JACQUES LEROY DE See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

SAINT See also:

• ARNAUD, HENRI (1641-1721)

ARNAUD (1801-1854)  , See also:

• MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

marshal of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris on the 20th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 18o1 . He entered the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army in 1817, and after ten years of See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison service, which he varied by gambling and See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild courses, he still held only the lowest commissioned grade . He then resigned, led a See also:

• LIFE

life of See also:

• ADVENTURE (from Lat. res adventura, a thing about to happen)

adventure in several lands and returned to the army at See also:

• THIRTY

thirty as a sub-See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant . He took See also:

• PART

part in the suppression of the See also:

• VENDEE
• VENDEE, WARS OF THE

Vendee emeute,and was for a See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time on See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

General(Marshal) B ugeaud's See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff . But his debts and the scandals of his private life compelled him to go to See also:

• ALGERIA
• ALGERIA (Algerie)

Algeria as a See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

captain in the See also:

• FOREIGN

Foreign See also:

• LEGION (Lat. legio)

Legion . There he distinguished himself on numerous occasions, and after twelve years had risen to the See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of marechal de See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp . In 1848 he was placed at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of a See also:

• BRIGADE (Fr. and Ger. brigade, Ital. brigata, Span. brigada; the English use of the word dates from the early 17th century)

brigade during the revolution in Paris . On his return to See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa, it is said because See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon considered him suitable to be the military head of a coup d'etat, an expedition was made into Little Kabylia, in which St See also:

• ARNAUD, HENRI (1641-1721)

Arnaud showed his prowess as a See also:

• COMMANDER

commander-in-See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief and provided his superiors with the pretext for bringing him See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home as a general of See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division (See also:

• JULY

July 1851) . He succeeded Marshal Magnan as See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war and superintended the military operations of the coup d'etat of the 2nd of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December (1851) which placed Napoleon III. on the See also:

• THRONE

throne . A See also:

• YEAR

year later he was made marshal of France and a senator, remaining at the head of the war See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office till 1854, when he set out to command the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French in the See also:

• CRIMEA (ancient Tauris or Tauric Chersonese, called by the Russians by the Tatar name Krym or Crim)

Crimea, his See also:

• BRITISH

British colleague being See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• RAGLAN, FITZROY JAMES HENRY SOMERSET, 1ST BARON (1788-1855)

Raglan . He died on See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board See also:

• SHIP

ship on the 29th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1854 shortly after commanding at the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of the See also:

• ALMA

Alma . His See also:

• BODY

body was conveyed to France and buried in the Invalides .

See Lettres du Marechal de See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint Arnaud (Paris, 1855; 2nd edition with memoir by Sainte-Beuve, 1858) . ST ARNAUD, a See also:

• TOWN

town of Kara-Kara See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county, See also:

• VICTORIA
• VICTORIA (or VITTORIA), TOMMASSO LUDOVICO DA (C. I540-C. 1613)
• VICTORIA [ALEXANDRINA VICTORIA]

Victoria, See also:

• AUSTRALIA

Australia, 158 m. by See also:

• RAIL

rail N.W. of See also:

• MELBOURNE
• MELBOURNE, WILLIAM LAMB, 2ND VISCOUNT (1779-1848)

Melbourne . Pop . (Igor), 3656 . It is a flourishing town with a See also:

• FINE

fine town See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall, a school of mines and the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house, in which sittings of the supreme court are held . There are tanneries, See also:

• CHAFF (from the A.S. ceaf, allied to the O. High Ger. cheva, a husk or pod)

chaff and See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood yards, and See also:

• FLOUR

flour-and See also:

• BONE (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, in many of which it is confined to the shank of the leg, as in the German Bein)
• BONE, HENRY (1755-1834)

bone-See also:

• MILLS, JOHN (d. 1736)
• MILLS, ROGER QUARLES (1832– )

mills in the town, which lies in a See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold-See also:

• MINING

mining, See also:

• PASTORAL (from Lat. pastor, a shepherd)

pastoral and agricultural See also:

• DISTRICT

district, the mining being chiefly See also:

• QUARTZ

quartz . To the N.W. is some of the finest agricultural See also:

• LAND

land in the See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony . ST See also:

• ASAPH

ASAPH, a See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city and a contributory See also:

• PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary See also:

• BOROUGH (A.S. nominative burh, dative byrig, which produces some of the place-names ending in bury, a sheltered or fortified place, the camp of refuge of a tribe, the stronghold of a chieftain; cf. Ger. Burg, Fr. bor, bore, bourg)
• BOROUGH [BURROUGH, BURROWE, BORROWS], STEVEN (1525–1584)

borough of Flintshire, N . See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales, on the See also:

• RHYL

Rhyl-See also:

• DENBIGH (Dinbych)
• DENBIGH, WILLIAM FEILDING, 1ST EARL

Denbigh See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the See also:

• LONDON

London & See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North-Western railway, about 6 m. from each of these towns . Pop . (1901), 1788 . Its Welsh name, Llanelwy, is derived from the Elwy, between which stream and the Clwyd it stands .

Asaph, to whom the cathedral (one of the smallest in See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain) is dedicated, was See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop here after See also:

• KENTIGERN, ST, or MUNGO (" dear friend," a name given to him, according to Jocelyn, by St Servanus)

Kentigern's return hence to See also:

• GLASGOW

Glasgow, and died in 596 . The small, irregularly built town has also a See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church (See also:

• ANGLICAN

Anglican), remains of a Perpendicular See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel near Ffynnon See also:

• FAIR

Fair (St See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary's Well), a bishop's house, a See also:

• GRAMMAR (from Lat. grammatica, sc. ars; Gr. ypaµ)

grammar school (1882) and almshouses for eight poor widows, founded in 1678 by Bishop See also:

• BARROW
• BARROW (from A.S. beorh, a mount or hillock)
• BARROW, ISAAC (1630-1677)
• BARROW, SIR JOHN (1764-1848)

Barrow . The See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill on which St Asaph stands is Bryn Paulin, supposed to have been the camping-ground of Suetonius See also:

• PAULINUS (d. 644)
• PAULINUS, GAIUS SUETONIUS (1st century A.D.)

