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Mediolanum; afterwards it was part of Aquitania Secunda . The civitas Santonum, which formed the bishopric of Saintes, was divided into two pagi: Sanlonicus (whence Sanctonia, Saintonge) and Alinensis, later Alniensis (Aunis) . Halved by the treaty of 1259, it was wholly ceded to the See also:

king of See also:

England in 136o, but reconquered by Du Guesclin in 1371 . Up to 1789 it was in the same gouvernement with Angoumois, but from a judiciary point of view Saintonge was under the See also:

PARLEMENT (see PARLIAMENT)

parlement of See also:

BORDEAUX

Bordeaux and Angoumois under that of See also:

Paris . See D . Massiou, Histoire politique, civile et religieuse de la Saintonge et de 1'Aunis (6 vols., 1836-1839; 2nd ed., 1846); P . D . Rainguet, Biographie saintongeaise (1852) . See also the publications of the Societe See also:

des archives historiques de la Saintonge et de l'Aunis (1874 fol.) . ST OUEN, an See also:

INDUSTRIAL

industrial See also:

TOWN

town of See also:

NORTHERN

northern France, in the department of See also:

Seine, on the right See also:

BANK

bank' of the Seiner m .

N. of the fortifications of Paris . Pop . (1906) 37,673 . A See also:

CHATEAU (from Lat. castellum, fortress, through O. Fr. chastel, chasteau)

chateau of the See also:

early 19th See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century occupies the site of a chateau of the 17th century bought by Madame de See also:

POMPADOUR, JEANNE ANTOINETTE POISSON LE NORMANT

Pompadour in 1745, where in 1814 See also:

Louis XVIII. signed the See also:

DECLARATION (from Lat. declarare, to make fully clear, clams)

declaration promising a constitutional See also:

CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter to France . Previously there existed a chateau built by See also:

Charles of See also:

Valois in the early years of the 14th century, where King See also:

John the See also:

GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

Good inaugurated the See also:

SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short-lived See also:

order of the Knights of " Notre See also:

Dame de la See also:

NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble maison," called also the " ordre de 1'etoile." The See also:

INDUSTRIES

industries of St Ouen include See also:

metal See also:

FOUNDING (from Lat. fundere, to pour)

founding, See also:

ENGINEERING

engineering and See also:

machine construction and the manufacture of See also:

government See also:

UNIFORMS

uniforms, pianos, chemical products, &c . It has important docks on the Seine and a See also:

RACE

race-course . ST PANCRAS, a northern See also:

METROPOLITAN (Lat. metropolitanus, Gr. µnrpoiroXtrns)

metropolitan See also:

borough of See also:

LONDON

London, England, bounded E. by See also:

ISLINGTON (in Domesday and later documents Iseldon, Isendon and in the 16th century Hisselton)

Islington, S.E. by See also:

FINSBURY

Finsbury, S. by See also:

HOLBORN

Holborn, and W. by St Marylebone and See also:

HAMPSTEAD

Hampstead, and extend-See also:

ing N. to the boundary of the See also:

COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county of London . Pop . (1901) 235,317 . In the See also:

south it includes a residential See also:

DISTRICT

district, containing boarding-houses and private hotels . In the centre are See also:

Camden Town and Kentish Town, and in the See also:

north, where part of See also:

HIGHGATE

Highgate is included, are numerous villas, in the vicinity of See also:

PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

Parliament See also:

Hill, adjoining Hampstead See also:

Heath . A thorough-fare called successively See also:

TOTTENHAM

Tottenham See also:

Court Road, Hampstead Road, High See also:

Street Camden Town, Kentish Town Road, and Highgate Road, runs from south to north; Euston Road crosses it in the south, and Camden Road and See also:

CHALK

Chalk See also:

FARM

Farm Road See also:

BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch from it at Camden Town .

