See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

SAINT CLAIR  , a See also:

• BOROUGH (A.S. nominative burh, dative byrig, which produces some of the place-names ending in bury, a sheltered or fortified place, the camp of refuge of a tribe, the stronghold of a chieftain; cf. Ger. Burg, Fr. bor, bore, bourg)
• BOROUGH [BURROUGH, BURROWE, BORROWS], STEVEN (1525–1584)

borough of Schuylkill See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county, See also:

• PENNSYLVANIA
• PENNSYLVANIA, UNIVERSITY OF

Pennsylvania, U.S.A., on See also:

• MILL
• MILL (O. Eng. mylen, later myln, or miln, adapted from the late Lat. molina, cf. Fr. moulin, from Lat. mola, a mill, molere, to grind; from the same root, mol, is derived " meal;" the word appears in other Teutonic languages, cf. Du. molen, Ger. muhle)
• MILL, JAMES (1773-1836)
• MILL, JOHN (c. 1645–1707)
• MILL, JOHN STUART (1806-1873)

Mill See also:

• CREEK
• CREEK (Mid. Eng. crike or creke, common to many N. European languages)

Creek, 3 M . N. of See also:

• POTTSVILLE

Pottsville, and about 40 M. by See also:

• RAIL

rail N.N.W. of See also:

• READING

Reading . Pop . (191o) 6455 . See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint Clair is served by the Pennsylvania and the See also:

• PHILADELPHIA

Philadelphia & Reading See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways . It is engaged chiefly in the See also:

• MINING

mining (very largely See also:

• SURFACE

surface-stripping) and See also:

• SHIPPING

shipping of See also:

• ANTHRACITE (Gr. avOpaE, coal)

anthracite See also:

• COAL

coal, and in the manufacture of miners' supplies . Saint Clair was settled in 1825 and was incorporated as a borough in 185o . ST CLAIR, a See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake and See also:

• RIVER

river of See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• AMERICA

America, forming See also:

• PART

part of the boundary between the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of See also:

• MICHIGAN
• MICHIGAN, LAKE
• MICHIGAN, UNIVERSITY OF

Michigan, U.S.A., and the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• ONTARIO
• ONTARIO, LAKE

Ontario, See also:

• CANADA

Canada . The lake is 29 M. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long and 20 broad . It contains numerous islands, receives from the See also:

• CANADIAN

Canadian See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side several See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers, the largest of which is the See also:

• THAMES

Thames, and is drained into Lake See also:

• ERIE

Erie by the See also:

• DETROIT

Detroit river . At its See also:

• FOOT

foot are the cities of Detroit (Michigan) and See also:

• WINDSOR
• WINDSOR (properly NEw WINDSOR)

Windsor (Ontario) . On the north it receives the St Clair river, the outlet of Lake See also:

• HURON
• HURON (a French term, from huge', bristled, early used as an expression of contempt, signifying "lout ")

Huron, The shores of both lake and river are See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat, and their See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters shallow; but, owing to the enormous See also:

• TRAFFIC

traffic which passes through, they have been in See also:

• GREAT

great part canalized, and can accommodate the largest steamers .

ST See also:

• CLAUDE, JEAN (1619-1687)

CLAUDE, a See also:

• TOWN

town of eastern See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of an See also:

• ARRONDISSEMENT (from arrondir, to make round)

arrondissement in the See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of See also:

• JURA
• JURA (" deer island ")

Jura, 42 M . S.S.E. of Lons-le-Saunier by rail . Pop . (Igoe) 9558 . The town is beautifully situated 1300 ft. above See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-level at the western See also:

• BASE

base of Mont See also:

• BAYARD, PIERRE TERRAIL, SEIGNEUR DE (1473–1524)
• BAYARD, THOMAS FRANCIS (1828-1898)

Bayard, among the heights of the eastern Jura at the confluence of the See also:

• BIENNE, LAKE OF, or BIELERSEE
• BIENNE, or BIEL

Bienne and the Tacon . The latter river is crossed by a See also:

• FINE

fine suspension See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge . The See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral of St See also:

• PIERRE

Pierre, once the See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

abbey-See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church, a See also:

• BUILDING

building of the 14th to the 18th centuries, contains fine 15th-See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century stalls and a See also:

• REREDOS (Anglo-Fr. areredos, from arere, behind, and dos, back)

reredos of the See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period . The town is the seat of a See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop, See also:

