See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

SAINT (See also:

• LAT

lat. sanctus, " See also:

• HOLY

holy ")  , the See also:

• TERM

term originally applied, e.g. in the New Testament and in the most See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient monuments of See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian thought, to all believers . In this sense it is still used by those See also:

• MODERN

modern Christian sects which profess to See also:

• BASE

base their polity on the See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible only (e.g. the See also:

• MORMONS

Mormons or " Latter See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

Day See also:

• SAINTS, BATTLE OF THE

Saints ") . In ancient See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions it often means those souls who are enjoying eternal happiness, or the martyrs . Thus we find inscriptions in the Catacombs such as vivas inter sanctos, refrigera cum spiritu sancto, and See also:

• PEOPLE

people were buried ad sanctos . For a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, too, sanctus was an See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title, particularly reserved for bishops (v . Analecta Bollandiana, xviii . 410-411) . It was not till almost the 6th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century that the word be-came a title of See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour specially given to the dead whose cult was publicly celebrated in the churches . It was to the martyrs that the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church first began to pay See also:

• SPECIAL

special honour . We find traces of this in the 2nd See also:

• HALF

half of the 2nd century, in the Martyrium Polycarpi (xviii . 3) in connexion with a See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting to celebrate the anniversary of the See also:

• MARTYR (Gr. pimp or µaprvs)

martyr's See also:

• DEATH

death . Another passage in the same document (xvii .

3) shows clearly that this was not an innovation, but a See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom already established among the Christians . It does not follow that it was henceforth universal . The Church of See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome does not seem to have inscribed in its See also:

• CALENDAR

calendar its martyrs of an earlier date than the 3rd century . The essential See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of the cult of the martyrs was that of the honours paid to the illustrious dead; and these honours were officially paid by the community . They consisted in a gathering at the martyr's See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb on the anniversary of his death . St See also:

• CYPRIAN, SAINT [Caecilius Cyprianus, called THASCIUS] (c. 200–258)

Cyprian, speaking of the confessors who died in See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison, wrote to his priests, " Denique et See also:

• DIES, CHRISTOPH ALBERT (1755-1822)

dies eorum, quibus excedunt, adnotate, ut commemorationes eorum inter memorias martyrum celebrare possimus" (Epist. xii . 2) . The See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of anniversaries of a church formed its See also:

• MARTYROLOGY

Martyrology (q.v.) . In the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early days each church confined itself to celebrating its own martyrs; but it was not long before it be-came customary to celebrate the anniversaries of martyrs of other churches . In the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest See also:

• ROMAN

Roman ferial we already find festivals of Carthaginian martyrs, and similarly, in the Carthaginian calendar, Roman festivals, while See also:

• WRIGHT, CARROLL DAVIDSON (1840-1909)
• WRIGHT, CHAUNCEY (1830-1875)
• WRIGHT, JOSEPH (1734-1797)
• WRIGHT, SILAS (1795-1847)
• WRIGHT, THOMAS (1809–1884)
• WRIGHT, THOMAS (1810—1877)
• WRIGHT, WILLIAM ALDIS (1836– )

Wright's See also:

• SYRIAC

Syriac Martyrology contains numerous traces of this See also:

• EXCHANGE

exchange of festivals . From the 5th century onwards certain celebrated saints were honoured almost universally; St See also:

• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (354-430)
• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (d. c.613)

Augustine (Sermo, 276, § 4) says that the festival of St See also:

• VINCENT (or VINCENTIUS), ST
• VINCENT, GEORGE (1796-1831?)
• VINCENT, MARY ANN (1818-1887)

Vincent was celebrated throughout the whole of the Christian See also:

• WORLD

world . The same was the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of the festivals of St See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen, St See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James and St See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John, and St See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter and St See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul, as is shown by the liturgical documents, but these festivals were held in connexion with that of See also:

• CHRISTMAS (i.e. the Mass of Christ)

Christmas (26th, 27th and 28th See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December), and were not strictly speaking anniversaries .