Besides the greater part of Parliament Hill (267 acres), See also:

PURCHASED

purchased for the public use in 1886, the borough includes a small part of See also:

REGENT (from Lat. regere, to rule)

Regent's See also:

Park (mainly in the borough of St Marylebone) and See also:

WATERLOW, SIR ERNEST ALBERT (1850- )

Waterlow Park (29 acres) on the slope of Highgate Hill . It also contains the termini, King's See also:

CROSS

Cross, St Pancras, and Euston, of the See also:

GREAT

Great Northern, Midland, and London and North Western See also:

RAILWAYS

railways, with extensive goods depots of these companies . The See also:

PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish See also:

church of St Pancras in the See also:

FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

Fields, near Pancras Road, has lost its See also:

ancient See also:

CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character owing to reconstruction, though retaining several early monuments . The new church in Euston Road (1822) is a remarkable See also:

ADAPTATION (from Lat. adaptare. to fit to)

adaptation of classical See also:

MODELS

models . Among institutions, University See also:

COLLEGE (Collegium)

College, See also:

Gower Street, was founded in 1826, and provides See also:

EDUCATION

education in all branches See also:

COMMON

common to See also:

UNIVERSITIES

universities excepting See also:

THEOLOGY

theology . With the department of See also:

MEDICINE

medicine is connected the University College See also:

HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

Hospital (1833) opposite the College . There are several other hospitals; among them the Royal See also:

FREE

Free Hospital (See also:

Gray's See also:

Inn Road), the North-See also:

west London hospital, Kentish Town, and, in Euston Road, the See also:

BRITISH

British (See also:

Forbes See also:

WINSLOW, EDWARD (1595-1655)

Winslow memorial) hospital for See also:

MENTAL

mental disorders, British hospital for skin diseases, and New hospital for See also:

WOMEN

women, administered by See also:

FEMALE

female physicians . St Katherine's Hospital, a picturesque See also:

BUILDING

building overlooking Regent's Park, with a See also:

CHAPEL

chapel containing some See also:

RELICS (Lat, reliquiae, the equivalent of the English " remains " in the sense of a dead body)

relics of antiquity, was settled' here (1825) on the formation of the St Katherine's Docks near the See also:

TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

Tower of London, where it was founded by See also:

Queen See also:

Matilda in 1148 . Its patronage has always been associated with queens, and here was established the Queen See also:

Victoria See also:

Home for Nurses of the poor, founded out of the women's See also:

GIFT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. die Gift, gift, das Gift, poison, formed from the Teut. stem gab-, to give, cf. Dutch geven, Ger. geben; in O. Eng. the word appears with initial y, the guttural of later English is due to Scandinavian influence)

gift of See also:

MONEY

money to the Queen at her See also:

JUBILEE (or JUBILE), YEAR OF

jubilee (1887) . Other institutions are the London School of Medicine for women, the Royal Veterinary College and the Aldenham technical See also:

INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

institute . The Passmore See also:

Edwards See also:

Settlement, taking name from its See also:

PRINCIPAL

principal benefactor, was founded largely through the instrumentality of Mrs See also:

HUMPHRY, OZIAS (1742-1810)

Humphry See also:

Ward . Near Regent's Park is See also:

Cumberland See also:

MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

Market .

The See also:

PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary borough of St Pancras has north, south, See also:

east and west divisions, each returning one member . The borough See also:

COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council consists of a See also:

mayor, ro aldermen and 6o councillors . See also:

AREA

Area, 2694.4 acres . St Pancras is mentioned in Domesday as belonging to the See also:

CHAPTER (a shortened form of chapiter, a word still used in architecture for a capital; derived from O. Fr. chapitre, Lat. capitellum, diminutive of caput, head)

chapter of St See also:

Paul's See also:

CATHEDRAL

Cathedral, in which See also:

BODY

body the lordship of the manors of Cantelows (Kentish Town) and Totenhall (Tottenham Court) was also invested . Camden Town takes name from See also:

Baron Camden (d . 1794), See also:

lord See also:

CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor under See also:

George III . King's Cross was so called from a statue of George IV., erected in 1830, greatly ridiculed and removed in 1845, but an earlier name, See also:

BATTLE

Battle See also:

BRIDGE

Bridge, is tradition-ally derived from the stand of Queen See also:

BOADICEA

Boadicea against the See also:

Romans, or from one of See also:

ALFRED

Alfred's contests with the Danes . See also:

SOMERS, JOHN SOMERS (or SOMMERS), BARON (1651–1716)

