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JACQUES LEROY DE See also: France, was See also: born at See also: Paris on the 20th of See also: August 18o1
.
He entered the army in 1817, and after ten years of garrison service, which he varied by gambling and See also: wild courses, he still held only the lowest commissioned grade
.
He then resigned, led a See also: life of adventure in several lands and returned to the army at See also: thirty as a sub-See also: lieutenant
.
He took See also: part in the suppression of the See also: Vendee emeute,and was for a See also: time on General(Marshal) B ugeaud's staff
.
But his debts and the scandals of his private life compelled him to go to See also: Algeria as a captain in the See also: Foreign See also: Legion
.
There he distinguished himself on numerous occasions, and after twelve years had risen to the See also: rank of marechal de See also: camp
.
In 1848 he was placed at the See also: head of a brigade during the revolution in Paris
.
On his return to See also: Africa, it is said because See also: Louis
See also: Napoleon considered him suitable to be the military head of a coup d'etat, an expedition was made into Little Kabylia, in which St See also: Arnaud showed his prowess as a See also: commander-in-chief and provided his superiors with the pretext for bringing him home as a general of division (See also: July 1851)
.
He succeeded Marshal Magnan as See also: minister of war and superintended the military operations of the coup d'etat of the 2nd of See also: December (1851) which placed Napoleon III. on the See also: throne
.
A See also: year later he was made marshal of France and a senator, remaining at the head of the war office till 1854, when he set out to command the French in the See also: Crimea, his See also: British colleague being See also: Lord Raglan
.
He died on See also: board See also: ship on the 29th of See also: September 1854 shortly after commanding at the See also: battle of the See also: Alma
.
His See also: body was conveyed to France and buried in the Invalides
.
See Lettres du Marechal de See also: Saint Arnaud (Paris, 1855; 2nd edition with memoir by Sainte-Beuve, 1858)
.
ST ARNAUD, a See also: town of Kara-Kara county, See also: Victoria, See also: Australia, 158 m. by See also: rail N.W. of Melbourne
.
Pop
.
(Igor), 3656
.
It is a flourishing town with a See also: fine town See also: hall, a school of mines and the
See also: court See also: house, in which sittings of the supreme court are held
.
There are tanneries, chaff and See also: wood yards, and See also: flour-and See also: bone-mills in the town, which lies in a gold-See also: mining, pastoral and agricultural See also: district, the mining being chiefly See also: quartz
.
To the N.W. is some of the finest agricultural See also: land in the colony
.
ST See also: ASAPH, a See also: cathedral city and a contributory See also: parliamentary See also: borough of Flintshire, N
.
See also: Wales, on the See also: Rhyl-Denbigh branch of the See also: London & See also: North-Western railway, about 6 m. from each of these towns
.
Pop
.
(1901), 1788
.
Its Welsh name, Llanelwy, is derived from the Elwy, between which stream and the Clwyd it stands
.
Asaph, to whom the cathedral (one of the smallest in See also: Great Britain) is dedicated, was See also: bishop here after See also: Kentigern's return hence to See also: Glasgow, and died in 596
.
The small, irregularly built town has also a parish See also: church (
See also: Anglican), remains of a Perpendicular See also: chapel near Ffynnon See also: Fair (St Mary's Well), a bishop's house, a grammar school (1882) and almshouses for eight poor widows, founded in 1678 by Bishop See also: Barrow
.
The See also: hill on which St Asaph stands is Bryn Paulin, supposed to have been the camping-ground of Suetonius Paulinus, on his way to Anglesey
.
The early cathedral, of wood, was burned by the
See also: English in 1247 and 1282, and that built by Bishop Anian in the 13th century (Decorated) was mostly destroyed during the war of See also: Owen See also: Glendower in 1402; Bishop Redman's See also: building (c
.
1480) was completed by the erection of the choir about 1770
.
During the See also: Civil War the Parliamentarians did not spare the building
.
The choir and chancel were restored, from designs by See also: Sir See also: Gilbert
See also: Scott, in 1867-1868, the See also: nave in 1875
.
