See also:

• COMTE, AUGUSTE [ISIDORE AUGUSTE MARIE FRANCOIS XAVIER] (1798-1857)

COMTE DE See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

ALEXANDER See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

CHARLES OMER ROUSSELIN DE CORBEAU See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

SAINT ALBIN (1773-1847)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French politician, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, of a See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble Dauphinois See also:

• FAMILY

family, and was educated at the See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College d'See also:

• HARCOURT
• HARCOURT, SIMON HARCOURT, 1ST VISCOUNT (c. 1661-1727)
• HARCOURT, SIR WILLIAM GEORGE GRANVILLE VENABLES VERNON (1827-1904)
• HARCOURT, WILLIAM VERNON (1789-1871)

Harcourt . He embraced the revolutionary ideas with See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm . As See also:

• CIVIL

civil See also:

• COMMISSIONER

commissioner at See also:

• TROYES

Troyes he was accused of terrorism by some, and by the revolutionary tribunal• of moderation . He was imprisoned for a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time in 1794 . On his See also:

• RELEASE (O.Fr. reles, variant of relais, from relaisser, to release, let go, Lat. relaxare)

release the Citoyen Rousselin entered the See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry of the interior, and under the See also:

• DIRECTORY

Directory he became secretary-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general, and then civil commissioner of the See also:

• SEINE
• SEINE (Lat. Sequana)
• SEINE, or SEAN (O. Fr. seigne, mod. seine, Lat. sagena, Gr. vaytivrl, a draw-net)

Seine . Attached to the party of Bernadotte, he was looked on with suspicion by the imperial See also:

• POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

police, and during the later years of the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire spent his time in retirement at See also:

• PROVENCE (Provincia, Proenza)

Provence . During the See also:

• HUNDRED

Hundred Days, however, he served under See also:

• CARNOT, LAZARE EIPPOLYTE (18ot-1888)
• CARNOT, MARIE FRANCOIS SADI (1837-1894)
• CARNOT, SADI NICOLAS LEONHARD (1796-1832)

Carnot at the ministry of the interior . Under the Restoration he defended Liberal principles 'in the Constitutionnel, of which he was the founder . Although See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis Philippe had been his friend since the days of the, Revolution, he accepted no See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office from the See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy of See also:

• JULY

July . He retired from the Constitutionnel in 1838, and died on the 15th of See also:

• JUNE

June 1847 . His See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• WORKS

works See also:

• DEAL

deal with the soldiers of the Revolution . They are: See also:

• VIE

Vie de Lazare See also:

• HOCHE, LAZARE (1768-1797)

Hoche (2 vols., 1798); See also:

• NOTICE

Notice historique sur le general See also:

• MARBOT, JEAN BAPTISTE ANTOINE MARCELIN, BARON DE (1782-18J4)

Marbot (1800); M. de Championnel (186o); and notices of others posthumously published by his son, See also:

• HORTENSIUS, QUINTUS
• HORTENSIUS, QUINTUS (114—50 B.C.)

Hortensius de See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint Albin, as Documents relatifs a la Revolution Francaise ..

. (1873) . ST ALDEGONDE, See also:

• PHILIPS, AMBROSE (c. 1675-1749)
• PHILIPS, JOHN (1676-1708)
• PHILIPS, KATHARINE (1631-1664)

PHILIPS See also:

• VAN

VAN MARNIX, HEER VAN (1538-1598), Dutch writer and statesman, was born at See also:

• BRUSSELS (Fr. Bruxelles, Flem. Brussel)

Brussels, the son of See also:

• JACOB
• JACOB, JOHN (1812-1858)

Jacob van Marnix, See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

baron of Pottes . He studied See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology under See also:

• CALVIN, JOHN (1509-1564)

Calvin and See also:

• BEZA (DE BESZE), THEODORE (1519—1605)

Beza at See also:

• GENEVA
• GENEVA (Fr. Geneve, Ger. Genf, Ital. Ginevra, Late Lat. Gebenna, though Genava in good Latin)
• GENEVA, LAKE OF

Geneva and, returning to the See also:

• NETHERLANDS

Netherlands in 156o, threw himself energetically into the cause of the See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation, taking an active See also:

• PART

part in the See also:

• COMPROMISE (pronounced compromize; through Fr. from Lat. compromittere)

compromise of the nobles in 1565 and the See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly of St Trond . He made himself conspicuous by issuing a pamphlet in See also:

• JUSTIFICATION

justification of the See also:

• ICONOCLASTS

iconoclasts who devastated See also:

• FLANDERS (Flem. Vlaanderen)

Flanders in 1566, and on See also:

• ALVA
• ALVA, or ALBA, FERNANDO ALVAREZ DE TOLEDO, DUKE OF, (1508-1583)

Alva's arrival next See also:

• YEAR

year had to See also:

• FLY (formed on the root of the supposed original Tent. fleugan, to fly)

fly the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . After spending some time in See also:

• FRIESLAND, or VRIESLAND

Friesland and in the See also:

• PALATINATE (Ger. Pfalz)

Palatinate he was in 1570 taken into the service of See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William, See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of See also:

• ORANGE
• ORANGE (Citrus Aurantium)
• ORANGE, HOUSE OF

Orange, and in 1572 was sent as his representative to the first See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting of the States-general assembled at See also:

• DORDRECHT (abbreviated Dordt, or Dort)

Dordrecht . In 1573 he was taken prisoner by the Spaniards at Maaslandsluys, but was exchanged in the following year . He was sent as the representative of the insurgent provinces to Paris and See also:

• LONDON

London, where he in vain attempted to secure the effective assistance of See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth . In 1578 he was at the See also:

• DIET

diet of See also:

• WORMS

Worms, where he made an eloquent but fruitless See also:

• APPEAL

appeal for aid to the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German princes . Equally vain were his efforts in the same year to persuade the magistrates of See also:

• GHENT (Flem. Gent, Fr. Gand)

Ghent to cease persecuting the Catholics in the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city . He took a conspicuous part in arranging the See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

Union of See also:

• UTRECHT
• UTRECHT, TREATY OF

Utrecht, and in 1583 was chosen burgomaster of See also:

• ANTWERP
• ANTWERP (Fr. Anvers)

Antwerp . In 1585 he surrendered the city, after a 13 months' See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege, to the Spaniards . Violently attacked by the See also:

• ENGLISH

English and by his own countrymen for this See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act, he retired from public affairs and, See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save for a See also:

• MISSION

mission to Paris in 1J9o, lived henceforth in See also:

• LEIDEN

Leiden or on his See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate in See also:

• ZEELAND (or ZEALAND)

Zeeland, where he worked at a See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of the See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible .

He died at Leiden on the 15th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1598 . St Aldegonde, or Marnix (by which name he is very commonly known), is celebrated for his See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share in the See also:

• GREAT

great development of Dutch literature which followed the classical See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period represented by such writers as the poet and historian Pieter See also:

• HOOFT, PIETER CORNELISSEN (1581-1647)

Hooft . Of his works the best known is the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• BEE (Sanskrit blza, AS. ben, Lat. apis)

Bee-hive (De roomsche byen-korf), published in 1569 during his See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile in Friesland, a See also:

• BITTER, KARL THEODORE FRANCIS (1867– )

bitter See also:

• SATIRE (Lat. satira, satura; see below)

satire on the faith andpractices of the Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church . This was translated or adapted in French, German and English . As a poet, St Aldegonde is mainly known through his admirable metrical translation of the See also:

• PSALMS, BOOK
• PSALMS, BOOK OF, or PSALTER

Psalms (1580), and the celebrated Wilhelmus van Nassauwe, one of the two officially recognized See also:

• NATIONAL

national anthems of See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland, is also ascribed to him . His See also:

• COMPLETE

complete works, edited by See also:

• LACROIX, ANTOINE FRANCOIS ALFRED (1863— )
• LACROIX, PAUL (1806—1884)

Lacroix and See also:

• QUINET, EDGAR (1803-1875)

Quinet, were published at Brussels in 7 vols . (1855-1859), and his religious and theological writings, edited by Van Turenenbergen, at Paris, in 3 vols . (1871-1891) . See E . Quinet, Marnix de St Aldegonde (Paris, 1854) ; Juste, Vie de Marnix (The See also:

• HAGUE, THE (in Dutch, 's Gravenhage, or, abbreviated, den Haag; in Fr. La Haye; and in Late Lat. Haga Comitis)

Hague, 1858) ; Fredericq, Marnix en zijne nederlandsche geschriften (Ghent, 1882) ; Tjalma, Philips van Marnix, See also:

• BEER

beer van Sint-Aldegonde (See also:

• AMSTERDAM
• AMSTERDAM (NEw AMSTERDAM)

Amsterdam, 1896) . ST ALDWYN, See also:

• MICHAEL
• MICHAEL (1596-1645)
• MICHAEL (Hebrew Sn,q, " Who is like God? ")

MICHAEL See also:

• EDWARD

EDWARD See also:

• HICKS, ELIAS (1748-1830)
• HICKS, HENRY (1837-1899)
• HICKS, WILLIAM (1830-1883)

HICKS See also:

• BEACH

BEACH, 1ST See also:

• VISCOUNT (through O. Fr. viscomte, mod. vicomte, from Low Lat. vice-comes, cf. Portug. visconde, Ital. visconte)

VISCOUNT (1837— ), English statesman, son of See also:

• SIR

Sir Michael Hicks Beach, 8th See also:

• BART, JEAN (1651-1702)

Bart., whom he succeeded in 1854, was born in London in 1837, and was educated at See also:

• ETON

Eton and See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ Church, See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford, where he graduated with a first class in the school of See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law and See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• HISTORY

history . In 1864 he was returned to See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament as a Conservative for See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East See also:

• GLOUCESTERSHIRE

Gloucestershire, the See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county in which his estates of Williamstrip See also:

• PARK (Fr. part; Ital. parco; Sp. Marque; O.Eng. pearroc; connected with Ger. pferch, fold, and pfarrei, district, translating med. Lat. parochia, parish)
• PARK, EDWARDS AMASA (1808–1900)
• PARK, MUNGO (1771-1806?)

Park were situated; and during 1868 he acted both as See also:

• PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary secretary to the Poor Law See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

Board and as under-secretary for the See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

Home See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

Department .

In 1874 he was made chief secretary for See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland, and was included in the See also:

• CABINET

Cabinet in 1877 . From 1878 to 188o he was secretary of See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state for the colonies . In 1885 he was elected for See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West See also:

• BRISTOL
• BRISTOL, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF
• BRISTOL, GEORGE DIGBY, 2ND EARL OF1 (1612-1677)
• BRISTOL, JOHN DIGBY, 1ST EARL OF 6 (1580-1653)

Bristol, and the Conservative party having returned to See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power, became See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor of the See also:

• EXCHEQUER

exchequer and See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader of the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House of See also:

• COMMONS

Commons . After Mr See also:

• GLADSTONE
• GLADSTONE, JOHN HALL (1827-1902)
• GLADSTONE, WILLIAM EWART (1809–1898)

Gladstone's brief Home See also:

• RULE

Rule Ministry in 1886 he entered See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• SALISBURY
• SALISBURY, EARLS OF
• SALISBURY, ROBERT ARTHUR TALBOT GASCOYNECECIL, 3RD MARQUESS OF (1830-1903)
• SALISBURY, ROBERT CECIL, 1ST EARL OF (c. 1565-1612)
• SALISBURY, THOMAS DE MONTACUTE, 4TH EARL OF (1388-1428)
• SALISBURY, WILLIAM LONGSWORD (or LONGESPEE), EARL OF (d. 1226)

Salisbury's next Cabinet again as Irish secretary, making way for Lord See also:

• RANDOLPH, EDMUND [JENNINGS] (1753–1813)
• RANDOLPH, JOHN (1773–1833)
• RANDOLPH, PEYTON (1721-1775)
• RANDOLPH, THOMAS (1523-1590)
• RANDOLPH, THOMAS (1605-1635)

Randolph See also:

• CHURCHILL (MISSINNIPPI or ENGLISH)
• CHURCHILL, CHARLES (1731-1764)
• CHURCHILL, LORD RANDOLPH HENRY SPENCER (1849-1895)

Churchill as leader of the House; but troubles with his eyesight compelled him to resign in 1887, and meanwhile Mr See also:

• GOSCHEN, GEORGE JOACHIM GOSCHEN

Goschen replaced Lord Randolph as chancellor of the exchequer . From 1888 to 1892 Sir Michael Hicks Beach returned to active See also:

• WORK

work as See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the Board of See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

Trade, and in 1895—Mr Goschen being transferred to the See also:

• ADMIRALTY, HIGH COURT OF

Admiralty—he again became chancellor of the exchequer . In 1899 he lowered the fixed See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge for the National See also:

• DEBT (Lat. debitum, a thing owed)

Debt from twenty-five to twenty-three millions—a reduction imperatively required, apart from other reasons, by the difficulties found in redeeming See also:

• CONSOLS

Consols at their then inflated See also:

• PRICE
• PRICE, BARTHOLOMEW (1818–1898)
• PRICE, BONAMY (1807-1888)
• PRICE, RICHARD (1723-1791)

price . When compelled to find means for financing the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war in See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa, he insisted on combining the raising of loans with the See also:

• IMPOSITION (from Lat. imponere, to place or lay upon)

imposition of fresh See also:

• TAXATION
• TAXATION (from " tax," derived, through the French, from Lat. taxare, to appraise, which again is connected with the same root as tangere, to touch)

taxation; and besides raising the income-tax each year, up to is . 3d. in 1902, he introduced taxes on See also:

• SUGAR

sugar and exported See also:

• COAL

coal (1901), and in 1902 proposed the reimposition of the See also:

• REGISTRATION

registration See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty on See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn and See also:

• FLOUR

flour which had been abolished in 1869 by Mr See also:

• LOWE, JOHANN KARL GOTTFRIED (1796-1869)
• LOWE, SIR HUDSON (1769-1844)

Lowe . The See also:

• SALE
• SALE, GEORGE (c. 1697-1736)
• SALE, SIR ROBERT HENRY (1782—1845)

sale of his Netheravon estates in See also:

• WILTSHIRE [WILTS]

Wiltshire to the War Office in 1898 occasioned some acrid See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism concerning the valuation, for which, however, Sir Michael himself was not responsible . On Lord Salisbury's retirement in 1902 Sir Michael Hicks Beach also See also:

• LEFT

left the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government . He accepted the chairmanship of the Royal See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

Commission on Ritualistic Practices in the Church, and he did valuable work as an arbitrator; and though when the fiscal controversy arose he became a member of the See also:

• FREE

Free-See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food See also:

• LEAGUE

League, his parliamentary See also:

• LOYALTY

loyalty to Mr See also:

• BALFOUR, FRANCIS MAITLAND (1851-1882)
• BALFOUR, ROBERT (known also as BALFOREUS) (1550?-1625?)
• BALFOUR, SIR JAMES (of Pittendreich) (d. 1583 Or 1584)
• BALFOUR, SIR JAMES, BART

Balfour did much to prevent the Unionist free-traders from precipitating a rupture . When Mr Balfour resigned in 1905 he was raised to the See also:

• PEERAGE
• PEERAGE (Fr. pairage, med. Lat. paragium; M.E. Pere, 0. Fr. per, peer, later pair; Lat. Paris, " equal ")

peerage as Viscount St Aldwyn .

ST AMAND-See also:

• LES

LES-EAUX, a See also:

• TOWN

town of See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, in the department of See also:

• NORD

Nord, at the junction of the Elnon with the Scarpe, 22 M . S.E. of See also:

• LILLE

Lille by See also:

• RAIL

rail . Pop . (1906), town, 10,195; See also:

• COMMUNE (Med. Lat. communia, Lat. communis, common)
• COMMUNE, MEDIEVAL

commune, 14,454 . The town has a communal college and a school of See also:

• DRAWING

drawing, and carries on See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron-See also:

• FOUNDING (from Lat. fundere, to pour)

founding and the manufacture of See also:

• PORCELAIN

porcelain, See also:

• HOSIERY

hosiery, chains and nails, but is better known for its See also:

• MINERAL

mineral See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters and mud See also:

• BATHS

baths . There are five springs; the See also:

• WATER

water (67° to 77° F.) contains sulphate of See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

lime and See also:

• SULPHUR

sulphur, and deposits See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white gelatinous threads without See also:

• SMELL (connected etymologically with " smoulder " and " smoke ")

smell or See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste . The mud baths are of benefit to patients suffering from See also:

• RHEUMATISM (from Gr. /56µa, flux)

rheumatism, See also:

• GOUT

gout and certain affections of See also:

• LIVER (O. Eng. lifer; cf. cognate forms, Dutch lever, Ger. Leber, Swed. lefver, &c.; the O. H. Ger. forms are libara, lipora, &c.; the Teut. word has been connected with Gr. i'prap and Lat. jecur)

liver and skin . Though from the See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of statues and coins in the mud it is evident that these must have been frequented during the Roman period, it was only at the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the 17th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century that they again became of more than See also:

• LOCAL

local celebrity . Of the See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

abbey there remain an entrance See also:

• PAVILION

pavilion serving as town See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall and the richly decorated See also:

• FACADE

facade of the church, both dating from the 17th century . St Amand owes its name to St Amand, See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of Tongres, who founded a monastery here in the 7th century . The abbey was laid See also:

• WASTE (O. Fr. wast, guast, gast, gaste; Lat. vastus, vast, desolate)

waste by the See also:

• NORMANS

Normans in 882 and by the See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count of See also:

• HAINAUT (Flem. Henegouwen, Ger. Hennegau)

Hainaut in 1340 . The town was captured by See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary of See also:

• BURGUNDY

Burgundy in 1477, by the count of Ligne, See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles V.'s See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant, in 1521, and finally in 1667 by the French .

In 1793 St Amand was the headquarters of General See also:

• DUMOURIEZ, CHARLES FRANCOIS (1739—1823)

Dumouriez in revolt against the Republican government . ST-AMAND-MONT-ROND, a town of central France, See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of an See also:

• ARRONDISSEMENT (from arrondir, to make round)

arrondissement in the department of See also:

• CHER

Cher, 39 M . S. by E. of See also:

• BOURGES

Bourges on the railway to Montlucon . Pop . (1906), 7711 . The town stands at the See also:

• FOOT

foot of the See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill of Mont-Rond on the right See also:

• BANK

bank of the Cher, at its confluence with the See also:

• MARMANDE

Marmande and on the See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal of See also:

• BERRY, CHARLES ALBERT (1852-1899)
• BERRY, CHARLES FERDINAND
• BERRY, JOHN, DUKE OF (1340-1416)
• BERRY, or BERRI

Berry . A church of the period of transition from the Romanesque to See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style and several old houses are the more interesting buildings . The beautiful See also:

• CHATEAU (from Lat. castellum, fortress, through O. Fr. chastel, chasteau)

chateau of Meillant, built from 1500 to 1510 by the See also:

• ADMIRAL

admiral Charles of See also:

• AMBOISE
• AMBOISE, GEORGES

Amboise, is 52 m. from St Amand; and the abbey of Noirlac, a See also:

• FINE

fine type of Cistercian abbey with a 12th-century church, is 22 M. from the town . The town See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew up See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round a monastery founded by St Amand, a follower of St See also:

• COLUMBAN (543-615)

Columban, in the 7th century . Its ruined stronghold, on the hill of Mont-Rond, was of importance in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages, and during the See also:

• FRONDE, THE

Fronde, when it belonged to the great See also:

• CONDE
• CONDE, LOUIS DE BOURBON, PRINCE
• CONDE, LOUIS II
• CONDE, PRINCES OF

Conde, was a centre of resistance to the royal troops, by whom it was taken after a siege of eleven months in 1652 . It was for a time the See also:

• PROPERTY

property of See also:

• SULLY, JAMES (1842– )
• SULLY, MAXIMILIEN DE BETHUNE
• SULLY, THOMAS (1783—1872)

Sully, who retired to it under the regency of See also:

• MARIE

Marie de' See also:

• MEDICI
• MEDICI, GIACOMO (1817-1882)

Medici . SAINT-AMANT, MARC See also:

• ANTOINE, ANDRE (1858- )

ANTOINE DE See also:

• GERARD (c. 1040-1120)
• GERARD (d. I1o8)
• GERARD, ETIENNE MAURICE, COUNT (1773–1852)
• GERARD, FRANCOIS, BARON (1770-1837)
• GERARD, JEAN IGNACE ISIDORE (1803-1847)
• GERARD, JOHN (1545-1612)
• GERARD, or GIRARD, AUDRAN

GERARD, SIEUR DE (1594-1661), French poet, was born near See also:

• ROUEN

Rouen in the year 1594 .

His See also:

• FATHER

father was a See also:

• MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

merchant who had, according to his son's See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account, been a sailor and had commanded for 22 years une escadre de la reine Elizabeth—a vague statement that lacks See also:

• CONFIRMATION (Lat. confirmatio, from confirmare, to establish, make firm)

confirmation . The son obtained a patent of See also:

• NOBILITY

nobility, and attached himself to different great noblemen—the duc de See also:

• RETZ, JEAN FRANCOIS PAUL DE GONDI, CARDINAL DE (1614-1679)
• RETZ, SEIGNEURS AND DUKES OF

Retz and the See also:

• COMTE, AUGUSTE [ISIDORE AUGUSTE MARIE FRANCOIS XAVIER] (1798-1857)

comte d'Harcourt among others . He saw military service and sojourned at different times in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England-a sojourn which provoked from him a violent poetical attack on the country, See also:

• ALBION
• ALBION (in Ptolemy 'A)wviw; Lat. Albion, Pliny 4.16[301,102)

Albion (1643)—in See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland, where he held a See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment for two years, and elsewhere . Saint-Amant's later years were spent in France; and he died at Paris on the 29th of Decemoe.1661 . Saint-Ainant has left a not inconsiderable See also:

• BODY

body of See also:

• POETRY

poetry . His Albion and See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome ridicule set the See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion of the See also:

• BURLESQUE (Ital. burlesco, from burla, a joke, fun, playful trick)

burlesque poem, a See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form in which he was excelled by his follower See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul See also:

• SCARRON, PAUL (1610-166o)

Scarron . In his later years he devoted himself to serious subjects and produced an epic, Molise sauve (1653) . His best work consists of Bacchanalian songs, his Debauche being one of the most remarkable convivial poems of its See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind . The See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard edition is that in the Bibliotheque Elzevirienne, by M . C . L . Livet (2 vols .

Paris, 1855) .