The calendars at first included only martyrs, but their See also:

• SCOPE (through Ital. scopo, aim, purpose, intent, from Gr. o'KOaos, mark to shoot at, aim, o ic07reiv, to see, whence the termination in telescope, microscope, &c.)

scope was gradually widened . The first to find a See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in them were the bishops . Apparently they were at first arranged in a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of anniversaries See also:

• SEPARATE

separate from that of the martyrs, as seems to be shown by the existence at Rome of the Depositio episcoporum See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side by side with the Depositio martyrum; the two lists seem to have been combined, as in the calendar of See also:

• CARTHAGE
• CARTHAGE (Phoenician Kart-hadshat, " New City "; Gr. Kapxn5c; v, Lat. Carthago or Carchedon)
• CARTHAGE, SYNODS OF

Carthage, which includes the dies nataliciorum martyrum et depositions episcoporum . Some of the most famous bishops also ended by passing from one calendar into the other . Finally, the ascetics came to See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share in the honours paid to the martyrs, and we see in the Historia religiosa of See also:

• THEODORET

Theodoret how quickly this assimilation took place . In times of persecution the martyrs were buried among the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the faithful, but one can understand that their tombs, at which gatherings took place at least on the day of their anniversary, were distinguished from the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary tombs by some sign . When the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace of the Church permitted it, they were enshrined in chapels and often in sumptuous basilicas . In the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West these buildings were raised over the tomb, which was See also:

• LEFT

left intact; but in the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East there was no hesitation in disturbing the See also:

• GRAVES, ALFRED PERCEVAL (1846— )

graves of the saints and removing the bodies to a See also:

• BASILICA

basilica built to receive them . It is in this way that the See also:

• RELICS (Lat, reliquiae, the equivalent of the English " remains " in the sense of a dead body)

relics of St Babylas were placed in the See also:

• SANCTUARY (from the late Lat. sanctuarium, a sacred place)

sanctuary built by See also:

• GALLUS, C
• GALLUS, CORNELIUS (c. 70-26 B.C.)
• GALLUS, GAIUS AELIUS
• GALLUS, GAIUS CESTIUS
• GALLUS, GAIUS SULPICIUS

Gallus at See also:

• DAPHNE

Daphne (See also:

• SOCRATES

Socrates, Hist. eccl. iii . 18; See also:

• SOZOMEN

Sozomen, Hist. eccl. v . 19) . As a See also:

• MATTER

matter of fact, the discipline of the Eastern churches with regard to the relics was, from the very beginning, much less severe than that of Rome and a See also:

• GREAT

great number of the Western churches .

From the 4th century on are recorded cases of See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of the bodies of saints, and they did not even shrink from dividing the sacred relics . In the West the principle already laid down by St See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory the Great in his See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter to See also:

• CONSTANTIA

Constantia, namely that of not disturbing the bodies of the saints, was for a long time the See also:

• RULE

rule in all cases, and the portions distributed to the churches were simply brandea, that is to say, See also:

• LINEN

linen which had lain upon the tomb of the See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

saint, or, in other words, representative relics . But as early as the 7th century there is See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof of a relaxation of this rule which had so well safeguarded the authenticity of the relics . It was finally disregarded altogether; in the 9th century See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

translations of relics were extremely frequent, and led to inextricable confusion in the future . As to the belief in the efficacy of the prayers of the saints for those still living on See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth, and similarly in the efficacy of the prayers addressed to the saints, St See also:

• CYRIL (376-444)
• CYRIL (827-869)
• CYRIL (c. 315–386)

Cyril of See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem indicates in the following words the advantages of the See also:

• COMMEMORATION

commemoration of the saints: " Then we make mention also of those who have fallen asleep before us, first of patriarchs, prophets, apostles, martyrs, that See also:

• GOD

God would at their; prayers and intercessions receive our supplication " (See also:

• CAT
• CAT, CIVET
• CAT, HOUSE

Cat . Myst. v . 9) . It is difficult to understand a much-discussed passage of See also:

• ORIGEN (c. 185-c. 254)

Origen (De oratione, 14), except as applying to See also:

• PRAYER (from Lat. precari, entreat; Ital. pregaria, Fr. priere)
• PRAYER, BOOK OF COMMON

prayer addressed to the saints . The Fathers of the 4th century, and notably the Cappadocian Fathers, provide us with a quantity of See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence on this subject, which leaves no doubt as to the practice of the invocation of saints, nor of the See also:

• COMPLETE

complete approval with which it was viewed . St See also:

• BASIL (Russ. VASILY)

Basil, for example, says: " I accept also the See also:

• HOLY

holy apostles, prophets and martyrs, and I See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call upon them for their intercession to God, that by them, that is by their See also:

• MEDIATION (Lat. medius, middle)

mediation, the See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good God may be propitious to me, and that I may be granted redemption for my offences " (Epist . 360) . The cult of the saints early met with opposition, in See also:

• ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer to which the Church Fathers had to defend its lawfulness and explain its nature .

The Church of See also:

• SMYRNA (Ismir)

Smyrna had early to explain its position in this matter with regard to St See also:

• POLYCARP (c. 6g-c. 155)

Polycarp: " We See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ, as the Son of God; as to the martyrs, we love them as the disciples and imitators of the See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord " (Martyrium Polycarpi, xvii . 3) . St Cyril of See also:

• ALEXANDRIA
• ALEXANDRIA (Arab. Iskenderia)

Alexandria defends the worship of the martyrs against See also:

• JULIAN (FLAVIUS CLAUDIUS JULIANUS) (331-363)

Julian; St Asterius and Theodoret against the pagans in See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general, and they all See also:

• LAY

lay emphasis on the fact that the saints are not looked upon as gods by the Christians, and that the honours paid to them are of quite a different See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind from the See also:

• ADORATION (Lat. ad, to, and os, mouth; i.e. " carrying to one's mouth ")

adoration reserved to God alone . St See also:

• JEROME, JEROME KLAPKA (1859– )
• JEROME, ST (HIERONYMUS, in full EUSEBIUS SOPHRONIUS HIERONYMUS) (c. 340–420)

Jerome argued against See also:

• VIGILANTIUS (fl. c. 400)

Vigilantius with his accustomed vehemence, and especially meets the objection based on the resemblance between these See also:

• RITES

rites and those of the pagans . But it is above all St Augustine who in his refutation of Faustus, as well as in his sermons and elsewhere, clearly defined the true See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the honours paid to the saints: " Non eis templa, non eis altaria, non sacrificia exhibemus . Non eis sacerdotes offerunt, absit, Deo praestantur . Etiam apud memorias sanctorum martyrum cum offerimus, nonne Deo offerimus ? . . Quando audistis dici apud memoriam sancti Theogenis: offero tibi, sancte Theogenis: See also:

• AUT

aut ? offero tibi Petro, aut: offero tibi Paule?" (Serino, 273 . 7; cf . Contra Faustum, xx . 21) .

The undoubted abuses which See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew up, especially during the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages, raised up, at the time of the See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation, fresh adversaries of the cult of the saints . The See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of See also:

• TRENT
• TRENT (Lat. Tridentum; Ital. Trento; Ger. relent)
• TRENT, COUNCIL OF

Trent, while reproving all superstitious practices in the invocation of the saints, the veneration of relics and the use of images, expresses as follows the See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine of the Roman Church: " That the saints who reign with Christ offer to God their prayers for men; that it is good and useful to invoke them by supplication and to have recourse to their aid and assistance in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to obtain from God His benefits through His Son our Saviour Jesus Christ, who alone is our Saviour and Redeemer " (Secs. See also:

• XXV

xxv.) . At the See also:

• PRESENT

present day the See also:

• CANONIZATION

canonization (q.v.) of saints is reserved in the Roman Church to the See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign pontiff . The See also:

• ANGLICAN

Anglican Church, while still commemorating many of the See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic saints, has not, since the Reformation, admitted any new names to the authoritative list, with the single exception of that c.f See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles I., whose " martyrdom " was celebrated by authority from the Restoration until the See also:

• YEAR

year 1859 . See D . Petavius, De theologicis dogmatibus, De incarnatione, 1., xiv . ; F . See also:

• SUAREZ, FRANCISCO (1548-1617)

Suarez, Defensio fidei catholicae (against King James I.) ; L . See also:

• DUCHESNE, LOUIS MARIE OLIVIER (1843– )

Duchesne, See also:

• LES

Les Origines du culte chretien, ch. viii . ; E . See also:

• LUCIUS

Lucius, See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Anfange See also:

• DES

des Heiligenkults (See also:

• TUBINGEN

Tubingen, 1904) ; H . R .