Paulinus, on his way to See also:

• ANGLESEY, ARTHUR ANNESLEY
• ANGLESEY, HENRY WILLIAM PAGET
• ANGLESEY, or ANGLESEA

Anglesey . The See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early cathedral, of wood, was burned by the See also:

• ENGLISH

English in 1247 and 1282, and that built by Bishop Anian in the 13th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century (Decorated) was mostly destroyed during the war of See also:

• OWEN, JOHN (1616-1683)
• OWEN, JOHN [OVENUS Or AUDOENUS] (c. 1560-1622)
• OWEN, ROBERT (1771-1858)
• OWEN, SIR HUGH (1804-1881)
• OWEN, SIR RICHARD (1804–1892)

Owen See also:

• GLENDOWER, OWEN (c. 1359–1415)

Glendower in 1402; Bishop Redman's See also:

• BUILDING

building (c . 1480) was completed by the erection of the See also:

• CHOIR (0. Fr. cuer from Lat. chorus; pronounced quire, and until the end of the 17th century so spelt, the spelling being altered to agree with the Fr. chceur)

choir about 1770 . During the See also:

• CIVIL

Civil War the Parliamentarians did not spare the building . The choir and See also:

• CHANCEL (through O. Fr. from Lat. plur. cancelli, dim. of cancer, grating, lattice, probably connected with an Indo-European root Kar-, to bend; cf. circus, curve, &c.)

chancel were restored, from designs by See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• GILBERT
• GILBERT (KINGSMILL) ISLANDS
• GILBERT (or GYLBERDE), WILLIAM (1544-1603)
• GILBERT, ALFRED (1854– )
• GILBERT, ANN (1821-1904)
• GILBERT, GROVE KARL (1843– )
• GILBERT, J
• GILBERT, JOHN (1810-1889)
• GILBERT, MARIE DOLORES ELIZA ROSANNA [" LOLA MONTEZ "] (1818-1861)
• GILBERT, NICOLAS JOSEPH LAURENT (1751–1780)
• GILBERT, SIR HUMPHREY (c. 1539-1583)
• GILBERT, SIR JOSEPH HENRY (1817-1901)
• GILBERT, SIR WILLIAM SCHWENK (1836– )

Gilbert See also:

• SCOTT, ALEXANDER (fl. 1550)
• SCOTT, DAVID (18o6-1849)
• SCOTT, MICHAEL (1789-1835)
• SCOTT, ROBERT (1811-1887)
• SCOTT, SIR GEORGE GILBERT (1811-1878)
• SCOTT, SIR WALTER, BART
• SCOTT, WILLIAM BELL (1811-1890)
• SCOTT, WINFIELD (1786-1866)

Scott, in 1867-1868, the See also:

• NAVE

nave in 1875 . The church is See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain, cruciform, and in See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style chiefly Decorated but partly Early English, with a square See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower; it has a library of nearly 2000 volumes (some rare); memorials to Bishop Dafydd ab Owain (d . 1502), to Bishop Luxmore (d . 1830), to the poetess Felicia See also:

• HEMANS, FELICIA DOROTHEA (1793-1835)

Hemans, a See also:

• RESIDENT

resident near St Asaph (d . 1835); and Perpendicular See also:

• OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

oak choir stalls . In the See also:

• NEIGHBOUR (O. Eng. neahgebiir, from Walt, " nigh," " near ")

neighbour-See also:

• HOOD,
• HOOD, JOHN BELL (1831–1879)
• HOOD, SAMUEL HOOD, VISCOUNT (1724–1816)
• HOOD, SIR SAMUEL (1762-1814)
• HOOD, THOMAS (1799-1845)
• HOOD, TOM (1835–1874)

hood is the See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• MANSION (through O. Fr. mansion, mod. maison, from Lat. mansio, dwelling-place, stage on a journey; manere, to remain)

mansion of Bodelwyddan, of which the See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate was bought by Sir W .

See also:

• WILLIAMS
• WILLIAMS, JOHN (1582-1650)
• WILLIAMS, JOHN (1796-1839)
• WILLIAMS, ROGER (c. 1604–1684)
• WILLIAMS, ROWLAND (1817-1870)
• WILLIAMS, SIR WILLIAM FENWICK

Williams, See also:

• SPEAKER

speaker of the House of See also:

• COMMONS

Commons in See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles II.'s time . ST See also:

• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (354-430)
• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (d. c.613)

AUGUSTINE, a city and the county-seat of St See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John's county, See also:

• FLORIDA

Florida, U.S.A., in the N.E. part of the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, about 36 m . S.E. of See also:

• JACKSONVILLE

Jacksonville . Pop . (Igo0) 4272, including 1735 negroes; (1910) 5494; many of the native whites are descendants of those Minorcans who were settled at New See also:

• SMYRNA (Ismir)

Smyrna, Florida, by See also:

• ANDREW (Gr. 'AvBp4as, manly)
• ANDREW, JOHN ALBION (1818-1867)

Andrew Turnbull in 1769, and subsequently removed to St Augustine . St Augustine is served by the Florida See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

Coast railway and by the Florida East Coast See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

Canal, an inland waterway from the St John's See also:

• RIVER

river to the Florida Keys . The city stands on a narrow, sandy See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

peninsula, about 12 ft. above the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea, formed by the See also:

• MATANZAS

Matanzas and See also:

• SAN

San See also:

• SEBASTIAN
• SEBASTIAN, ST

Sebastian See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers, and is separated from the ocean by the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern end of Anastasia See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

Island . St See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George, the chief See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

street in St Augustine, is only 17 ft. wide, and See also:

• TREASURY

Treasury Street is, at its east end, an See also:

• ALLEY (from the Fr. allee, a walk)

alley across which two See also:

• PEOPLE

people may clasp hands . There are many old houses, some of which have balconies projecting above the streets . At its northern end is the old fort of San Marco (now renamed Fort See also:

• MARION
• MARION, FRANCIS (1732-1795)
• MARION, HENRI FRANCOIS (1846-1896)

Marion in See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of General See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis Marion), a well-preserved specimen of See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish military See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture, begun, it is'supposed, about 1656 and finished in 1756 . The St Francis See also:

• BARRACKS (derived through the French from the Late Lat. barra, a bar)
• BARRACKS, CAMP

barracks (now the state See also:

• ARSENAL

arsenal) occupy the site of the old Franciscan See also:

• CONVENT (Lat. conventus, from convenire, to come together)

convent, whose walls still remain as the first See also:

• STOREY (equivalents are Fr. etage, Ital. piano, Ger. Stock)

storey . In the military See also:

• CEMETERY (Gr. Korrsnri7pwv, from Hoiµav, to sleep)

cemetery are buried a number of soldiers who were massacred by the Seminoles near the Great Wahoo Swamp on the 28th of August 1835 .