• SUFFRAGAN (Med. Lat. suffraganeus suffragator, one who assists, from suffragari, to vote in favour of, to support)

suffragan of See also:

• LYONS
• LYONS (Fr. Lyon)
• LYONS, COUNCILS OF
• LYONS, EDMUND LYONS, BARON (1790-1858)
• LYONS, RICHARD BICKERTON PEMELL LYONS, 1ST EARL (1817–1887)

Lyons, and of a sub-See also:

• PREFECT (prefet)

prefect . St Claude has been noted since the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages for its See also:

• FANCY (a shortened form, dating from the 15th century, of " fantasy," which is derived through the O. Fr. fantasie, modern fantaisie. from the Latinized form of the Gr. cbavraoia, Oavrai'ecv, Oat Pais, to show)

fancy articles in See also:

• HORN
• HORN (a common Teutonic word, cognate with Lat. cornu; cf. Gr. Kipas)
• HORN (Lat. cornu; corresponding terms being Fr. cor, trompe; Ger. Horn; Ital. corno)
• HORN, ARVID BERNHARD, COUNT (1664-1742)
• HORN, PHILIP DE MONTMORENCY, COUNT

horn, See also:

• TORTOISE

tortoise-See also:

• SHELL
• SHELL (O. Eng. scell, scyll, cf. Du. sceel, shell, Goth. skalja, tile; the word means originally a thin flake,. cf. Swed. skalja, to peel off; it is allied to " scale " and " skill," from a root meaning to cleave, divide, separate)

shell, hardwood, See also:

• IVORY (Fr. ivoire, Lat. ebur)
• IVORY, SIR JAMES (1765-1842)

ivory, &c., and there are manufactures of briar-See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root pipes . See also:

• DIAMOND

Diamond-cutting and See also:

• LAPIDARY

lapidary See also:

• WORK

work and the manufacture of See also:

• MEASURES

measures are also prosperous See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries . The town derives its name from that of an See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop of See also:

• BESANCON

Besancon who died in the 7th century in the monastery founded here in the 5th century . This monastery subsequently acquired almost See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent See also:

• SOVEREIGNTY

sovereignty in the locality, and held its retainers in a state of See also:

• SERFDOM (from Fr. serf, Lat. servus, a servant or slave)

serfdom till the Revolution .

See also:

• VOLTAIRE, FRANCOIS MARIE AROUET DE (1694–1778)

Voltaire pleaded the cause of the See also:

• SERFS, SERROS

serfs, though unsuccessfully, before the See also:

• PARLEMENT (see PARLIAMENT)

parlement of Besancon, and in memory of his services a statue was erected to him in 1887 . St Claude was constituted a bishopric in 1762 . The abbey-buildings and most of the town were destroyed by See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire in 1799 . ST See also:

• CLOUD (from the same root, if not the same word, as " clod," a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages for a mass or lump; it is first applied in the usual sense in the late 13th century; the Anglo-Saxon chid is only used in the sense of " a ma

CLOUD, a town of See also:

• NORTHERN

northern France, in the department of See also:

• SEINE
• SEINE (Lat. Sequana)
• SEINE, or SEAN (O. Fr. seigne, mod. seine, Lat. sagena, Gr. vaytivrl, a draw-net)

Seine-et-See also:

• OISE

Oise, on the See also:

• LEFT

left See also:

• BANK

bank of the Seine, 2 M . W. of the fortifications of See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris by road . Pop . (1906) 7316 . Picturesquely built on a See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill-slope, St Cloud overlooks the river, the Bois de See also:

• BOULOGNE, or BOULLONGNE

Boulogne and Paris; and, lying amid the foliage of its magnificent See also:

• PARK (Fr. part; Ital. parco; Sp. Marque; O.Eng. pearroc; connected with Ger. pferch, fold, and pfarrei, district, translating med. Lat. parochia, parish)
• PARK, EDWARDS AMASA (1808–1900)
• PARK, MUNGO (1771-1806?)

park and numerous See also:

• VILLA

villa gardens, it is one of the favourite resorts of the Parisians . The See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace of St Cloud, which had been a summer See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence for See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon I., See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XVIII., See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles X., Louis Philippe and Napoleon III., was burned by the Prussians in r87o along with part of the See also:

• VILLAGE

village . In spite of the damage inflicted on the park at the same period its magnificent avenues and ornamental See also:

• WATER

water still make it one of the pleasantest spots in the neighbourhood of Paris . Every See also:

• YEAR

year in See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September, at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of the See also:

• PILGRIMAGE (Fr. pelerinage, Lat. peregrinatio)

pilgrimage of St Cloud, a See also:

• FAIR

fair lasting four See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks is held in the park . Within its precincts are situated the See also:

• NATIONAL

national Sevres See also:

• PORCELAIN

porcelain manufactory and the See also:

• BRETEUIL, LOUIS CHARLES AUGUSTE LE TONNELIER, BARON DE (1730-1807)

Breteuil See also:

• PAVILION

pavilion, the seat of the See also:

• INTERNATIONAL, THE

international See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission on the See also:

• METRE ((terpuc?, sc. rFxvf, from Gr. Or poi', measure)

metre .

St Cloud possesses a See also:

• MODERN

modern church in the See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style of the 12th century with an elegant See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone See also:

• SPIRE

spire; and here, too, is established the higher training See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college for male teachers for the provincial training colleges of See also:

• PRIMARY

primary instruction . Clodoald or Cloud, See also:

• GRANDSON (Ger. Grandsee)

grandson of See also:

• CLOVIS [Chlodovech] (c. 466-511)

Clovis, adopted the monastic See also:

• LIFE

life and left his name to the spot where his See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb was discovered I019 after the See also:

• LAPSE (Lat. lapses, a slip or departure)

lapse of 1200 years, in a See also:

• CRYPT (Lat. crypta, from the Gr. Kp&arrew, to hide)

crypt near the See also:

• PRESENT

present church . He had granted the domain to the bishops of Paris, who possessed it as a See also:

• FIEF

fief till the 18th century . At St Cloud See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry III. and the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• NAVARRE (Span. Navarra)

Navarre (Henry IV.) established their See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp during the See also:

• LEAGUE

League for the See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of Paris; and there the former was assassinated by Jacques See also:

• CLEMENT (Lat. Clemens, i.e. merciful; Gr. K)4gs)
• CLEMENT, FRANCOIS (1714-1793)
• CLEMENT, JACQUES (1567-1589)

Clement . The See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle was at that time a See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house belonging to Pierre de Gondi, See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

arch-bishop of Paris; in 1658 it was acquired by the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• ORLEANS
• ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
• ORLEANS, DUKES OF
• ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
• ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
• ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
• ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
• ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
• ORLEANS, PHILIP I
• ORLEANS, PHILIP II

Orleans, who was the originator of the palace which perished in 187o . See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter the Great of See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia was received there in 1717 by the See also:

• REGENT (from Lat. regere, to rule)

regent, whose grandson sold the palace to See also:

• MARIE

Marie Antoinette . It was at St Cloud that See also:

• BONAPARTE

Bonaparte executed the coup d'etat of 18th See also:

• BRUMAIRE

Brumaire (1799); after he became See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor the palace was his favourite residence, and there he celebrated his See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage with Marie See also:

• LOUISE [AUGUSTE WILHELMINE AMALIE LUISE] (1776-1810)

Louise . In 1815 it was the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of the See also:

• SIGNING

signing of the See also:

• CAPITULATION (Lat. capitulum, a little head or division; capitulare, to treat upon terms)

capitulation of Paris; and in 183o from St Cloud Charles X. issued the orders which brought about his fall . Napoleon III. was there when he received the senatusconsult which restored the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire in his favour (1st See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1852) . Seized by the Prussians at the beginning of the investment of Paris See also:

• ILL

ill 187o, St Cloud was sacked during the siege . ST CLOUD, a See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city in Stearns, See also:

• BENTON, THOMAS HART (1782-1858)

Benton and Sherburne counties, See also:

• MINNESOTA

Minnesota, U.S.A., and the county-seat of Stearns county, about 65 m . N.W. of Minneapolis, on both See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks of the See also:

• MISSISSIPPI

Mississippi river, and about 970 ft. above sea-level .

