See also:

• SALADIN (Arab. Sala-ud-din, " Honouring the Faith ") (1138—1193)

SALADIN (Arab. See also:

• SALA, GEORGE AUGUSTUS HENRY (1828-1895)

Sala-ud-din, " Honouring the Faith ") (1138—1193)  , first Ayyubite See also:

• SULTAN (an Arabic word meaning " victorious " or " a ruler," sultat, dominion)

sultan of See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Tekrit in 1138 . The brilliance of his career was only made possible by the See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East in the 12th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . Such authority as remained to the orthodox See also:

• CALIPH, CALIF

caliph of See also:

• BAGDAD, or BAGHDAD

Bagdad (see See also:

• CALIPHATE

CALIPHATE) or the heretical See also:

• FATIMITES
• FATIMITES, or FATIMIDES

Fatimites (q.v.) of See also:

• CAIRO
• CAIRO (Arabic Misr-al-Kahira, or simply Misr)

Cairo was exercised by their viziers . The Seljukian See also:

• EMPIRE

empire had, after 1076, been divided and subdivided among See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish atabegs . The Latin See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem had existed Since 1089 only because it was a See also:

• UNITED

united force in the midst of disintegration . Gradually, however, See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm had aroused a See also:

• COUNTER

counter enthusiasm among the Moslems . Zengi, atabeg of See also:

• MOSUL

Mosul, had inaugurated the sacred See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war by his See also:

• CAMPAIGNS

campaigns in See also:

• SYRIA

Syria (1137-1146) . Nur-ed-din, his son, had continued his See also:

• WORK

work by further conquests in Syria and See also:

• DAMASCUS

Damascus, by the organization of his conquered lands, and, in 11J7, by " See also:

• PUBLISHING

publishing everywhere the See also:

• HOLY

Holy War." The opportunity of See also:

• SALADIN (Arab. Sala-ud-din, " Honouring the Faith ") (1138—1193)

Saladin See also:

• LAY

lay therefore in the fact that his lifetime covers the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period when there was a conscious demand for See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union in the See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of the See also:

• MAHOMMEDAN

Mahommedan faith . By See also:

• RACE

race Saladin was a Kurd of See also:

• ARMENIA (old Persian Armina, Armenian Hayasdan, or Hayq)

Armenia . His See also:

• FATHER

father, Ayyub (See also:

• JOB

Job), and his See also:

• UNCLE

uncle Shirkuh, sons of a certain Shadhy of Ajdanakan near Dawin, were both generals in Zengi's See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army . In 1139 Ayyub received See also:

• BAALBEK
• BAALBEK (anc. Heliopolis)

Baalbek from Zengi, in 1146 he moved, on Zengi's See also:

• DEATH

death, to the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of Damascus . In 1154 his See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence secured Damascus to Nur-ed-din and he was made See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor .

Saladin was therefore educated in the most famous centre of Moslem learning, and represented the best traditions of Moslem culture . His career falls into three parts, his conquests in Egypt 1164-1174, the See also:

• ANNEXATION (Lat. ad, to, and nexus, joining)

annexation of Syria 1174-1187, and lastly the destruc-tion of the Latin kingdom and subsequent campaigns against the Christians, 1187-1192 . The See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest of Egypt was essential to Nur-ed-din . It was a menace to his empire on the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south, the occasional ally of the See also:

• FRANKS
• FRANKS, SIR AUGUSTUS WOLLASTON (1826-1897)

Franks and the See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home of the unorthodox caliphs . His pretext was the plea of an exiled See also:

• VIZIER

vizier, and Shirkuh was ordered to Egypt in 1164, taking Saladin as his See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant . The Christians under See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count See also:

• AMALRIC
• AMALRIC (Fr. AMAURY) OF BENA (d. c. 1204-1207)

Amalric immediately intervened and the four expeditions which ensued in 1164, 1167, 1168 and 1169 were duels between Christians and See also:

• SARACENS

Saracens . They resulted in heavy Christian losses, the death of Shirkuh and the See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment of Saladin as vizir . His relations towards the unorthodox caliph Nur-ed-din were marked by extraordinary tact . In 1171 on the death of the Fatimite caliph he was powerful enough to substitute the name of the orthodox caliph in all See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian mosques . The Mahommedan See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion was thus united against See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity . To Nur-ed-din he was invariably submissive, but from the vigour which he employed in adding to the fortifications of Cairo and the haste with which he retreated from an attack on See also:

• MONTREAL

Montreal (1171) and See also:

• KERAK

Kerak (1173) it is clear that he feared his See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord's See also:

• JEALOUSY (adapted from Fr. jalousie, formed from jaloux, jealous, Low Lat. zelosus, Gr. j'i os, ardour, zeal, from the root seen in '&u', to boil, ferment; cf. " yeast ")

jealousy . In 1174 Nur-ed-din died, and the period of Saladin's conquests in Syria begins .