The church is plain, cruciform, and in See also: style chiefly Decorated but partly Early English, with a square tower; it has a library of nearly 2000 volumes (some rare); memorials to Bishop Dafydd ab Owain (d
.
1502), to Bishop Luxmore (d
.
1830), to the poetess Felicia See also: Hemans, a See also: resident near St Asaph (d
.
1835); and Perpendicular See also: oak choir stalls
.
In the neighbour-See also: hood is the See also: modern mansion of Bodelwyddan, of which the estate was bought by Sir W
.
See also: Williams, See also: speaker of the House of See also: Commons in See also: Charles II.'s time
.
ST AUGUSTINE, a city and the county-seat of St
See also: John's county,
See also: Florida, U.S.A., in the N.E. part of the See also: state, about 36 m
.
S.E. of See also: Jacksonville
.
Pop
.
(Igo0) 4272, including 1735 negroes; (1910) 5494; many of the native whites are descendants of those Minorcans who were settled at New See also: Smyrna, Florida, by Andrew Turnbull in 1769, and subsequently removed to St Augustine
.
St Augustine is served by the Florida See also: East See also: Coast railway and by the Florida East Coast Canal, an inland waterway from the St John's See also: river to the Florida Keys
.
The city stands on a narrow, sandy peninsula, about 12 ft. above the See also: sea, formed by the See also: Matanzas and See also: San See also: Sebastian See also: rivers, and is separated from the ocean by the See also: northern end of Anastasia See also: Island
.
St See also: George, the chief street in St Augustine, is only 17 ft. wide, and See also: Treasury Street is, at its east end, an See also: alley across which two See also: people may clasp hands
.
There are many old houses, some of which have balconies projecting above the streets
.
At its northern end is the old fort of San Marco (now renamed Fort Marion in honour of General See also: Francis Marion), a well-preserved specimen of See also: Spanish military architecture, begun, it is'supposed, about 1656 and finished in 1756
.
The St Francis barracks (now the state See also: arsenal) occupy the site of the old Franciscan convent, whose walls still remain as the first storey
.
In the military cemetery are buried a number of soldiers who were massacred by the Seminoles near the Great Wahoo Swamp on the 28th of August 1835
.
At the end of St George Street and near Fort Marion is the City See also: Gate (two pillars, each 20 ft. high) ; from this gate a See also: line of earthworks formerly stretched across the northern end of the peninsula
.
In the centre of the city is the Plaza de la Constitucion, in which are an obelisk erected in 1813 to commemorate the Spanish Liberal Constitution of 1812, and a monument (1872) to citizens who died in the Confederate Army
.
On this square are the market (built in 184o,partially burned in 1887, and after-wards rebuilt), often erroneously spoken of as " the slave market "; a See also: Roman Catholic cathedral (built in 1791, burned in 1887, and rebuilt and enlarged in 1887–1888) ; Trinity church (See also: Protestant Episcopal) ; and the See also: post office (once the Spanish See also: government building)
.
In the western part of the city is the beautiful Memorial Presbyterian Church, built in 1889 as a memorial to his daughter, by See also: Henry M
.
Flagler
.
Facing
See also: King Street (the
See also: Alameda) is the magnificent Hotel See also: Ponce de Leon (Spanish See also: Renaissance), of See also: shell-concrete, also by Flagler
.
The Alcazar (with a large swimming See also: pool fed by a sulphurous artesian well), in the Moorish style, and the Alcazar Annex (with a large See also: sun parlour), formerly the Cordova Hotel, designed and built by See also: Franklin W
.
See also: Smith, in the Hispano-Moorish style, are also' famous hostelries
.
In an old building (restored) is housed the
See also: Wilson
See also: Free Public Library
.
Another old building houses the collections of the St Augustine Institute of Science and See also: Historical Society, organized in 1884
.
St Augustine is the seat of the state school for the See also: deaf and See also: blind (1885)
.
At St Augustine are See also: car and machine shops of the Florida East Coast railway
.
See also: Oyster canning and fishing are engaged in to some extent, and cigars are manufactured, but the city is important chiefly as a winter resort, the number of its visitors approximating 25,000 a year
.