Somers Town, between King's Cross and Camden Town, was formerly inhabited by refugees from the See also:

French Revolution, many of whom were buried in St Pancras See also:

churchyard . In the locality of Somers Town there were formerly to be traced earthworks of unknown See also:

AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, which See also:

William See also:

STUKELEY, WILLIAM (1687-2765)

Stukeley argued had belonged to a See also:

ROMAN

Roman See also:

CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp of See also:

JULIUS

Julius Caesar . Attached to the former See also:

MANOR

manor-See also:

house of Totenhall was one of the famous See also:

PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure resorts of the 17th and 18th centuries, and from c . 1760 to the See also:

MIDDLE

middle of the 19th century the gardens at Bagnigge See also:

Wells (King's Cross Road) were greatly favoured; there were here, moreover, medicinal springs . ST PAUL, a volcanic See also:

ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island in the See also:

SOUTHERN

southern See also:

INDIAN

Indian Ocean, in 38° 42' 50" S., 770 32' 29" E., 6o m .

S. of See also:

Amsterdam Island, belonging to France . The two islands belong to two See also:

SEPARATE

separate eruptive areas characterized by quite different products; and the See also:

COMPARATIVE

comparative bareness of St Paul contrasts with the dense vegetation of Amsterdam . On the north-east of St Paul, which has an area of 21 sq. m., is a See also:

LAND

land-locked See also:

bay, representing the old See also:

CRATER

crater, with its rim broken down on one See also:

side by the See also:

sea . The highest See also:

ridge of the island is not more than 82o ft. above the sea . On the south-west side the coasts are inaccessible . According to Velain, the island originally See also:

rose above the ocean as a See also:

mass of rhyolitic See also:

TRACHYTE (Gr. rpaxus, rough)

trachyte similar to that which still forms the Nine See also:

PIN (a doublet with " pen " from Lat. pinna, feather, pinnacle, which is said to contain the same root as irirvs, pine tree, and properly to mean a sharp point or end)

Pin See also:

rock to the north of the entrance to the crater . Next followed a See also:

period of activity in which basic rocks were produced by submarine eruptions—lavas and scoriae of anorthitic character, palagonitic tuffs, and basaltic ashes; and finally from the crater, which must have been a vast See also:

lake of See also:

FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire like those in the See also:

Sandwich Islands, poured forth quiet streams of basaltic lavas which are seen dipping from the centre of the island towards the cliffs at angles of 20° to 30° . The only remaining indications of volcanic activity are the warm springs and emanations of See also:

CARBON (symbol C, atomic weight 12)

carbon dioxide . See C . Velain, Passage de See also:

VENUS

Venus sur le soleil (g decembre 1874) . Expedition francaise aux Iles St Paul et Amsterdam (Paris, 1877) ; Description geologique de la presqu'ile d'See also:

ADEN

Aden ... See also:

REUNION

Reunion .

. . St Paul et Amsterdam (Paris, 1878) ; and an See also:

ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article in Annales de geographie, 1893 . ST PAUL, the capital of See also:

MINNESOTA

Minnesota, U.S.A., and the county-seat of See also:

Ramsey county, situated on the See also:

MISSISSIPPI

Mississippi See also:

RIVER

river, about 2150 M. above its mouth, at the See also:

PRACTICAL

practical See also:

head of See also:

NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation, just below the Falls of St See also:

Anthony . It is about 36o m . N . W. of See also:

Chicago, See also:

ILLINOIS

Illinois, and its W. limits directly See also:

TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

touch the limits of Minneapolis . Pop . (1880) 41,473; (1890) 133,156; (1900) 163,632, of whom 46,819 were See also:

FOREIGN

foreign-See also:

BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born (12,935 Germans, 9852 Swedes, 4892 Irish, 3557 See also:

ENGLISH

English-Canadians, 2900 Norwegians, 2005 English, 1488 Austrians, 1343 Bohemians, 1206 Danes, and 1015 French-Canadians), 100,599 of foreign parentage (i.e. both parents foreign born), and 2263 negroes; (1910 See also:

CENSUS (from Lat. censere, to estimate or assess; connected by some with centum, i.e. a count by hundreds)

census) 214,744 . Land area (1906) 52.28 sq. m . St Paul is served by the Chicago, See also:

BURLINGTON

Burlington & See also:

Quincy, the Chicago Great Western, the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, the Northern Pacific, the Minneapolis, St Paul & Sault Ste See also:

MARIE

Marie, the Chicago & North-western, the Chicago, See also:

MILWAUKEE

Milwaukee & St Paul, the Great Northern, and the Minneapolis & St Louis railways . Five See also:

bridges span the Mississippi, the largest of which, known as High Bridge, is 2770 ft. See also:

long and 200 ft. high . Four interurban lines connect with Minneapolis .