See also:

• PERCIVAL, JAMES GATES

Percival, The Invocation of Saints (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1896) ; A . P . See also:

• FORBES
• FORBES, ALEXANDER PENROSE (1817-1875)
• FORBES, ARCHIBALD (1838-1900)
• FORBES, DAVID (1828--1876)
• FORBES, DUNCAN
• FORBES, EDWARD (1815—1854)
• FORBES, JAMES DAVID (1809—1868)
• FORBES, SIR JOHN (1787—1861)

Forbes, An Explanation of the See also:

• THIRTY

Thirty-nine Articles (See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford, 1878) . (H . DE.) ST AFFRIQUE, a See also:

• TOWN

town of See also:

• SOUTHERN

Southern See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of an See also:

• ARRONDISSEMENT (from arrondir, to make round)

arrondissement in the See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of See also:

• AVEYRON

Aveyron, on the Sorgues, 68 m . N.N.W. of See also:

• BEZIERS

Beziers on a See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch See also:

• LINE

line of the railway to Clermont See also:

• FERRAND, ANTOINE FRANCOIS CLAUDE, COMTE

Ferrand . Pop . (1906) town, 4473; See also:

• COMMUNE (Med. Lat. communia, Lat. communis, common)
• COMMUNE, MEDIEVAL

commune 6571 . An old See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge over the Sorgues and some megaliths in the neighbourhood, especially, the dolmen at Tiergues, are of antiquarian See also:

• INTEREST

interest . There is considerable See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade in See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool. and Roquefort See also:

• CHEESE (Lat. caseus)

cheese . St Affrique grew up in the 6th century around the tomb of St Africain, See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of Comminges . In the 12th century a fortress was built on the neighbouring See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock of See also:

• CAYLUS,

Caylus .

The See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of St Affrique was vigorously contested during the See also:

• WARS

wars of See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion . It was eventually occupied by the See also:

• HUGUENOTS

Huguenots till 1629, when it was seized and dismantled by a royal See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army . ST ALBANS, EARLS AND See also:

• DUKES
• DUKES, LEOPOLD (1810-1891)

DUKES OF . The See also:

• ENGLISH

English title of See also:

• EARL

earl of St Albans was first See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne by See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard See also:

• BOURKE

Bourke, or de See also:

• BURGH [BOURKE, BURKE]
• BURGH, HUBERT DE (d. 1243)

Burgh, 4th earl of See also:

• CLANRICARDE, ULICK DE BURGH (BOURKE or BURKE)
• CLANRICARDE, ULICK DE BURGH (BOURKE or BURKE), MARQUESS OF (1604-1657 or 1658)

Clanricarde (d . 1635), who was lord See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of See also:

• CONNAUGHT
• CONNAUGHT, ARTHUR WILLIAM PATRICK ALBERT, DUKE OF (1850– )

Connaught from 1604 to 1616 and See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of See also:

• GALWAY

Galway in 1616 . In 1624 he was made See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

Baron Somerhill and See also:

• VISCOUNT (through O. Fr. viscomte, mod. vicomte, from Low Lat. vice-comes, cf. Portug. visconde, Ital. visconte)

Viscount Tunbridge in the English See also:

• PEERAGE
• PEERAGE (Fr. pairage, med. Lat. paragium; M.E. Pere, 0. Fr. per, peer, later pair; Lat. Paris, " equal ")

peerage, and in 1628 earl of St Albans, Baron Imanney and Viscount Galway . He ,became the third See also:

• HUSBAND

husband of Frances, See also:

• DOWAGER (from the Old Fr. douagiere, mod. douairiere)

dowager countess of See also:

• ESSEX
• ESSEX, ARTHUR CAPEL
• ESSEX, EARLS OF
• ESSEX, KINGDOM OF
• ESSEX, ROBERT DEVEREUX
• ESSEX, ROBERT DEVEREUX, 2ND2 EARL OF (1566-1601)
• ESSEX, WALTER DEVEREUX, IST2 EARL OF (1541–1576)

Essex, whose first husband had been See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip See also:

• SIDNEY
• SIDNEY (or SYDNEY), ALGERNON (1622-1683)
• SIDNEY, SIR HENRY (1529-1586)
• SIDNEY, SIR PHILIP (1554-1586)

Sidney, and his English titles became See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct on the death of his only son, Ulick, 2nd earl of St Albans and See also:

• MARQUESS (1760-1842)
• MARQUESS, or MARQUIS (Fr. marquis, Ital. marchese; from med. Lat. marchio, marchisus, i.e. comes marchiae, " count of the March ")

marquess of Clanricarde, in 1657 . The second creation of an earl of St Albans was in 1660, when See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry, Baron Jermyn, was made an earl under this title; but again it became extinct on his death in 1684 . The dukedom of St Albans was created in 1684 in favour of CHARLES BEAUCLERK (1670-1726), a natural son of Charles II. by Nell Gwynne . See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

Born in London on the 8th of May 1670, Charles was made Baron Hedington and earl of See also:

• BURFORD

Burford in December 1676 . He became See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

colonel in the 8th See also:

• REGIMENT (from Late Latin regimentum, rule, regere, to rule, govern, direct)

regiment of See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse in 1687, and took service with the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• LEOPOLD (M.H. Ger. Liupolt; O.H. Ger. Liupald, from hut, Mod. Ger. Leute, " people," and paid, " bold," i.e. " bold for the people ")

Leopold I., being present at the See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of See also:

• BELGRADE (Servian, Biograd or Beograd, i.e. " White Castle")

Belgrade in 1688 . After the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of -See also:

• LANDEN
• LANDEN, JOHN (1719–1790)

Landen in 1693, See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William III. made him See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

captain of the gentlemen pensioners, and four years later See also:

• GENTLEMAN (from Lat. gentilis, " belonging to a race or gens," and " man "; Fr. gentilhomme, Span. gentil hombre, Ital. gentil huomo, in its original and strict signification, a term denoting a man of good family, the Lat. generosus (its invariable transl

gentleman of the bedchamber His See also:

• FATHER

father had given him the re-version of the See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office of hereditary See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master See also:

• FALCONER, HUGH (18o8–1865)
• FALCONER, WILLIAM (1732–1769)

falconer and that of hereditary registrar of the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

Court of See also:

• CHANCERY

Chancery, which See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell vacant in 1698 .

His Whig sentiments prevented his See also:

• ADVANCEMENT

advancement under See also:

• ANNE (1665-1714)
• ANNE (1693-1740)

Anne, but he was restored to favour at the See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession of See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George I . He died at See also:

• BATH
• BATH, THOMAS THYNNE
• BATH, WILLIAM

Bath on the loth of May 1726 . His wife See also:

• DIANA

Diana, daughter and heiress of See also:

• AUBREY, JOHN (1626-1697)

Aubrey de See also:

• VERE
• VERE, SIR FRANCIS (1560-1609)

Vere, last earl of Oxford, was a well-known beauty, who became See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady of the bedchamber to See also:

• CAROLINE
• CAROLINE (1683-1737)

Caroline, princess of See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales, and survived until the 15th of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1742 . Charles was succeeded by his eldest son, CHARLES BEAUCLERK, 2nd See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of St Albans (1696-1751), while his youngest son, Lord Aubrey Beauclerk (c . 1710-1741), became a captain in the royal See also:

• NAVY

navy, and perished in a fight in the West Indies on the 22nd of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1741 . The second duke's son and See also:

• HEIR (Lat. heres, from a root meaning to grasp, seen in heres or erus, master of a house, Gr. xeip, hand, Sans. hat ana, hand)

heir, GEORGE BEAUCLERK, 3rd duke (1730-1736), was followed by his second See also:

• COUSIN (Fr. cousin, Ital. cugino, Late Lat. cosinus, perhaps a popular and familiar abbreviation of consobrinus, which has the same sense in classical Latin)
• COUSIN, JEAN (1500-1590)
• COUSIN, VICTOR (1792–1867)

cousin, George Beauclerk (1758-1787), 4th duke, who died unmarried, and was succeeded as 5th duke by his cousin, Aubrey Beauclerk (1740-1802) . He was succeeded by his son Aubrey, the 6th duke (1765-1815), whose See also:

• INFANT (in early forms enfaunt, enfant, through the Fr. enfant, from Lat. infans, in, not, and fans, the present participle of fari, to speak)

infant son Aubrey, 7th duke (b . 1815), died within a year of his father . The 8th duke, William (1766-1825), was the second son of the 5th duke . His son William (1801-1849), the 9th duke, married the actress See also:

• HARRIOT, or HARRIOTT, THOMAS (156o–1621)

Harriot Mellon, widow of the banker See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• COUTTS, THOMAS (1735-1822)

Coutts . She was celebrated for her beauty, and was painted by See also:

• ROMNEY (NEw ROMNEY)
• ROMNEY, GEORGE (1734-1802)
• ROMNEY, HENRY SIDNEY, EARL OF (1641-1704)

Romney . Her See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune derived from her first husband passed to her granddaughter Angela, Baroness See also:

• BURDETT, SIR FRANCIS (1770-1844)

Burdett-Coutts in her own right .

The 9th duke was succeeded by his son by a second See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage, William Amelius Aubrey de Vere (1840-1898), whose son, Charles See also:

• VICTOR
• VICTOR, GAIUS JULIUS (4th cent. A.D.)
• VICTOR, SEXTUS AURELIUS

Victor See also:

• ALBERT
• ALBERT (1490'1545)
• ALBERT (149o-1568)
• ALBERT (1522–1557)
• ALBERT (FRANCIS CHARLES AUGUSTUS ALBERT EMMANUEL) (1819—1861)
• ALBERT (FRIEDRICH RUDOLF ALBRECHT)
• ALBERT, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS
• ALBERT, MADAME (c. 2805—2846)

Albert Aubrey de Vere, became the 11th holder of the title . ST ALBANS, HENRY JERMYN, EARL of (c . 1604-1684), was the third son of Sir Thomas Jermyn of Rushbroke, See also:

• SUFFOLK
• SUFFOLK, CHARLES BRANDON, 1ST DUKE OF (c. 1484–'545)
• SUFFOLK, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• SUFFOLK, THOMAS HOWARD, 1ST EARL OF (1561-1626)
• SUFFOLK, WILLIAM DE LA POLE

Suffolk . At an early See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age he won the favour of See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen Henrietta Maria, whose See also:

• VICE

vice-See also:

• CHAMBERLAIN (0. Fr. chamberlain, chamberlenc, Mod. Fr. chambellan, from O. H. Ger. Chamarling, Chamarlinc, whence also the Med. Lat. cambellanus, camerlingus, camerlengus; Ital. camerlingo; Span. camerlengo, compounded of 0. H. Ger. Chamara, Kamara [Lat.
• CHAMBERLAIN, JOSEPH (1836— )
• CHAMBERLAIN, JOSHUA LAWRENCE (1828– )
• CHAMBERLAIN, SIR NEVILLE BOWLES (1820-1902)

chamberlain he became in 1628, and master of the horse in 1639 . He was a consummate courtier, a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of dissolute morals, and much addicted to gambling . He was member for See also:

• BURY
• BURY, JOHN BAGNELL (1861- )

Bury St See also:

• EDMUNDS, GEORGE FRANKLIN (1828– )

Edmunds in the Long See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

Parliament and an active and reckless royalist . He took a prominent See also:

• PART

part in the army See also:

• PLOT
• PLOT, ROBERT (164o-1696)

plot of 1641, and on its See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery fled to France . Returning to See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England in 1643, he resumed his See also:

• PERSONAL

personal attendance on the queen, and after being raised to the peerage as Baron Jermyn of St Edmunds-bury in that year, he accompanied Henrietta Maria in 1644 to France, where he continued to See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act as her secretary . In the same year he was made governor of See also:

• JERSEY
• JERSEY, EARLS OF

Jersey, whence he conducted the See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of Wales to See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris . He conceived the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of ceding the Channel Islands to France as the See also:

• PRICE
• PRICE, BARTHOLOMEW (1818–1898)
• PRICE, BONAMY (1807-1888)
• PRICE, RICHARD (1723-1791)

price of See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French aid to Charles against the parliament; and in other respects also he meddled with See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign politics, his great See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence with the queen being a continual embarrassment to royalist statesmen, especially after the See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution of Charles I . When Charles II. went to See also:

• BREDA

Breda, Jermyn remained in Paris with Henrietta Maria, who persuaded her son to create him earl of St Albans in 166o . See also:

• GOSSIP (from the O.E. godsibb, i.e. God, and sib, akin, standing in relation to)

Gossip which the historian See also:

• HALLAM
• HALLAM, ROBERT (d. 1417)

Hallam accepted as See also:

• AUTHENTIC (from Gr. aOO 'rns, one who does a thing himself)

authentic, but which is sup-ported by no real evidence, asserted that Jermyn was secretly married to the widow of Charles I .

At the Restoration St Albans became lord chamberlain, and received other appointments . He supported the policy of friendship with France, and he contributed largely to the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret understanding between Charles II. and See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XIV., being instrumental in arranging the preliminaries of the treaty of See also:

• DOVER
• DOVER, GEORGE JAMES WELBORE
• DOVER, HENRY JERMYN, EARL OF (c. 1636-1708)
• DOVER, ROBERT (1575-1641)

Dover in 1668 . In 1664 he obtained a See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant of See also:

• LAND

land in London near St James's See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

Palace, where Jermyn See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

Street preserves the memory of his name, and where he built the St Albans' See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market on a site afterwards cleared for the construction of See also:

• REGENT (from Lat. regere, to rule)

Regent Street and See also:

• WATERLOO

Waterloo Place . The earl, who was a friend and See also:

• PATRON

patron of See also:

• ABRAHAM, or ABRAM (Hebrew for " father is high ")

Abraham See also:

• COWLEY, ABRAHAM (1618-1667)
• COWLEY, HANNAH (1743-1809)
• COWLEY, HENRY RICHARD CHARLES WELLESLEY

Cowley, died in St James's Square, for the See also:

• BUILDING

building of which he had provided the See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan in January 1684 . St Albans being unmarried, the earldom became extinct at his death, while the See also:

• BARONY

barony of Jermyn of St Edmunds-bury passed by special See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder, together with his See also:

• PROPERTY

property, to his See also:

• NEPHEW

nephew Thomas Jermyn, and after the latter's death to Thomas's See also:

• BROTHER

brother Henry Baron Dover (q.v.) . ST ALBANS, a See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city, municipal See also:

• BOROUGH (A.S. nominative burh, dative byrig, which produces some of the place-names ending in bury, a sheltered or fortified place, the camp of refuge of a tribe, the stronghold of a chieftain; cf. Ger. Burg, Fr. bor, bore, bourg)
• BOROUGH [BURROUGH, BURROWE, BORROWS], STEVEN (1525–1584)

borough, and market town in the St Albans See also:

• PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of See also:

• HERTFORDSHIRE [HERrs]

Hertfordshire, England, on the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main line of the Midland railway and on branches of the London & See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North-Western and the Great See also:

• NORTHERN

Northern lines, 20 M . N.W. of London . Pop . (1891) 12,898; (1901) 16,019 . St Albans became the seat of a bishop in 1877; the See also:

• DIOCESE (formed on Fr. diocese, in place of the Eng. form diocess—current until the 19th century—from Lat. dioecesis, med. Lat. variant diocesis, from Gr. Swucio•tc, " house-keeping," " administration," &miceas, " to keep house," " to govern ")

diocese covering the greater part of Essex and Hertfordshire, with small portions of See also:

• CAMBRIDGESHIRE

Cambridgeshire, See also:

• BEDFORDSHIRE [abbreviated Beds]

Bedfordshire and See also:

• BUCKINGHAMSHIRE (abbreviated Bucks)
• BUCKINGHAMSHIRE, EARLS OF

Buckinghamshire . The great See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral, or See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

abbey church, is finely situated on the steep See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HIL