The See also: climate is delightful, the mean temperature for the winter months being about 58° F. and for the entire year about 700 F
.
St Augustine is the See also: oldest permanent See also: settlement of Europeans in the See also: United States
.
It was founded by Spanish colonists under the leadership of Pedro Menendez de Aviles, who sighted land here in 1565, on the 28th of August, St Augustine's See also: day, whence the name
.
On the 6th of September he landed and began his fortifications
.
St Augustine's colonial See also: history is almost identical with the history of Florida (q.v.) under Spanish dominion
.
In 1586 it was burned by Sir Francis Drake, who captured the fort, and in 1665 it was pillaged by Captain John See also: Davis, an English freebooter
.
There were frequent conflicts with the English settlements in See also: South Carolina and See also: Georgia, beginning in 1681 with an attack by the Spanish on See also: Port Royal, South Carolina
.
In 1702 Governor See also: James
.
See also: Moore of South Carolina captured St Augustine, but not the fort; and there were subsequent expeditions under General James See also: Edward See also: Oglethorpe (see GEORGIA)
.
When Florida was ceded to See also: England in 1763, nearly all the Spanish inhabitants of St Augustine went to See also: Cuba
.
Under English control the city prospered, but when in 1783 Florida was re-ceded to See also: Spain, nearly all the English inhabitants See also: left for the Carolinas, Georgia or the West Indies, and it became merely a military post
.
In 1821 St Augustine, with the rest of Florida, passed underSee also: American control
.
The Spanish inhabitants remained
.
On the 7th of See also: January 1861, three days before Florida passed her See also: Ordinance of See also: Secession, the small United States garrison was compelled by a state force to evacuate; but on the 11th of See also: March 1862 the fort was
recaptured without bloodshed by a Federal force, and was held by the Federals until the close of the Civil War
.
See George R
.
See also: Fairbanks, The History and Antiquities of the City of St Augustine (New See also: York, 1858); Charles B
.
See also: Reynolds, Old St Augustine (St Augustine, 1885) ; and D
.
Y
.
See also: Thomas, " Report upon the Historic Buildings, Monuments and
See also: Local Archives of St Augustine," in vol. i. pp
.
333-352 of the See also: Annual Report (1905) of the American Historical Association
.
ST AUSTELL, a market town in the St Austell parliamentary division of See also: Cornwall, England, 14 M
.
N.E. of Truro, on the Great Western railway
.
Pop. of See also: urban district (1901) 3340
.
It is pleasantly situated on a steep slope 2 M. inland from St Austell See also: bay on the south coast
.
To the north the high ground culminates at 1034 ft. above the sea in Hensbarrow See also: Downs, so called from a barrow See also: standing at the loftiest point
.
The church of the See also: Holy Trinity is Perpendicular, with Decorated chancel, richly ornamented in a manner unusual in the county
.
The town is the centre of a district productive of See also: china See also: clay (See also: kaolin), about 400,000 tons being annually exported by sea to the See also: potteries of See also: Staffordshire and to See also: Lancashire, when it is used in the See also: calico-See also: works for sizing
.
The deposits of clay became important about 1763, and Josiah See also: Wedgwood acquired mines in the neighbour-hood
.
Mines were previously worked for tin and copper, and in some cases after being exhausted of ore continued to be worked for clay
.
The Carclaze mine to the north-east is notably See also: rich; it is a shallow excavation of great superficial extent, which appears to have been worked from very early times
.
Close to St Austell is a See also: good example of an See also: ancient baptistery, called Mena-cuddle Well, the little chapel being Early English
.
ST BARTHOLOMEW, or ST See also: BARTHELEMY, an island in the French West Indies
.
It lies in 17° 55' N. and 63° 6o' W., about 130 M
.
N.W. of See also: Guadeloupe, of which it is a dependency
.
It is shaped like an irregular See also: crescent, the horns, enclosing the bay of St See also: Jean, pointing to the N.; its See also: surface is hilly, culminating near the centre in a See also: limestone hill 1003 ft. high
.
It is 8 sq. m. in See also: area, and devoid of forests, and See also: water has often to be imported from the neighbouring island of St Kitts
.
The surrounding rocks and shallows make the island difficult of See also: access
.
Despite the lack of water, See also: sugar, See also: cotton, See also: cocoa, manioc and See also: tobacco are grown
.
The capital, Gustavia, on the S.W. coast, possesses a small but safe harbour
.
See also: Lorient is the only other town
.
The inhabitants, mainly of French and See also: negro descent, are English-speaking, and number about 3000
.
St Bartholomew was occupied by France in 1648 and ceded to Sweden in 1784
.
In 1877 it was again acquired by France at the cost of £11,000
.
ST BARTHOLOMEW, See also: MASSACRE OF, the name given to the massacre of the See also: Huguenots, which began in Paris on St Bartholomew's day, the 24th of August 1572
.
The initiative for the See also: crime rests with See also: Catherine de' See also: Medici
.
Irritated and disquieted by the growing influence of See also: Admiral See also: Coligny, who against her wishes was endeavouring to draw Charles IX. into a war with Spain, she resolved at first to have him assassinated
.
The See also: blow failed, and the admiral was only wounded
.
The attempt, however, infuriated the Huguenots, who had flocked to Paris for theSee also: wedding of Henry of See also: Navarre and See also: Marguerite de Valois
.
Charles IX. declared that the assassin should receive condign punishment
.
Catherine then conceived the idea of killing at a blow all the Huguenot leaders, and of definitely ruining the Protestant party
.
After holding a council with the Catholic leaders, including the duke of See also: Anjou, Henry of See also: Guise, the marshal de Tavannes, the duke of See also: Nevers, and Rene de Birague, the keeper of the See also: seals, she persuaded the king that the massacre was a measure of public safety, and on the evening of the 23rd of August succeeded in wringing his authorization from him
.
The king himself arranged the manner of its execution, but it is scarcely probable that he fired upon the Huguenots from a window of the Louvre
.
The massacre began on See also: Sunday at daybreak, and continued in Paris till the 17th of September
.
Once let loose, it was impossible to restrain the Catholic populace
.
From Paris the massacre spread to the provinces till the 3rd of See also: October
.
The due de Longueville in See also: Picardy, See also: Chabot-Charny (son of Admiral Chabot) at See also: Dijon, the comte de Matignon (1525–1597) in See also: Normandy, and other provincial See also: governors, refused to authorize the massacres
.
See also: Francois Haman estimates the number killed in the whole of France at 50,000
.
There were many illustrious victims, among them being Admiral Coligny, his son-in-See also: law Charles de See also: Teligny and the logician See also: Peter Ramus
.
Catherine de' Medici received the congratulations of all the Catholic See also: powers, and See also: Pope See also: Gregory XIII. commanded bonfires to be lighted and a medal to be struck
.
See H . Bordier, La St Barthelemy et la critique moderne (Paris, 1879) ; H . Baumgarten, Vor der Bartholomdusnacht (Strassburg, 1882) ; and H . Mariejol, `" La Reforme et la Ligue " (Paris, 1904), in vol. vi. of the Histoire de France, by E .See also: Lavisse, which contains a more See also: complete bibliography of the subject
.
ST BENOIT-SUR-See also: LOIRE, a See also: village of north-central France, in the department of Loiret, on the right See also: bank of the Loire, 22 M
.
E.S.E. of See also: Orleans by road
.
St Benoit (
See also: Lat
.
Floriacum) possesses a huge See also: basilica, the only survival of a famous monastery founded in the 7th century to which the See also: relics of St Benedict were brought from See also: Monte Cassino
.
Of great importance during the See also: middle ages, owing partly to its school, the establishment began to decline in the 16th century
.
In 1562 it was pillaged by the Protestants and, though the buildings were restored by See also: Richelieu, the abbey did not recover its former position
.
The basilica was built between c
.
1025 and 1218 . Its narthex has a second storey supported on columns with remarkable carved capitals; there are two sets of transepts, above which rises a square central tower . In the interior are theSee also: tomb of See also: Philip I., stalls of the 15th century, and, in the crypt, a modern shrine containing the remains of St Benedict, which still attract many pilgrims
.
ST
See also: BERNARD PASSES, two of the best-known passes across the See also: main chain of the See also: Alps, both traversed by See also: carriage roads
.
The Great St Bernard (8111 ft.) leads (53 m.) from Martigny (anc
.
Octodurus) in the Rhone valley (See also: Switzerland) to Aosta (anc
.
See also: Augusta Praetoria) in See also: Italy
.
It was known in Roman times
.
The hospice on the pass was founded (or perhaps re-founded) by St Bernard of Menthon (d. about 1o81), and since the 12th or early 13th century has been in See also: charge of a community of See also: Austin canons, the See also: mother-house being at Martigny
.
Annually the servants of the canons, and the famous See also: dogs, save many lives, especially of See also: Italian workmen See also: crossing the pass
.
In May 180o Napoleon led his army over the pass, which was then traversed by a bridle road only
.
The Little St Bernard (7179 ft.) also was known in Roman times, and the hospice refounded by St Bernard of Menthon, though it is now in charge of the military and religious See also: order of SS
.
See also: Maurice and See also: Lazarus
.
The pass leads (39 m.) from Bourg St Maurice in the See also: Isere valley (French department of See also: Savoie) to Aosta, but is much less frequented by travellers than its neighbour opposite
.
(W
.
A
.
B
.
C.)
There is no certain mention of the road over the pass of the Great St Bernard (Alpis Poenina, Poeninus See also: Mons) before 57 B.C. when See also: Julius Caesar sent Servius See also: Galba over it, " because he wished that the pass, by which traders had been accustomed to go at great See also: risk and with very high transport charges, should be opened." But even in See also: Strabo's time it was impassable for wheeled See also: traffic; and we find that Augusta Praetoria originally had but two See also: gates, one opening on the road towards the Little St Bernard (Alpis Graia), the other towards Eporedia (See also: Ivrea), but none towards the Alpis Poenina
.
But the military arrangement of the See also: German provinces rendered the construction of the road necessary, and it is mentioned as existing in A.D
.
69
.
Remains of it cut in the See also: rock, some 121 ft. in width, still exist near the lake at the top of the pass
.
On the plain at the top of the pass is the See also: temple of See also: Jupiter Poeninus (Penninus), remains of which were excavated in 189o-1893, though See also: objects connected with it had long ago been found
.
The oldest of the votive-tablets which can be dated belongs to the time of Tiberius, and the temple may be attributed to the beginning of the See also: empire; objects, however, of the first Iron age (4th or 5th century B.c.) were also found' and many Gaulish coins
.
Other buildings, probably belonging to the post station at the top of the pass, were also discovered
.
Many of the objects found then and in previous years, including ' So Not. degli scavi (1891), 81; but the statement is contradicted, ibid . (1894), 44 . many votive-tablets, are in the museum at the hospice of the Great St Bernard . See Notizie degli scavi, passim, especially E . Ferrero (1890), 294; C . Promis, Antichitd di Aosta ( See also: Turin, 1862)
.
The Little St Bernard was known to the See also: Romans as Alpis Graia
.
It derived its name from the See also: legend that Hercules, returning from Spain with the oxen of See also: Geryon, crossed the Alps by this route, though the legend rather suits the route through'the Maritime Alps
.
According to many modern scholars, Hannibal passed this way over the Alps, though the question has been much discussed (see See also: art
.
HANNIBAL, and Partsch in Pauly-Wissowa, Realencyklopddie i., 1604)
.
In any See also: case it was the See also: principal pass over the Alps into Gallia Comata until the pass of the Alpis Cottia (Mont Genevre) was opened by Cn
.
Pompeius in 75 B.C., and became the principal route, though the road was only completed under See also: Augustus by Cottius in 3 B.C
.
Various remains of the road are visible, and those of a building (possibly a temple of Jupiter) have been found on the See also: summit of the pass
.
See Notizie degli scavi (1883), 7 (1894), 46; and C
.
Promis, Antichitd di Aosta (Turin, 1862), 115 sqq
.
(T
.
As.)
ST BERTRAND-DE-COMMINGES, a village of south-western France at the See also: foot of the Pyrenees in the department of Haute-See also: Garonne, about 7o m
.
S.W. of Toulouse by rail and road
.
St Bertrand stands about 1 m. from the left bank of the Garonne on the slopes of an isolated hill crowned by its celebrated cathedral of Notre See also: Dame
.
The See also: facade of the church with its square tower and the first bay with its aisles are Romanesque, and belong to a church begun about the end of the 11th century by Bishop Bertrand (1075-1123), afterwards canonized
.
The nave with its See also: side chapels and the choir, in the See also: Gothic style, date from the first See also: half of the 14th century and were chiefly the See also: work of Bertrand de Goth, bishop from 1295 to 1299 and afterwards Pope See also: Clement V
.
The choir screen, rood-loft and altar, which See also: form an enclosure within the church, are masterpieces of Renaissance wood-See also: carving, as are also the choir stalls
.
The church contains several tombs, the most interesting of which are the fine See also: white marble tomb of Bishop Hugh of
See also: Chatillon (d
.
1352), and the See also: mausoleum of St Bertrand (both of the 15th century), whose relics are preserved in the treasury
.
On the south side of the church there is a ruined cloister of Romanesque architecture . St Bertrand-de-Comminges (Lugdunum Convenarum)was founded in 72 B.C., and before the end of the 5th century became the seat of a bishopric suppressed at the Revolution . The town was destroyed towards the end of the 6th century by Guntrum, king ofSee also: Burgundy, after it had served as a See also: refuge to Gondowald, pretender to the See also: crown of See also: Aquitaine
.
SAINT-BON, See also: SIMONE ARTURO (1823-1892), Italian admiral, was born at See also: Chambery on the 2oth of March 1823
.
Leaving the See also: Naval See also: Academy in 1847, he attained the rank of commander in 1860, and that of See also: vice-admiral in 1867
.
He took part in the See also: Crimean war, distinguished himself in 186o at the siege of See also: Ancona, and was decorated for valour at the siege of See also: Gaeta
.
At the battle of Lissa, in 1866, his vessel, the " Formidabile," forced the entrance of the port of San Giorgio and silenced the See also: Austrian batteries, for which exploit he received a gold medal
.
In 1873 he was elected deputy, and appointed by See also: Minghetti to be minister of marine, in which position he revolutionized the Italian See also: navy
.
Insisting upon the need for large battleships with high powers of attack and defence, and capable of fighting as single See also: units, he introduced the See also: colossal types of which the " Duilio " and the " Dandolo " were the earliest examples
.
Falling from power with the Right in 1876, he resumed active service, but in 1891 was again appointed minister of marine
.
He died on the 26th of See also: November 1892, while still in office
.
He is remembered in Italy as the originator of the modern Italian See also: fleet
.
ST BRIEUC, a town of western France, capital of the department of See also: Cotes-du-See also: Nord, 63 m
.
N.W. of See also: Rennes by the railway to See also: Brest
.
Pop
.
(1906) town 15,270; commune 23,041
.
It stands 290 ft. above the sea, between 1 and 2 M. from the English Channel and less than a mile from the right bank of the Gouet, at the See also: month of which is its seaport, Le Legue
.
St Brieuc is the seat of a bishopric in the province of Rennes, and has a cathedral dating from the 13th century, but partially rebuilt in the '18th, and afterwards extensively restored
.
In the interior the tombsof the bishops and a Renaissance See also: organ-loft deserve mention
.
The oldest part of the episcopal palace date back to the 16th century
.
The hotel-de-ville contains a museum and picture gallery
.
An Ursuline convent serves as barracks
.
There are numerous houses of the 15th and 16th centuries, in one of which James II., king of England, is said to have lodged in 1689
.
A colossal image of the Virgin looks down upon the town from an See also: eminence on the north, and there is a statue of Du Guesclin
.
The See also: industries include wool-spinning, See also: timber-sawing, iron and See also: steel-working, and the manufacture of brushes and agricultural implements
.