St Paul is attractively situated 670-88o ft. above sea-level, on a See also:

SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of lofty See also:

LIMESTONE

limestone terraces or bluffs, formerly heavily wooded . It lies on both sides of the river, but the principal part is on the east bank . In its park See also:

SYSTEM

system the numerous lakes within and near the See also:

CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city have been utilized . Of the parks, See also:

Como Park (425 acres; including Lake Como and a See also:

FINE

fine See also:

JAPANESE

Japanese See also:

GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden and a See also:

LILY

lily See also:

pond), and Phalen Park (600 acres, more than 400 of which are See also:

WATER

water area), are the largest . There are also 47 smaller squares and " neighbourhood parks " aggregating 56o acres . In Indian Park (135 acres), at the See also:

crest of the bluffs (See also:

DAYTON

Dayton's Bluffs), in the east central part of the city, are See also:

BURIAL

burial-mounds of the See also:

SIOUX

Sioux . See also:

SUMMIT

Summit See also:

AVENUE (the past participle feminine of Fr. avenir, to come to)

Avenue See also:

BOULEVARD (a Fr. word, earlier boulevart, from Dutch or Ger. Bollwerk, cf. Eng. " bulwark ")

Boulevard, 200 ft. wide and extending for 22 M. along the heights, is a fine residential street . Boulevards along the bluffs on either side of the river connect with the Minneapolis park system . Harriet Island, in the Mississippi river opposite the business centre of the city, is attractively parked, and on it are public paths . Adjoining the city .on the south-west, at the junction of the Minnesota and Mississippi See also:

rivers, is the Fort Snelling U.S . Government Military See also:

RESERVATION (Lat. reservare, to keep back)

Reservation, with a See also:

ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round See also:

stone fort, built in 1820 . The principal public building is the See also:

State Capitol, completed in 1905 .

It was designed by See also:

CASS, LEWIS (1782–1866)

Cass See also:

Gilbert (b . 1859), is of Minnesota See also:

GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite and See also:

white See also:

GEORGIA

Georgia See also:

MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble with a massive central white See also:

DOME (Lat domus, house; Ital. duomo, cathedral)

dome, and has sculptural decorations by D . C . French and interior decorations by John La Farge, E . H . See also:

BLASHFIELD, EDWIN HOWLAND (1848– )

Blashfield, Elmer E . Garnsey (b . 1862), and See also:

EDWARD

Edward See also:

SIMMONS, EDWARD EMERSON (1852– )

Simmons (b . 1852) . Other prominent buildings are the City See also:

Hall and Court House, a See also:

GOTHIC

Gothic greystone structure; the Federal building, of greystone, opposite See also:

Rice Park; a See also:

Young Men's See also:

Christian Association building; the Metropolitan See also:

OPERA (Italian for " work ")

Opera House; the Auditorium, which was built by public subscription; the St Paul armoury (1905), with a See also:

DRILL

drill hall; the Chamber of See also:

Commerce; and the See also:

Union railway station . Among the principal churches are the Roman See also:

CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic Cathedral, and the See also:

PEOPLE

People's, the Central Presbyterian, the Park Congre-gational, and the First Baptist churches . The wholesale district is in the See also:

LOWER

lower part of the city near the Union railway station; the See also:

RETAIL

retail shops are mostly in an area bounded by Wabasha, Seventh, See also:

FOURTH

Fourth and See also:

Roberts streets .