Pop . (1900) 8663, of whom 1907 were See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign-See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born; (1910 U.S. See also:

• CENSUS (from Lat. censere, to estimate or assess; connected by some with centum, i.e. a count by hundreds)

census) ro,600 . It is served by the Great Northern and the Northern Pacific railways . It is the seat of one of the State Normal See also:

• SCHOOLS

Schools (1869), and of the Minnesota State Reformatory (1887) . In the city are a See also:

• CARNEGIE
• CARNEGIE, ANDREW (1837– )

Carnegie library, a Federal building, a See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic cathedral, St See also:

• RAPHAEL (Hebrew smm, " God heals ")

Raphael's See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

Hospital (Roman Catholic), St See also:

• CLOTILDA, SAINT (d. 544)

Clotilda's See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy of See also:

• MUSIC

Music and two business colleges . The Mississippi has a considerable fall here, and provides valuable water-See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power . Among the manufactures are See also:

• FLOUR

flour, barrels, bricks, and foundry and See also:

• MACHINE
• MACHINE (through Fr. from Lat. form machina of Gr. µnxavil)

machine-See also:

• SHOP

shop products--the Great Northern maintains extensive See also:

• CAR (Late Lat. carra)

car and repair shops here . In 1905 the value of the city's factory product was $1,994,476, an increase of 27.8% since 190o . There are large See also:

• LUMBER

lumber yards, and excellent See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey and red granites (St Cloud is called " the See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

Granite City ") from neighbouring quarries are exported . The city lies in a large See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain-growing and stock-raising See also:

• DISTRICT

district . St Cloud was settled in 1852, platted in 1854, incorporated as a village in 1868, and chartered as a city in 1889 . Until reached by the Great Northern railway, St Cloud was the See also:

• HUDSON
• HUDSON, GEORGE (180o-1871)
• HUDSON, HENRY
• HUDSON, JOHN (1662–1719)

Hudson's See also:

• BAY

Bay See also:

• COMPANY

Company's See also:

• TERMINUS

terminus for the unloading of furs from the wooden ox-carts (" Red river " carts) .

ST CROIX or See also:

• SANTA

SANTA CRUZ, the largest See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island in the Danish See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West Indies . It lies 65 m . S.E. of Puerto Rico, in 17° 40' N. and 64° 14' W., is 22 M. long, varies in breadth from 1 m. to 6 m., and has an See also:

• AREA

area of 84 sq. m . Pop . (1901) 18,590 . Parallel with the western See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast is a range of hills, culminating in See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount See also:

• EAGLE (Fr. aigle, from the Lat. aquila)

Eagle (1164 ft.) . The narrower western part is also hilly, but on the S. See also:

• SHORE

shore there are marshy tracts with lagoons of brackish water . See also:

• SUGAR

Sugar is the See also:

• STAPLE

staple product, and near Christiansted there is a central factory conducted by the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government . The planters are mostly See also:

• ENGLISH

English, and their See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language predominates . The capital, Christianstad (locally known as " Bassin "), is situated at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of an inlet on the N. coast, but its See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour is to a large extent choked with mud . It is a picturesque town, and the seat of the Danish See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor during See also:

• HALF

half the year . The only other town, Frederickstad, stands on an open roadstead on the W. coast .

It is locally known as " West End," and part of the town, wrecked by the blacks in 1878, lies in ruins . The See also:

• CLIMATE

climate is healthy, the mean See also:

• ANNUAL

annual temperature being 74° F. and the See also:

• AVERAGE

average rainfall 45.7 in. per annum . St Croix was discovered in 1493 by See also:

• COLUMBUS
• COLUMBUS, CHRISTOPHER [in Spanish CRISTOBAL COLON] (c. 1446, or perhaps rather 1451, -15o6)

Columbus, and was owned in turn by the Dutch, See also:

• BRITISH

British and See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish . In 1851 it was taken by France, and two years later was given to the Knights of See also:

• MALTA
• MALTA (or MEDITERRANEAN) FEVER

Malta by Louis XIV . In 1733 it was See also:

• PURCHASED

purchased by See also:

• DENMARK
• DENMARK (Danmark)

Denmark . See also:

• SLAVERY

Slavery was abolished in 1848 after a violent insurrection which had broken out among the slaves . See See also:

• SIR

Sir H . H . See also:

• JOHNSTON, ALBERT SIDNEY (1803–1862)
• JOHNSTON, ALEXANDER (1849-1888)
• JOHNSTON, ALEXANDER KEITH (1804-1871)
• JOHNSTON, ARTHUR (1587-1641)
• JOHNSTON, J
• JOHNSTON, JOSEPH EGGLESTON (1807-1891)
• JOHNSTON, SIR HENRY HAMILTON (1858- )

Johnston, The See also:

• NEGRO (from Lat. eager, black)

Negro in the New See also:

• WORLD

World (r9To) . SAINT-CYRAN, a See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• BENEDICTINE

Benedictine abbey in the province of See also:

• BERRY, CHARLES ALBERT (1852-1899)
• BERRY, CHARLES FERDINAND
• BERRY, JOHN, DUKE OF (1340-1416)
• BERRY, or BERRI

Berry, now comprised in the department of the Loiret . From 1620 to 1643 it was held by the famous Jansenist reformer, DuVergier (q.v.), who is consequently often spoken of by French writers as the See also:

• ABBE (Serbo-Croatian Rai))

Abbe de Saint-Cyran . ST CYR-L'$See also:

• COLE, SIR HENRY (1808–1882)
• COLE, THOMAS (1801–1848)
• COLE, TIMOTHY (1852– )
• COLE, VICAT (1833–1893)

COLE, a town of northern France in the department of Seine-et-Oise, 3 M .

W. of See also:

• VERSAILLES

Versailles at the end of the old park of Louis XIV . Pop . (1906) 2696 . Its importance is due to the famous military school (ecole speciale militaire) in which See also:

• OFFICERS

officers for the See also:

• CAVALRY (Fr. cavalerie, Ger. Kavallerie or Reiterei, derived ultimately from late Lat. caballus, horse)

cavalry and See also:

• INFANTRY

infantry are trained . It was established in 1808 in the See also:

• CONVENT (Lat. conventus, from convenire, to come together)

convent which Madame de See also:

• MAINTENON

Maintenon founded for the See also:

• EDUCATION

education of See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young ladies in poor circumstances . See also:

• RACINE
• RACINE, JEAN (1639-1699)
• RACINE, LOUIS (1692-1763)

Racine's See also:

• ESTHER

Esther and Athalie were first acted here, having been written expressly for the pupils . Madame de Maintenon's tomb is still preserved in the See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel . The convent was suppressed at the Revolution, and the gardens are now partly transformed into See also:

• PARADE (Fr. parade, an adaptation from Ital. parada; cf. Span. parada, from Lat. parade, to prepare, equip, furnish)

parade-grounds . ST DAVIDS (Tyddewi), a cathedral town of See also:

• PEMBROKESHIRE (Sir Benfro, Dyfed)

Pembrokeshire, See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales, situated near the sea to the S.E. of St See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David's Head, the most See also:

• WESTERLY

westerly promontory of See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South Wales . Pop . (1901) 1710 . St Davids is Io m. distant from the station of Letterston on the Great Western railway, and about 16 m. from See also:

• FISHGUARD (Abergwaun)

Fishguard to the N.E., and 16 m. from See also:

• HAVERFORDWEST (Welsh Hwlfordd, the English name ,being perhaps a corruption of the Scandinavian Hafna-Fjord)

Haverfordwest to the E .

The little town, locally known as " the city," stands in a lofty position See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of the Cathedral Close, and consists of five streets, which converge on an open space called the See also:

• CROSS

Cross Keys, formerly used as a See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market-See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place and distinguished by its High Cross, a single See also:

• SHAFT
• SHAFT (O. Eng., sceaft, from scafan, to shave; the word is common to Teutonic languages)

shaft erect on a square base of six steps, restored in 1873 . From the cross a See also:

• LANE, EDWARD WILLIAM (1801–1876)
• LANE, JAMES HENRY (1814–1866)

lane leads westward to the See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

Tower See also:

• GATE

Gate, flanked by two See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient towers in a ruinous See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition . From this point is obtained a superb view of the close with the cathedral and ruined palace in the valley of the Alun below, to which the rocky outline of Carn Llidi forms an imposing background . The cathedral church of SS . See also:

• ANDREW (Gr. 'AvBp4as, manly)
• ANDREW, JOHN ALBION (1818-1867)

Andrew and David, in spite of centuries of neglect and ill-advised alterations, remains the largest and most interesting See also:

• PILE

pile of ecclesiastical buildings in the Principality . It is largely built of a beautiful See also:

• PURPLE

purple-hued See also:

• SANDSTONE

sandstone, which is quarried locally . Its proportions are: length (exclusive of the Trinity and See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

Lady chapels), 2543 ft.; breadth of See also:

• NAVE

nave and aisles, 513 ft.; breadth of transepts including tower, 116 ft.; and height of central tower, 116 ft . In spite of the antiquity of its See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation, the earliest and See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main portion of the existing fabric was erected under Bishop Peter de Leia (1176-1198) in the transitional See also:

• NORMAN
• NORMAN, SIR HENRY WYLIE (1826-1904)

Norman-English style . See also:

• BISI

Bisi:op David See also:

• MARTYN, HENRY (r781-1812)
• MARTYN, JOHN (1699-1768)

Martyn (129o-1328) built the Lady Chapel; Bishop Henry de See also:

• GOWER
• GOWER, JOHN (d. 1408)

Gower (1328-1347), one of the greatest of ecclesiastical builders in Wales, made many additions in the Decorated style, including the stone See also:

• ROOD (O.E. rod, a stick, another form of " rod, O.E. rodd, possibly cognate with Lat. rudis, a staff)

rood-See also:

• SCREEN (usually, but very doubtfully, connected with Lat. scrinium, a box for holding books, from scribere, to write; a connexion with Ger. Schranke, barrier, has been suggested)

screen and See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• PORCH (through the Fr. porehe, from Lat. porticus; the Ital. equivalent is portico, corresponding to the Gr. vapOi ; Ger. Vorhalle)

porch; and Bishop See also:

• EDWARD

Edward See also:

• VAUGHAN, CHARLES JOHN (1816-1897)
• VAUGHAN, HENRY (1622-1695)
• VAUGHAN, HERBERT (1832-1903)
• VAUGHAN, THOMAS (1622-1666)
• VAUGHAN, WILLIAM (1577-1641)

Vaughan (15o9-1522) erected the Trinity Chapel between the See also:

• CHOIR (0. Fr. cuer from Lat. chorus; pronounced quire, and until the end of the 17th century so spelt, the spelling being altered to agree with the Fr. chceur)

choir and Lady Chapel . Under the last-named See also:

• PRELATE (Lat. praelatus, set above, from praefero, prefer)

prelate the magnificence of St Davids reached its height, but owing to the changes during the See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation and the unscrupulous rapacity of Bishop See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• BARLOW, JOEL (1754-1812)
• BARLOW, PETER (1776-1862)
• BARLOW, SIR GEORGE HILARO (1762-1847)

Barlow (1536-1548) the fabric suffered severely; nor was it spared later during the See also:

• CIVIL

Civil See also:

• WARS

Wars, when the Lady Chapel, the aisles of the See also:

• PRESBYTERY

presbytery, and even the transepts were unroofed and partially dismantled . In 1793 the cathedral was repaired by See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• NASH, RICHARD (1674-1762)

Nash, who rebuilt the western front in a debased Perpendicular style . The work of much-needed restoration was carried out throughout the latter half of the 19th century, especially between 1862 and 1869, when Sir See also:

• GILBERT
• GILBERT (KINGSMILL) ISLANDS
• GILBERT (or GYLBERDE), WILLIAM (1544-1603)
• GILBERT, ALFRED (1854– )
• GILBERT, ANN (1821-1904)
• GILBERT, GROVE KARL (1843– )
• GILBERT, J
• GILBERT, JOHN (1810-1889)
• GILBERT, MARIE DOLORES ELIZA ROSANNA [" LOLA MONTEZ "] (1818-1861)
• GILBERT, NICOLAS JOSEPH LAURENT (1751–1780)
• GILBERT, SIR HUMPHREY (c. 1539-1583)
• GILBERT, SIR JOSEPH HENRY (1817-1901)
• GILBERT, SIR WILLIAM SCHWENK (1836– )

Gilbert See also:

• SCOTT, ALEXANDER (fl. 1550)
• SCOTT, DAVID (18o6-1849)
• SCOTT, MICHAEL (1789-1835)
• SCOTT, ROBERT (1811-1887)
• SCOTT, SIR GEORGE GILBERT (1811-1878)
• SCOTT, SIR WALTER, BART
• SCOTT, WILLIAM BELL (1811-1890)
• SCOTT, WINFIELD (1786-1866)

Scott strengthened the building at a cost of over £43,000 .

In 1873 Nash's incongruous work was replaced by a new See also:

• FACADE

facade intended to harmonize with the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design of Bishop de Leia, and at the be-ginning of the 20th century the Lady Chapel and Bishop Vaughan's chapel were restored in memory of Bishop See also:

• BASIL (Russ. VASILY)

Basil See also:

• JONES
• JONES, ALFRED GILPIN (1824-1906)
• JONES, EBENEZER (182o-186o)
• JONES, ERNEST CHARLES (1819-1869)
• JONES, HENRY (1831-1899)
• JONES, HENRY ARTHUR (1851- )
• JONES, INIGO (1573-1651)
• JONES, JOHN (c. 1800-1882)
• JONES, MICHAEL (d. 1649)
• JONES, OWEN (1741-1814)
• JONES, OWEN (1809-1874)
• JONES, RICHARD (179o-1855)
• JONES, SIR ALFRED LEWIS (1845-1909)
• JONES, SIR WILLIAM (1746-1794)
• JONES, THOMAS RUPERT (1819– )
• JONES, WILLIAM (1726-1800)

Jones (d . 1897) and of Deans See also:

• ALLEN, BOG OF
• ALLEN, ETHAN (1739–1789)
• ALLEN, GRANT CHARLES GRANT BLAIRFINDIEI, (1848–1899)
• ALLEN, JAMES LANE (1850– )
• ALLEN, JOHN (1476–1534)
• ALLEN, or ALLEYN, THOMAS (1542-1632)
• ALLEN, WILLIAM (1532-1594)
• ALLEN, WILLIAM FRANCIS (183o-1889)

Allen and See also:

• PHILLIPS
• PHILLIPS, ADELAIDE (1833-1882)
• PHILLIPS, EDWARD (163o-1696)
• PHILLIPS, JOHN (1800—1874)
• PHILLIPS, SAMUEL (1814—1854)
• PHILLIPS, STEPHEN (1868– )
• PHILLIPS, THOMAS (1770-1845)
• PHILLIPS, WENDELL (1811-1884)

Phillips . The interior of the nave, separated by six wide bays from the aisles, is singularly imposing with its See also:

• TRIFORIUM

triforium and See also:

• CLERESTORY, or CLEARSTORY (Ital. chiaro piano, Fr. clairevoie, claire etage, Ger. Lichtgaden)

clerestory windows . It possesses an elaborate roof of Irish See also:

• OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

oak, the See also:

• GIFT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. die Gift, gift, das Gift, poison, formed from the Teut. stem gab-, to give, cf. Dutch geven, Ger. geben; in O. Eng. the word appears with initial y, the guttural of later English is due to Scandinavian influence)

gift of Treasurer See also:

• OWEN, JOHN (1616-1683)
• OWEN, JOHN [OVENUS Or AUDOENUS] (c. 1560-1622)
• OWEN, ROBERT (1771-1858)
• OWEN, SIR HUGH (1804-1881)
• OWEN, SIR RICHARD (1804–1892)

Owen See also:

• POLE (FAMILY)
• POLE, REGINALD (1500-1558)
• POLE, RICHARD DE LA (d. 1525)
• POLE, WILLIAM (1814—1900)

Pole (c . 1500) . The nave is divided from the choir by Bishop Gower's fine stone screen, whilst the choir itself contains the richly carved stalls erected by Bishop Tully (1460-1481), the episcopal See also:

• THRONE

throne, and an elegant oaken screen that serves to See also:

• SEPARATE

separate choir and presbytery . The painted roof (freely restored) exhibits the coats-of-arms of Bishops Tully and See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin, Treasurer Owen Pole and other benefactors . The eastern See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall of the choir has been greatly altered by the addition of modern Venetian See also:

• MOSAIC (corresponding to Lat. opus musivum, from Gr. µovoeiov, an artificial grotto often decorated with mosaics; the word is only found in the sense of mosaic in late Greek, which generally uses k oXI yrlµa)

mosaic designs in the original See also:

• LOWER

lower triplet of See also:

• LIGHTS, CEREMONIAL USE OF

lights, and by the insertion of See also:

• LANCET (from Fr. lancette, dim. of lance, lance)

lancet windows in place of a large Perpendicular window of the 15th century . Bishop Vaughan's chapel contains fine Tudor See also:

• FAN (Lat. vannus; Fr. eventail)

fan vaulting, and the Lady Chapel See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good decorated See also:

• SEDILIA (the plural of Lat. sedile, seat)

sedilia . The cathedral, before the Reformation, was remarkably See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich in sculptured tombs and monuments, but manyof these have perished and all the See also:

• BRASSES, MONUMENTAL

brasses have disappeared . In the presbytery stands prominent the See also:

• ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

altar tomb with modern brasses inserted of See also:

• EDMUND
• EDMUND, or EADMUND (c. 980-1016)
• EDMUND, SAINT [EDMUND RICE] (d. 1240)

Edmund Tudor,