At the end of St George Street and near Fort Marion is the City See also:

• GATE

Gate (two pillars, each 20 ft. high) ; from this gate a See also:

• LINE

line of earthworks formerly stretched across the northern end of the peninsula . In the centre of the city is the Plaza de la Constitucion, in which are an See also:

• OBELISK (Gr. b/3EXivrcos, diminutive of OEMs, a spit)

obelisk erected in 1813 to commemorate the Spanish Liberal Constitution of 1812, and a See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument (1872) to citizens who died in the Confederate Army . On this square are the See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market (built in 184o,partially burned in 1887, and after-wards rebuilt), often erroneously spoken of as " the slave market "; a See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic cathedral (built in 1791, burned in 1887, and rebuilt and enlarged in 1887–1888) ; Trinity church (See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant Episcopal) ; and the See also:

• POST

post office (once the Spanish See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government building) . In the western part of the city is the beautiful Memorial Presbyterian Church, built in 1889 as a memorial to his daughter, by See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry M . Flagler . Facing See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King Street (the See also:

• ALAMEDA

Alameda) is the magnificent Hotel See also:

• PONCE

Ponce de See also:

• LEON
• LEON, LUIS PONCE DE (1527-1591)
• LEON, MOSES BEN SI
• LEON, or LEON DE LAS ALDAMAS

Leon (Spanish See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance), of See also:

• SHELL
• SHELL (O. Eng. scell, scyll, cf. Du. sceel, shell, Goth. skalja, tile; the word means originally a thin flake,. cf. Swed. skalja, to peel off; it is allied to " scale " and " skill," from a root meaning to cleave, divide, separate)

shell-See also:

• CONCRETE
• CONCRETE (Lat. concretes, participle of concrescere, to grow together)

concrete, also by Flagler . The Alcazar (with a large See also:

• SWIMMING (from " swim," A.S. swimman, the root being common in Teutonic languages)

swimming See also:

• POOL

pool fed by a sulphurous artesian well), in the Moorish style, and the Alcazar Annex (with a large See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun parlour), formerly the See also:

• CORDOVA (Span. C6rdoba)
• CORDOVA (Span. Cordoba; Lat. Corduba)

Cordova Hotel, designed and built by See also:

• FRANKLIN
• FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN (1706-1790)
• FRANKLIN, SIR JOHN (1786-1847)
• FRANKLIN, WILLIAM BUEL (1823-1903)

Franklin W . See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith, in the Hispano-Moorish style, are also' famous hostelries . In an old building (restored) is housed the See also:

• WILSON, ALEXANDER (1766-1813)
• WILSON, HENRY (1812–1875)
• WILSON, HORACE HAYMAN (1786–1860)
• WILSON, JAMES (1742—1798)
• WILSON, JAMES (1835— )
• WILSON, JAMES HARRISON (1837– )
• WILSON, JOHN (1627-1696)
• WILSON, JOHN (178 1854)
• WILSON, ROBERT (d. 1600)
• WILSON, SIR DANIEL (1816–1892)
• WILSON, SIR ROBERT THOMAS (1777—1849)
• WILSON, SIR WILLIAM JAMES ERASMUS
• WILSON, THOMAS (1663-1755)
• WILSON, THOMAS (c. 1525-1581)
• WILSON, WOODROW (1856— )

Wilson See also:

• FREE

Free Public Library . Another old building houses the collections of the St Augustine See also:

• INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

Institute of See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

Science and See also:

• HISTORICAL

Historical Society, organized in 1884 . St Augustine is the seat of the state school for the See also:

• DEAF

deaf and See also:

• BLIND, MATHILDE (1841—1896)

blind (1885) . At St Augustine are See also:

• CAR (Late Lat. carra)

car and See also:

• MACHINE
• MACHINE (through Fr. from Lat. form machina of Gr. µnxavil)

machine shops of the Florida East Coast railway .

See also:

• OYSTER

Oyster See also:

• CANNING, CHARLES JOHN, EARL (1812-1862)
• CANNING, GEORGE (1770-1827)

canning and fishing are engaged in to some extent, and cigars are manufactured, but the city is important chiefly as a See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter resort, the number of its visitors approximating 25,000 a year . The See also:

• CLIMATE

climate is delightful, the mean temperature for the winter months being about 58° F. and for the entire year about 700 F . St Augustine is the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest permanent See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement of Europeans in the See also:

• UNITED

United States . It was founded by Spanish colonists under the leadership of Pedro Menendez de See also:

• AVILES
• AVILES, PEDRO MENENDEZ DE (1519-1574)

Aviles, who sighted land here in 1565, on the 28th of August, St Augustine's See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, whence the name . On the 6th of September he landed and began his fortifications . St Augustine's colonial See also:

• HISTORY

history is almost identical with the history of Florida (q.v.) under Spanish dominion . In 1586 it was burned by Sir Francis See also:

• DRAKE, NATHAN (1766-1836)
• DRAKE, SIR FRANCIS (c. 1545-1595)

Drake, who captured the fort, and in 1665 it was pillaged by Captain John See also:

• DAVIS (or DAVYS), JOHN (1550 ?-16o5)
• DAVIS, ANDREW JACKSON (1826—1910)
• DAVIS, CHARLES HOWARD (1857- )
• DAVIS, CUSHMAN KELLOGG (1838-1900)
• DAVIS, HENRY WILLIAM BANKS (1833- )
• DAVIS, HENRY WINTER (1817-1865)
• DAVIS, JEFFERSON (1808–1889)
• DAVIS, THOMAS OSBORNE (1814–1845)

Davis, an English freebooter . There were frequent conflicts with the English settlements in See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South Carolina and See also:

• GEORGIA

Georgia, beginning in 1681 with an attack by the Spanish on See also:

• PORT

Port Royal, South Carolina . In 1702 See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

Governor See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James . See also:

• MOORE, A
• MOORE, ALBERT JOSEPH (1841–1893)
• MOORE, EDWARD (1712–1757)
• MOORE, GEORGE (1853– )
• MOORE, GEORGE FOOT (1851– )
• MOORE, HENRY (1831–1895)
• MOORE, JOHN (1729-1802)
• MOORE, SIR JOHN (1761-1809)
• MOORE, THOMAS (1779-1852)

Moore of South Carolina captured St Augustine, but not the fort; and there were subsequent expeditions under General James See also:

• EDWARD

Edward See also:

• OGLETHORPE, JAMES EDWARD (1696—1785)

Oglethorpe (see GEORGIA) . When Florida was ceded to See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England in 1763, nearly all the Spanish inhabitants of St Augustine went to See also:

• CUBA (the aboriginal name)

Cuba . Under English See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control the city prospered, but when in 1783 Florida was re-ceded to See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain, nearly all the English inhabitants See also:

• LEFT

left for the Carolinas, Georgia or the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West Indies, and it became merely a military post .

In 1821 St Augustine, with the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of Florida, passed under See also:

• AMERICAN

American control . The Spanish inhabitants remained . On the 7th of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1861, three days before Florida passed her See also:

• ORDINANCE
• ORDINANCE, or ORDONNANCE

Ordinance of See also:

• SECESSION

Secession, the small United States garrison was compelled by a state force to evacuate; but on the 11th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1862 the fort was recaptured without bloodshed by a Federal force, and was held by the Federals until the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the Civil War . See George R . See also:

• FAIRBANKS, ERASTUS (1792–1864)

Fairbanks, The History and Antiquities of the City of St Augustine (New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York, 1858); Charles B . See also:

• REYNOLDS, JOHN FULTON (182o-1863)
• REYNOLDS, SIR JOSHUA (1723-1792)
• REYNOLDS, WALTER (d. 1327)

Reynolds, Old St Augustine (St Augustine, 1885) ; and D . Y . See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas, " See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

Report upon the Historic Buildings, Monuments and See also:

• LOCAL

Local Archives of St Augustine," in vol. i. pp . 333-352 of the See also:

• ANNUAL

Annual Report (1905) of the American Historical Association . ST AUSTELL, a market town in the St Austell parliamentary division of See also:

• CORNWALL

Cornwall, England, 14 M . N.E. of See also:

• TRURO
• TRURO, THOMAS WILDE, 1ST BARON (1782-1855)

Truro, on the Great Western railway . Pop. of See also:

• URBAN
• URBAN (Urbanus)

urban district (1901) 3340 .

It is pleasantly situated on a steep slope 2 M. inland from St Austell See also:

• BAY

bay on the south coast . To the north the high ground culminates at 1034 ft. above the sea in Hensbarrow See also:

• DOWNS

Downs, so called from a barrow See also:

• STANDING

standing at the loftiest point . The church of the See also:

• HOLY

Holy Trinity is Perpendicular, with Decorated chancel, richly ornamented in a manner unusual in the county . The town is the centre of a district productive of See also:

• CHINA

china See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay (See also:

• KAOLIN

kaolin), about 400,000 tons being annually exported by sea to the See also:

• POTTERIES, THE

potteries of See also:

• STAFFORDSHIRE

Staffordshire and to See also:

• LANCASHIRE

Lancashire, when it is used in the See also:

• CALICO

calico-See also:

• WORKS

works for sizing . The deposits of clay became important about 1763, and See also:

• JOSIAH (Heb. yo' shiyydhu, perhaps " Yah [weh] supports ")

Josiah See also:

• WEDGWOOD, JOSIAH (1730-1795)

Wedgwood acquired mines in the neighbour-hood . Mines were previously worked for See also:

• TIN (Lat.- stannum, whence the chemical symbol " Sn "; atomic weight =117.6, 0=16)

tin and See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper, and in some cases after being exhausted of ore continued to be worked for clay . The Carclaze mine to the north-east is notably See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich; it is a shallow excavation of great superficial extent, which appears to have been worked from very early times . Close to St Austell is a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good example of an See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• BAPTISTERY (Baptislerium, in the Greek Church 4wrurrilpiov)

baptistery, called See also:

• MENA, JUAN DE (1411–1456)
• MENA, PEDRO DE (d. 1693)

Mena-cuddle Well, the little chapel being Early English . ST See also:

• BARTHOLOMEW, JOHN (1831-1893)
• BARTHOLOMEW, SAINT

BARTHOLOMEW, or ST See also:

• BARTHELEMY
• BARTHELEMY, ANATOLE
• BARTHELEMY, AUGUSTE MARSEILLE (1796–1867)
• BARTHELEMY, FRANCOIS, MARQUIS DE (1747 or 1750-1830)
• BARTHELEMY, JEAN JACQUES (1716–1795)

BARTHELEMY, an island in the French West Indies . It lies in 17° 55' N. and 63° 6o' W., about 130 M . N.W. of See also:

• GUADELOUPE

Guadeloupe, of which it is a dependency . It is shaped like an irregular See also:

• CRESCENT (Lat. crescens, growing)

crescent, the horns, enclosing the bay of St See also:

• JEAN

Jean, pointing to the N.; its See also:

• SURFACE

surface is hilly, culminating near the centre in a See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone hill 1003 ft. high .

It is 8 sq. m. in See also:

• AREA

area, and devoid of forests, and See also:

• WATER

water has often to be imported from the neighbouring island of St Kitts . The surrounding rocks and shallows make the island difficult of See also:

• ACCESS (Lat. accessus)

access . Despite the lack of water, See also:

• SUGAR

sugar, See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton, See also:

• COCOA

cocoa, manioc and See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco are grown . The See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital, Gustavia, on the S.W. coast, possesses a small but safe See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour . See also:

• LORIENT

Lorient is the only other town . The inhabitants, mainly of French and See also:

• NEGRO (from Lat. eager, black)

negro descent, are English-speaking, and number about 3000 . St Bartholomew was occupied by France in 1648 and ceded to See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden in 1784 . In 1877 it was again acquired by France at the cost of £11,000 . ST BARTHOLOMEW, See also:

• MASSACRE

MASSACRE OF, the name given to the massacre of the See also:

• HUGUENOTS

Huguenots, which began in Paris on St Bartholomew's day, the 24th of August 1572 . The initiative for the See also:

• CRIME (Lat. crimen, accusation)

crime rests with See also:

• CATHERINE
• CATHERINE, SAINT

Catherine de' See also:

• MEDICI
• MEDICI, GIACOMO (1817-1882)

Medici . Irritated and disquieted by the growing See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of See also:

• ADMIRAL

Admiral See also:

• COLIGNY, GASPARD DE (1519-1572)

Coligny, who against her wishes was endeavouring to draw Charles IX. into a war with Spain, she resolved at first to have him assassinated . The See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow failed, and the admiral was only wounded .

The See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt, however, infuriated the Huguenots, who had flocked to Paris for the See also:

• WEDDING

wedding of Henry of See also:

• NAVARRE (Span. Navarra)

Navarre and See also:

• MARGUERITE

Marguerite de See also:

• VALOIS, COUNTS AND DUKES OF
• VALOIS, HENRI DE [VALESIUS] (1603-1676)

Valois . Charles IX. declared that the See also:

• ASSASSIN (properly Hashish n, from Hashish, the opiate made from the juice of hemp leaves)

assassin should receive condign See also:

• PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

punishment . Catherine then conceived the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of killing at a blow all the Huguenot leaders, and of definitely ruining the Protestant party . After holding a See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council with the Catholic leaders, including the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• ANJOU

Anjou, Henry of See also:

• GUISE
• GUISE, HOUSE OF

Guise, the marshal de Tavannes, the duke of See also:

• NEVERS

Nevers, and Rene de Birague, the keeper of the See also:

• SEALS

seals, she persuaded the king that the massacre was a measure of public safety, and on the evening of the 23rd of August succeeded in wringing his authorization from him . The king himself arranged the manner of its See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution, but it is scarcely probable that he fired upon the Huguenots from a window of the Louvre . The massacre began on See also:

• SUNDAY

Sunday at daybreak, and continued in Paris till the 17th of September . Once let loose, it was impossible to restrain the Catholic populace . From Paris the massacre spread to the provinces till the 3rd of See also:

• OCTOBER

October . The due de See also:

• LONGUEVILLE
• LONGUEVILLE, ANNE GENEVIEVE, DUCHESSE DE (1619—1679)

Longueville in See also:

• PICARDY (La Picardie)

Picardy, See also:

• CHABOT, FRANCOIS (1757-1794)
• CHABOT, GEORGES ANTOINE
• CHABOT, PHILIPPE DE, SEIGNEUR DE BRION, COUNT OF CHARNY AND BUZANSAIS ((a 1492-1543)

Chabot-Charny (son of Admiral Chabot) at See also:

• DIJON

Dijon, the See also:

• COMTE, AUGUSTE [ISIDORE AUGUSTE MARIE FRANCOIS XAVIER] (1798-1857)

comte de Matignon (1525–1597) in See also:

• NORMANDY

Normandy, and other provincial See also:

• GOVERNORS

governors, refused to authorize the massacres . See also:

• FRANCOIS (1558-1614)

Francois Haman estimates the number killed in the whole of France at 50,000 . There were many illustrious victims, among them being Admiral Coligny, his son-in-See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law Charles de See also:

• TELIGNY, CHARLES DE (c. 1535—1572)

Teligny and the logician See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter See also:

• RAMUS, PETRUS, or PIERRE DE LA RAMEE (1515-1572)

Ramus . Catherine de' Medici received the congratulations of all the Catholic See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers, and See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory XIII. commanded bonfires to be lighted and a See also:

• MEDAL (Fr. medaille, from Lat. metallum)

medal to be struck .

See H . Bordier, La St Barthelemy et la critique moderne (Paris, 1879) ; H . See also:

• BAUMGARTEN, ALEXANDER GOTTLIEB (1714-1762)
• BAUMGARTEN, MICHAEL (1812-1889)

Baumgarten, Vor der Bartholomdusnacht (See also:

• STRASSBURG, or STRASBURG (French Strasbourg)

Strassburg, 1882) ; and H . Mariejol, `" La Reforme et la Ligue " (Paris, 1904), in vol. vi. of the Histoire de France, by E . See also:

• LAVISSE, ERNEST (1842– )

Lavisse, which contains a more See also:

• COMPLETE

complete bibliography of the subject . ST See also:

• BENOIT, PETER LEONARD LEOPOLD (1834—1901)

BENOIT-SUR-See also:

• LOIRE

LOIRE, a See also:

• VILLAGE

village of north-central France, in the See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of Loiret, on the right See also:

• BANK

bank of the Loire, 22 M . E.S.E. of See also:

• ORLEANS
• ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
• ORLEANS, DUKES OF
• ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
• ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
• ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
• ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
• ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
• ORLEANS, PHILIP I
• ORLEANS, PHILIP II

Orleans by road . St Benoit (See also:

• LAT

Lat . Floriacum) possesses a huge See also:

• BASILICA

basilica, the only survival of a famous monastery founded in the 7th century to which the See also:

• RELICS (Lat, reliquiae, the equivalent of the English " remains " in the sense of a dead body)

relics of St See also:

• BENEDICT (BENEDICTUS)
• BENEDICT, SIR JULIUS (1804-1885)

Benedict were brought from See also:

• MONTE

Monte Cassino . Of great importance during the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages, owing partly to its school, the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment began to decline in the 16th century . In 1562 it was pillaged by the Protestants and, though the buildings were restored by See also:

• RICHELIEU, ARMAND EMMANUEL SOPHIE SEPTEMANIE DU PLESSIS
• RICHELIEU, ARMAND JEAN DU PLESSIS
• RICHELIEU, LOUIS FRANCOIS ARMAND DU PLESSIS

Richelieu, the See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

abbey did not recover its former position . The basilica was built between c .

1025 and 1218 . Its See also:

• NARTHEX (Gr. vapOr7E, the name of the plant giant=fennel, in Lat. ferula)

narthex has a second storey supported on columns with remarkable carved capitals; there are two sets of transepts, above which rises a square central tower . In the interior are the See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb of See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip I., stalls of the 15th century, and, in the See also:

• CRYPT (Lat. crypta, from the Gr. Kp&arrew, to hide)

crypt, a modern See also:

• SHRINE (Lat. scrinium, a case or chest for books, hence a casket; from scribere, to write, Fr. ecrin, Ital. scrigno)

shrine containing the remains of St Benedict, which still attract many pilgrims . ST See also:

• BERNARD, CHARLES DE
• BERNARD, CLAUDE (1813-1878)
• BERNARD, JACQUES (1658--1718)
• BERNARD, MOUNTAGUE (1S2o—1882)
• BERNARD, SAINT
• BERNARD, SAINT (Iogo-1153)
• BERNARD, SIMON (1779—1839)
• BERNARD, SIR THOMAS, BART

BERNARD PASSES, two of the best-known passes across the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain of the See also:

• ALPS

Alps, both traversed by See also:

• CARRIAGE

carriage roads . The Great St Bernard (8111 ft.) leads (53 m.) from Martigny (anc . Octodurus) in the See also:

• RHONE
• RHONE (Fr. Rhone, Lat. Rhodanus)

Rhone valley (See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland) to See also:

• AOSTA (anc. Augusta Praetoria Salassorum)

Aosta (anc . See also:

• AUGUSTA

Augusta Praetoria) in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy . It was known in Roman times . The See also:

• HOSPICE (Lat. hospitium, entertainment, hospitality, inn, hospes, host)

hospice on the pass was founded (or perhaps re-founded) by St Bernard of Menthon (d. about 1o81), and since the 12th or early 13th century has been in See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of a community of See also:

• AUSTIN
• AUSTIN, ALFRED
• AUSTIN, JOHN (179o-1859)
• AUSTIN, SARAH (1793-1867)
• AUSTIN, STEPHEN FULLER (1793-1836)

Austin canons, the See also:

• MOTHER

mother-house being at Martigny . Annually the servants of the canons, and the famous See also:

• DOGS, ISLE OF

dogs, See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save many lives, especially of See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian workmen See also:

• CROSSING

crossing the pass . In May 180o Napoleon led his army over the pass, which was then traversed by a bridle road only . The Little St Bernard (7179 ft.) also was known in Roman times, and the hospice refounded by St Bernard of Menthon, though it is now in charge of the military and religious See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of SS .

See also:

• MAURICE (1521–1553)
• MAURICE (MAURICIUS FLAVIUS TIBERIUS) (c. 539–602)
• MAURICE [or MAURITIUS], ST (d. c. 286)
• MAURICE, JOHN FREDERICK DENISON (1805-1872)

Maurice and See also:

• LAZARUS (a contracted form of the Heb. name Eleazar, " God has helped," Gr. Aiq-apos)
• LAZARUS, EMMA (1849–1887)
• LAZARUS, HENRY (1815–1895)
• LAZARUS, MORITZ (1824–1903)
• LAZARUS, ST, ORDER OF

Lazarus . The pass leads (39 m.) from Bourg St Maurice in the See also:

• ISERE
• ISERE [anc. Isara]

Isere valley (French department of See also:

• SAVOIE

Savoie) to Aosta, but is much less frequented by travellers than its neighbour opposite . (W . A . B . C.) There is no certain mention of the road over the pass of the Great St Bernard (Alpis Poenina, Poeninus See also:

• MONS (Flemish Bergen)

Mons) before 57 B.C. when See also:

• JULIUS

Julius See also:

• CAESAR, GAIUS JULIUS (102—44 B.c.)
• CAESAR, SIR JULIUS (1557-1558-1636)

Caesar sent Servius See also:

• GALBA, SERVIUS SULPICIUS

Galba over it, " because he wished that the pass, by which traders had been accustomed to go at great See also:

• RISK

risk and with very high transport charges, should be opened." But even in See also:

• STRABO (born c. 63 n.c.)

Strabo's time it was impassable for wheeled See also:

• TRAFFIC

traffic; and we find that Augusta Praetoria originally had but two See also:

• GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

gates, one opening on the road towards the Little St Bernard (Alpis Graia), the other towards Eporedia (See also:

• IVREA (anc. Eporedia)

Ivrea), but none towards the Alpis Poenina . But the military arrangement of the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German provinces rendered the construction of the road necessary, and it is mentioned as existing in A.D . 69 . Remains of it cut in the See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock, some 121 ft. in width, still exist near the See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake at the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top of the pass . On the plain at the top of the pass is the See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple of See also:

• JUPITER

Jupiter Poeninus (Penninus), remains of which were excavated in 189o-1893, though See also:

• OBJECTS

objects connected with it had See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long ago been found . The oldest of the votive-tablets which can be dated belongs to the time of Tiberius, and the temple may be attributed to the beginning of the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire; objects, however, of the first See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

Iron See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age (4th or 5th century B.c.) were also found' and many Gaulish coins . Other buildings, probably belonging to the post station at the top of the pass, were also discovered .

Many of the objects found then and in previous years, including ' So Not. degli scavi (1891), 81; but the statement is contradicted, ibid . (1894), 44 . many votive-tablets, are in the museum at the hospice of the Great St Bernard . See Notizie degli scavi, passim, especially E . Ferrero (1890), 294; C . Promis, Antichitd di Aosta (See also:

• TURIN

Turin, 1862) . The Little St Bernard was known to the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans as Alpis Graia . It derived its name from the See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend that See also:

• HERCULES
• HERCULES (0. Lat. Hercoles, Hercles)

Hercules, returning from Spain with the oxen of See also:

• GERYON (GERYONES, GERYONEUS)

Geryon, crossed the Alps by this route, though the legend rather suits the route through'the Maritime Alps . According to many modern scholars, See also:

• HANNIBAL
• HANNIBAL (" mercy " or " favour of Baal ")

Hannibal passed this way over the Alps, though the question has been much discussed (see See also:

• ART

art . HANNIBAL, and Partsch in Pauly-Wissowa, Realencyklopddie i., 1604) . In any See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case it was the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal pass over the Alps into Gallia Comata until the pass of the Alpis Cottia (Mont Genevre) was opened by Cn . Pompeius in 75 B.C., and became the principal route, though the road was only completed under See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus by Cottius in 3 B.C .

Various remains of the road are visible, and those of a building (possibly a temple of Jupiter) have been found on the See also:

• SUMMIT

summit of the pass . See Notizie degli scavi (1883), 7 (1894), 46; and C . Promis, Antichitd di Aosta (Turin, 1862), 115 sqq . (T . As.) ST See also:

• BERTRAND, HENRI GRATIEN, COMTE (1773-1844)

BERTRAND-DE-COMMINGES, a village of south-western France at the See also:

• FOOT

foot of the See also:

• PYRENEES [Span. Pirineos, Fr. Pyrenees]

Pyrenees in the department of Haute-See also:

• GARONNE (Lat. Garumna)

Garonne, about 7o m . S.W. of See also:

• TOULOUSE
• TOULOUSE, LOUIS ALEXANDRE DE BOURBON, COUNT OF (1678-1737)

Toulouse by rail and road . St Bertrand stands about 1 m. from the left bank of the Garonne on the slopes of an isolated hill crowned by its celebrated cathedral of Notre See also:

• DAME
• DAME (through the Fr. from Lat. domina, mistress, lady, the feminine of dominus, master, lord)

Dame . The See also:

• FACADE

facade of the church with its square tower and the first bay with its aisles are Romanesque, and belong to a church begun about the end of the 11th century by Bishop Bertrand (1075-1123), afterwards canonized . The nave with its See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side chapels and the choir, in the See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic style, date from the first See also:

• HALF

half of the 14th century and were chiefly the See also:

• WORK

work of Bertrand de Goth, bishop from 1295 to 1299 and afterwards Pope See also:

• CLEMENT (Lat. Clemens, i.e. merciful; Gr. K)4gs)
• CLEMENT, FRANCOIS (1714-1793)
• CLEMENT, JACQUES (1567-1589)

Clement V . The choir See also:

• SCREEN (usually, but very doubtfully, connected with Lat. scrinium, a box for holding books, from scribere, to write; a connexion with Ger. Schranke, barrier, has been suggested)

screen, See also:

• ROOD (O.E. rod, a stick, another form of " rod, O.E. rodd, possibly cognate with Lat. rudis, a staff)

rood-See also:

• LOFT (connected with " lift," i.e. raised in the air; O. Eng. lyft; cf. Ger. Luft; the French term is grenier and Ger. Boden)

loft and See also:

• ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

altar, which See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form an enclosure within the church, are masterpieces of Renaissance wood-See also:

• CARVING

carving, as are also the choir stalls . The church contains several tombs, the most interesting of which are the fine See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble tomb of Bishop See also:

• HUGH
• HUGH, ST

Hugh of See also:

• CHATILLON

Chatillon (d . 1352), and the See also:

• MAUSOLEUM

mausoleum of St Bertrand (both of the 15th century), whose relics are preserved in the treasury .

On the south side of the church there is a ruined See also:

• CLOISTER (Lat. claustrum; Fr. cloitre; Ital. chiostro; Span. claustro; Ger. Kloster)

cloister of Romanesque architecture . St Bertrand-de-Comminges (Lugdunum Convenarum)was founded in 72 B.C., and before the end of the 5th century became the seat of a bishopric suppressed at the Revolution . The town was destroyed towards the end of the 6th century by Guntrum, king of See also:

• BURGUNDY

Burgundy, after it had served as a See also:

• REFUGE

refuge to Gondowald, pretender to the See also:

• CROWN

crown of See also:

• AQUITAINE

Aquitaine . SAINT-BON, See also:

• SIMONE (1457—1508)

SIMONE ARTURO (1823-1892), Italian admiral, was born at See also:

• CHAMBERY

Chambery on the 2oth of March 1823 . Leaving the See also:

• NAVAL

Naval See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy in 1847, he attained the rank of commander in 1860, and that of See also:

• VICE

vice-admiral in 1867 . He took part in the See also:

• CRIMEAN

Crimean war, distinguished himself in 186o at the See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of See also:

• ANCONA
• ANCONA, ALESSANDRO (1835– )

Ancona, and was decorated for valour at the siege of See also:

• GAETA (anc. Caietae Portus)

Gaeta . At the battle of See also:

• LISSA (Polish Lezno)
• LISSA (Serbo-Croation Vis; Lat. Issa)

Lissa, in 1866, his See also:

• VESSEL (O. Fr. vaissel, from a rare Lat. vascellum, dim. of vas, vase, urn)

vessel, the " Formidabile," forced the entrance of the port of San Giorgio and silenced the See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian batteries, for which exploit he received a gold medal . In 1873 he was elected See also:

• DEPUTY (through the Fr. from a Late Lat. use of deputare, to cut off, allot; putare having the original sense of to trim, prune)

deputy, and appointed by See also:

• MINGHETTI, MARCO (1818-1886)

Minghetti to be minister of marine, in which position he revolutionized the Italian See also:

• NAVY

navy . Insisting upon the need for large battleships with high powers of attack and See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence, and capable of fighting as single See also:

• UNITS, DIMENSIONS OF
• UNITS, PHYSICAL

units, he introduced the See also:

• COLOSSAL

colossal types of which the " Duilio " and the " See also:

• DANDOLO
• DANDOLO, VINCENZO, COUNT (1758-1819)

Dandolo " were the earliest examples . Falling from See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power with the Right in 1876, he resumed active service, but in 1891 was again appointed minister of marine . He died on the 26th of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1892, while still in office . He is remembered in Italy as the originator of the modern Italian See also:

• FLEET

fleet .

ST BRIEUC, a town of western France, capital of the department of See also:

• COTES, ROGER (1682-1716)

Cotes-du-See also:

• NORD

Nord, 63 m . N.W. of See also:

• RENNES

Rennes by the railway to See also:

• BREST

Brest . Pop . (1906) town 15,270; See also:

• COMMUNE (Med. Lat. communia, Lat. communis, common)
• COMMUNE, MEDIEVAL

commune 23,041 . It stands 290 ft. above the sea, between 1 and 2 M. from the English Channel and less than a mile from the right bank of the Gouet, at the See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month of which is its seaport, Le Legue . St Brieuc is the seat of a bishopric in the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of Rennes, and has a cathedral dating from the 13th century, but partially rebuilt in the '18th, and afterwards extensively restored . In the interior the tombsof the bishops and a Renaissance See also:

• ORGAN

organ-loft deserve mention . The oldest part of the episcopal See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace date back to the 16th century . The hotel-de-ville contains a museum and picture See also:

• GALLERY (through Ital. galleria, from Med. Lat. galeria, of which the origin is unknown)

gallery . An Ursuline convent serves as barracks . There are numerous houses of the 15th and 16th centuries, in one of which James II., king of England, is said to have lodged in 1689 . A colossal See also:

• IMAGE (Lat. imago, perhaps from the same root as imitari, copy, imitate)

image of the Virgin looks down upon the town from an See also:

• EMINENCE (Lat. eminentia)

eminence on the north, and there is a statue of Du Guesclin .

The See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries include See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool-See also:

• SPINNING (from O. Eng. spinnen, to spin, cf. Ger. spinnen, &c., the Teut. root is seen, to draw out, cf. span, spider)

spinning, See also:

• TIMBER

timber-sawing, iron and See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel-working, and the manufacture of brushes and agricultural implements . St Brieuc owes its origin and its name to the missionary St Briocus, who came from Wales in the 5th century, and whose tomb after-wards attracted crowds of pilgrims . The See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place was defended in 1375 by See also:

• OLIVIER, JUSTE DANIEL (1807-1876)

Olivier de See also:

• CLISSON
• CLISSON, OLIVIER DE (1336-14c7)

Clisson against the duke of See also:

• BRITTANY

Brittany, and again attacked by the same Clisson in 1394, the cathedral suffering greatly in both sieges . In 1592 the town was pillaged by the Spaniards, in 1601 ravaged by the See also:

• PLAGUE (in Gr. Xotµos; in Lat. pestis, pestilentia)

plague, and in 1628 surrounded by walls of which no traces remain . Between 1602 and 1768 the states of Brittany several times met at St Brieuc . During the Reign of Terror See also:

• CHOUANS (a Bas-Breton word signifying screech-owls)

Chouans and Republicans carried on a ruthless conflict with each other in the vicinity . The ancient fort of Peran, built of vitrified See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite, is about 5 m . S. of St Brieuc . ST CATHARINES, a city of See also:

• ONTARIO
• ONTARIO, LAKE

Ontario, See also:

• CANADA

Canada, and the capital of See also:

• LINCOLN
• LINCOLN, ABRAHAM (1809-1865)
• LINCOLN, EARLS OF

Lincoln county, on the Welland Canal and the See also:

• GRAND

Grand See also:

• TRUNK (Fr. tronc, Lat. truncus, cut off, maimed)

Trunk, and St Catharines and See also:

• NIAGARA
• NIAGARA, FORT

Niagara Central See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways, 35 M . S. of See also:

• TORONTO

Toronto, with which it has steamer connexion . Pop . (1901) 9946 .

It is connected by electric tramways with the neighbouring towns and villages, and is in the midst of a fine See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit-growing district . Its excellent water-power provides See also:

• MOTIVE (from Lat. movere, to move)

motive force for numerous industries, among which are flour-mills and factories for the manufacture of edge tools and agricultural implements . Bishop See also:

• RIDLEY, NICHOLAS (c. 1500-1555)

Ridley See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College, under Anglican control, is an important residential school . There are See also:

• MINERAL

mineral springs which are much visited by invalids . ST CHAMOND, a manufacturing town of east-central France, in the department of Loire, 7z M . E.N.E. of St See also:

• ETIENNE, CHARLES GUILLAUME (1778-1845)

Etienne, on the railway from St Etienne to See also:

• LYONS
• LYONS (Fr. Lyon)
• LYONS, COUNCILS OF
• LYONS, EDMUND LYONS, BARON (1790-1858)
• LYONS, RICHARD BICKERTON PEMELL LYONS, 1ST EARL (1817–1887)

Lyons . Pop . (1906) 14,147 . The town lies in a small See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin surrounded by mountains at the confluence of the Janon with the Gier, an affluent of the Rhone . It has See also:

• COAL

coal-mines forming part of the Rive-de-Gier basin . The milling of raw See also:

• SILK

silk, the manufacture of See also:

• RIBBONS

ribbons and laces of every See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind, See also:

• DYEING (0. Eng. dedgian, dealt ; Mid. Eng. deyen)

dyeing and the construction of naval and railway material are the foremost industries . There are also See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal-foundries, manufactories of nails, heavy iron goods, looms and other See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial establishments .

St Chamond, founded in the 7th century by St Ennemond or Chamond, See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop of Lyons, became the chief town of the Jarret, a little principality formed by the valley of the Gier . Silk-milling was introduced in the town in the middle of the 16th century by Gayotti, a native of See also:

• BOLOGNA
• BOLOGNA, GIOVANNI DA (1524–1608)

Bologna . Remains are found at St Chamond of a Roman See also:

• AQUEDUCT (Lat. aqua, water, and ducere, to lead; Gr. apaymryeiov, apayeeywov, vlrovopos)

aqueduct, which conveyed the See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters of the Janon along the valley of the Gier to Lyons . ST CHARLES, a city and the county-seat of St Charles county, See also:

• MISSOURI

Missouri, U.S.A., situated on the N. bank of the Missouri river, about 20 M. above its mouth, and about 23 M . N.W. of St Louis . Pop . (1910) 9437 . It is served by the See also:

• WABASH

Wabash and the Missouri, See also:

• KANSAS (known as the Sunflower State ")

Kansas & See also:

• TEXAS

Texas railway systems, and by an electric railway to St Louis . A great steel See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge, 6535 ft. long (built 1868-1871), crosses the river and gives entry to the Wabash railroad from St Louis . It has three spans of 305 to 321 ft., which at the time of their construction were the longest of their kind in the See also:

• WORLD

world . A See also:

• HIGHWAY

highway bridge also crosses the river, and is the only waggon bridge between See also:

• JEFFERSON
• JEFFERSON, JOSEPH (1829-1905)
• JEFFERSON, THOMAS (1743-1826)

Jefferson City and the mouth of the river . At St Charles are a Presbyterian school for See also:

• WOMEN

women (Lindenwood College); St Charles Military College (Methodist Episcopal, 1837) , the Academy of the Sacred See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

Heart (1818); St See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph's See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

Hospital, and the See also:

• EMMAUS

Emmaus See also:

• ASYLUM (from Gr. b.-, privative, arid earl, right'of seizure)
• ASYLUM, RIGHT OF (Fr. droit d'asile; Ger. Asylrecht)

Asylum for Epileptics .

St Charles has import-See also:

• ANT
• ANT (O. Eng. aemete, from Teutonic a, privative, and maitan, cut or bite off, i.e. " the biter off "; aemete in Middle English became differentiated in dialect use to (mete, then amte, and so ant, and also to emete, whence the synonym " emmet," now only u

ant car works (among the largest in the United States), a large See also:

• SHOE (a word appearing in the Teutonic languages in various forms, as Ger. Schuh, Swed. and Dan. sko, sometimes supposed to come from an unknown root ska or sku, cover)

shoe factory, flour mills, See also:

• BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick and See also:

• TILE (0. Eng. tigel, Fr. tuile, connected with Lat. tegula)

tile yards and breweries . St Charles county is very fertile, and its yield of See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat is especially large . At the See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand works at See also:

• KLONDIKE

Klondike, in the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern part of the county, large quantities of See also:

• SILICA

silica are blasted, crushed, bolted and shipped . A French settlement was begun at St Charles in 1769, and soon thereafter a Spanish See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official was placed-in See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence . St Charles was organized as a village under territorial law in 1809; and in 1849 was chartered as a city . It was the first capital of the state (1810-1826) .