St Paul has an excellent public school system, which include) in 1909 three high See also:

SCHOOLS

schools, a teachers' training school, a manua training high school, See also:

FORTY

forty-eight grade schools, and a parenta school . Among other educational institutions are the Freemai School; St Paul See also:

Academy; See also:

Barnard School for Boys; St Paul College of See also:

Law (rgoo); the College of St See also:

Thomas (Romar . Catholic, 1885); St Paul See also:

SEMINARY (Lat. seminarium, from semen, seed)

Seminary (Roman Catholic, 1894), founded by See also:

James J . Hill as the provincial seminary of the ecclesiastical See also:

province of St Paul with an endowment of $500,000, 40 acres of land, and a library of xo,000 volumes; See also:

LUTHER, MARTIN (1483-1546)

Luther Theological Seminary (1885); Hamline University (co-educational; Methodist Episcopal), chartered in 1854, with a medical school in Minneapolis (chartered 1883; part of Hamline since 1895), and having in the college and preparatory school, in 1908-1909, 17 instructors and 384 students; Macalester College (Presbyterian; co-educational), founded as See also:

Baldwin Institute in 1853, reorganized and renamed in 1874 in See also:

HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of a benefactor, Charles Macalester (1798-1873) of See also:

PHILADELPHIA

Philadelphia; and the School of See also:

Agriculture (1888) and the Agricultural Experiment Station (1887) of the University of Minnesota, in St Anthony Park, west of Como Park and south of the See also:

FAIR

fair grounds . Among the See also:

LIBRARIES

libraries are the City Public Library, the State Law Library and the Minnesota See also:

HISTORICAL

Historical Society Library . The Minnesota Historical Society, organized in 1849, has an archaeological collection in the east wing of the Capitol . In the private See also:

RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence of James J . Hill is a notable See also:

art See also:

GALLERY (through Ital. galleria, from Med. Lat. galeria, of which the origin is unknown)

gallery, containing one of the largest and best collections of the See also:

BARBIZON

Barbizon School in existence . The principal See also:

NEWSPAPERS

newspapers are the See also:

DISPATCH, or DESPATCH

Dispatch (See also:

INDEPENDENT

Independent, 1878) and the See also:

PIONEER

Pioneer-See also:

PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

Press, the latter established by James M . Goodhue (1800-1852) in 1849 . Among the hospitals and charitable institutions are the City and County, St See also:

Joseph's and St See also:

Luke's hospitals, all having nurses' training schools; the See also:

SWEDISH

Swedish Hospital, the Scandinavian See also:

ORPHAN

Orphan See also:

Asylum, the Home. for the Friendless, the Magdalen Home and the Women's Christian Home . Within the city limits (east of Indian Mounds Park) is the Willowbrook (state) See also:

Fish Hatchery, second to none in the See also:

UNITED

United States in completeness of equipment; and adjoining the city on the north-west are the extensive grounds (200 acres) and buildings of the State Agricultural Society, where fairs are held annually .

Although as a manufacturing city St Paul, not possessing the wonderful water-See also:

POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of its See also:

SISTER

sister city, does not equal Minneapolis, yet as a commercial and wholesale distributing centre it is in some respects See also:

SUPERIOR

superior, and it is the principal jobbing market of the North-west . Situated at the natural head of navigation on the Mississippi, it has several competing lines of river steamboats in addition to the See also:

SHIPPING

shipping facilities provided by its railways and the lines of the Minnesota See also:

TRANSFER (from Lat. transferre, to bear across, carry over)

Transfer Co., a See also:

belt See also:

LINE

line with 62 m. of track encircling St Paul and Minneapolis . St Paul is the See also:

PORT

port of entry for the Minnesota Customs District, and imports from See also:

CANADA

Canada and from the Orient via the Pacific railways constitute an important See also:

FACTOR (from Lat. facere, to make or do)

factor in its commercial See also:

LIFE

life, its imports and exports were valued at $6,I54,289 and $9,909,940 respectively in 1909 . See also:

COAL

Coal and See also:

wood, See also:

GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain, farm produce and See also:

DAIRY

dairy products are important exports . St Paul is the principal market in the United States for the furs of the North-west, and there are extensive stock-yards and slaughtering and packing houses in the neighbouring city of South St Paul (pop. in 1910, 4510), St Paul ranks second to Minneapolis among the cities of the state as a manufacturing centre . The See also: