contributed a series of essays on See also:

• MONTAIGNE, MICHEL DE (1533-1592)

Montaigne, and published in 1857 Montaigne the Essayist, a See also:

• BIOGRAPHY (from the Gr. (3ios, life, and yp&4 , writing)

Biography, in 4 volumes . During a residence of two years in Egypt he wrote The Libyan Desert (1849) . While in Egypt he learnt Arabic and"visited the See also:

• OASIS (Gr. &toss, the name given by Herodotus to the fertile spots in the Libyan desert: it probably represents an Egyptian word, cf. Coptic ouahe, ouih, to dwell, from which the Egyptian Arabic sod is derived)

oasis of See also:

• SIWA

Siwa . On his return he settled for some time in Paris and published Two Years in a Levantine See also:

• FAMILY

Family (185o) and Views in the Oasis of Siwah (185o) . After a second visit to the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East he published See also:

• VILLAGE

Village Life in Egypt (1852) ; See also:

• PURPLE

Purple Tints of Paris: Characters and Manners in the New See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire (1854); The Louvre, or Biography of a Museum (1855) ; the Subalpine Kingdom, or Experiences and Studies in See also:

• SAVOY, HOUSE
• SAVOY, HOUSE OF

Savoy (1856); Travels of an Arab See also:

• MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

Merchant in the Soudan (1854) Maretimo, a Story of See also:

• ADVENTURE (from Lat. res adventura, a thing about to happen)

Adventure (1856) ; and See also:

• MEMOIRS

Memoirs of the Duke of Saint-See also:

• SIMON, ABRAHAM (1622-1692)
• SIMON, JULES FRANCOIS (1814–1896)
• SIMON, RICHARD (1638–1712)
• SIMON, SIR JOHN (1816–1904)
• SIMON, THOMAS (c. 1623-1665)

Simon in the Reign of Louis XIV .

(4 vols., 1857) . ST JOHN, OLIVER (c . 1598-1673), English statesman and See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge, was the son of Oliver St John . There were two branches of the ancient family to which he belonged, namely, the St Johns of Bletso in See also:

• BEDFORDSHIRE [abbreviated Beds]

Bedfordshire, and the St Johns of Lydiard Tregoze in See also:

• WILTSHIRE [WILTS]

Wiltshire, both descendants of the St Johns of See also:

• STAUNTON
• STAUNTON, HOWARD (1810-1874)
• STAUNTON, SIR GEORGE THOMAS, BART

Staunton St John in See also:

• OXFORDSHIRE (or OxoN)

Oxfordshire . Oliver St John was a member of the See also:

• SENIOR, NASSAU WILLIAM (1790-1864)

senior<