St Brieuc owes its origin and its name to the missionary St Briocus, who came from Wales in the 5th century, and whose tomb after-wards attracted crowds of pilgrims
.
The place was defended in 1375 by See also: Olivier de Clisson against the duke of See also: Brittany, and again attacked by the same Clisson in 1394, the cathedral suffering greatly in both sieges
.
In 1592 the town was pillaged by the Spaniards, in 1601 ravaged by the plague, and in 1628 surrounded by walls of which no traces remain
.
Between 1602 and 1768 the states of Brittany several times met at St Brieuc
.
During the Reign of Terror Chouans and Republicans carried on a ruthless conflict with each other in the vicinity
.
The ancient fort of Peran, built of vitrified granite, is about 5 m
.
S. of St Brieuc
.
ST CATHARINES, a city of See also: Ontario, See also: Canada, and the capital of Lincoln county, on the Welland Canal and the See also: Grand Trunk, and St Catharines and See also: Niagara Central See also: railways, 35 M
.
S. of See also: Toronto, with which it has steamer connexion
.
Pop
.
(1901) 9946
.
It is connected by electric tramways with the neighbouring towns and villages, and is in the midst of a fine fruit-growing district . Its excellent water-power providesSee also: motive force for numerous industries, among which are flour-mills and factories for the manufacture of edge tools and agricultural implements
.
Bishop See also: Ridley See also: College, under Anglican control, is an important residential school
.
There are See also: mineral springs which are much visited by invalids
.
ST CHAMOND, a manufacturing town of east-central France, in the department of Loire, 7z M
.
E.N.E. of St Etienne, on the railway from St Etienne to See also: Lyons
.
Pop
.
(1906) 14,147
.
The town lies in a small See also: basin surrounded by mountains at the confluence of the Janon with the Gier, an affluent of the Rhone
.
It has See also: coal-mines forming part of the Rive-de-Gier basin
.
The milling of raw See also: silk, the manufacture of See also: ribbons and laces of every kind, dyeing and the construction of naval and railway material are the foremost industries
.
There are also See also: metal-foundries, manufactories of nails, heavy iron goods, looms and other See also: industrial establishments
.
St Chamond, founded in the 7th century by St Ennemond or Chamond, archbishop of Lyons, became the chief town of the Jarret, a little principality formed by the valley of the Gier . Silk-milling was introduced in the town in the middle of the 16th century by Gayotti, a native of Bologna . Remains are found at St Chamond of a Roman aqueduct, which conveyed theSee also: waters of the Janon along the valley of the Gier to Lyons
.
ST CHARLES, a city and the county-seat of St Charles county, See also: Missouri, U.S.A., situated on the N. bank of the Missouri river, about 20 M. above its mouth, and about 23 M
.
N.W. of St Louis
.
Pop
.
(1910) 9437
.
It is served by the See also: Wabash and the Missouri, Kansas & See also: Texas railway systems, and by an electric railway to St Louis
.
A great steel See also: bridge, 6535 ft. long (built 1868-1871), crosses the river and gives entry to the Wabash railroad from St Louis
.
It has three spans of 305 to 321 ft., which at the time of their construction were the longest of their kind in the See also: world
.
A See also: highway bridge also crosses the river, and is the only waggon bridge between Jefferson City and the mouth of the river
.
At St Charles are a Presbyterian school for See also: women (Lindenwood College); St Charles Military College (Methodist Episcopal, 1837) , the Academy of the Sacred See also: Heart (1818); St See also: Joseph's Hospital, and the See also: Emmaus See also: Asylum for Epileptics
.
St Charles has import- See also: ant car works (among the largest in the United States), a large shoe factory, flour mills, brick and tile yards and breweries
.
St Charles county is very fertile, and its yield of See also: wheat is especially large
.
At the See also: sand works at See also: Klondike, in the See also: southern part of the county, large quantities of See also: silica are blasted, crushed, bolted and shipped
.
A French settlement was begun at St Charles in 1769, and soon
thereafter a Spanish official was placed-in residence
.
St Charles was organized as a village under territorial law in 1809; and in 1849 was chartered as a city
.
It was the first capital of the state (1810-1826)
.
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