Nur-ed-din's vassals rebelled against his youthful See also:

• HEIR (Lat. heres, from a root meaning to grasp, seen in heres or erus, master of a house, Gr. xeip, hand, Sans. hat ana, hand)

heir, es-Salih, and Saladin came See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north, nominally to his assistance . In 1174 he entered Damascus, Emesa and See also:

• HAMAH

Hamah; in 1175 Baalbek and the towns See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round See also:

• ALEPPO (native Haleb)

Aleppo . The next step was political See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence . He suppressed the name of es-Salih in prayers and on the coinage, and was formally declared sultan by the caliph 1175 . In 1176 he conquered Saif-ud-din of Mosul beyond the See also:

• EUPHRATES (Babylon. Purattu, Heb. Perath, Arab. Frdt or Furst, Old Pers. Ufratu, Gr. Eb4 parrls)

Euphrates and was recognized as See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign by the princes of See also:

• NORTHERN

northern Syria . In 1177 he returned by Damascus to Cairo, which he enriched with colleges, a citadel and an See also:

• AQUEDUCT (Lat. aqua, water, and ducere, to lead; Gr. apaymryeiov, apayeeywov, vlrovopos)

aqueduct . From 1177 to 118o he made war on the Christians from Egypt, and in 118o reduced the sultan of See also:

• KONIA

Konia to sub-See also:

• MISSION

mission . From 1181—1183 he was chiefly occupied in Syria . In 1183 he induced the atabeg Imad-ud-din to See also:

• EXCHANGE

exchange Aleppo for the insignificant Sinjar and in 1186 received the See also:

• HOMAGE (from homo, through the Low Lat. hominaticum, which occurs in a document of 1035)

homage of the atabeg of Mosul . The last See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent See also:

• VASSAL (Fr. vassal, vassaut, vassault, &c,)

vassal was thus subdued and the Latin kingdom enclosed on every See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side by a hostile empire . In 1187 a four years' truce was broken by the brilliant brigand Renaud de See also:

• CHATILLON

Chatillon and thus began Saladin's third period of conquest . In May he cut to pieces a small See also:

• BODY

body of See also:

• TEMPLARS

Templars and Hospitallers at See also:

• TIBERIAS

Tiberias, and, on See also:

• JULY

July 4th, inflicted a crushing defeat upon the united Christian army at Hittin .

He then overran See also:

• PALESTINE

Palestine, on See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September loth besieged Jerusalem and on See also:

• OCTOBER

October 2nd, after chivalrous clemency to the Christian inhabitants, crowned his victories by entering and purifying the Holy See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

City . In the kingdom only See also:

• TYRE (Phoen. and Hebr. =" rock," Assyr. S'urru, Egypt. Dara, Early Lat. Sarra)

Tyre was See also:

• LEFT

left to the Christians . Probably Saladin made his worst strategical See also:

• ERROR (Lat. error, from errare, to wander, to err)

error in neglecting to conquer it before See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter . The Christians had thus a stronghold whence their remnant marched to attack See also:

• ACRE
• ACRE, or AQUIRY

Acre in See also:

• JUNE

June 1189 . Saladin immediately surrounded the Christian army and thus began the famous two years' See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege . Saladin's lack of a See also:

• FLEET

fleet enabled the Christians to receive reinforcements and thus recover from their defeats by See also:

• LAND

land . On the 8th of June 1191 See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England arrived, and on the 12th of July Acre capitulated without Saladin's permission . Richard followed up his victory by an admirably ordered See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

march down the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast to Jaffa and a See also:

• GREAT

great victory at See also:

• ARSUF

Arsuf . During 1191 and 1192 there were four small campaigns in See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern Palestine when Richard circled round Beitnuba and See also:

• ASCALON

Ascalon with Jerusalem as See also:

• OBJECTIVE, or OBJECT GLASS

objective . In See also:

• JANUARY

January 1192 he acknowledged his See also:

• IMPOTENCE (Lat. impotentia, want of power)

impotence by renouncing Jerusalem to fortify Ascalori . Negotiations for See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace accompanied these demonstrations, which showed that Saladin was See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master of the situation . Though in July Richard secured two brilliant victories at Jaffa, the treaty made on the 2nd of September was a See also:

• TRIUMPH (triumphus)

triumph for Saladin .

Only the coast See also:

• LINE

line was left to the Latin kingdom, with a See also:

• FREE

free passage to Jerusalem; and Ascalon was demolished . The union of the Mahommedan East had beyond question dealt the death-See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow to the Latin kingdom . Richard returned to See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, and Saladin returned to Damascus, where on the 4th of March 1193, after a few days' illness, he died . He was buried in Damascus ' and mourned by the whole East . The See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of Saladin and of his work is singularly vivid . In many ways he was a typical Mahommedan, fiercely hostile towards unbelievers—" Let us purge the See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air of the air they breathe " was his aim for the demons cf the See also:

• CROSS

Cross,—intensely devout and See also:

• REGULAR

regular in prayers and See also:

• FASTING (from " fast," derived from old Teutonic fastejan; synonyms being the Gr. vnorebety, late Lat. jejunare)

fasting . He showed the See also:

• PRIDE, THOMAS (d. 1658)

pride of race in the See also:

• DECLARATION (from Lat. declarare, to make fully clear, clams)

declaration that " See also:

• GOD

God reserved this triumph for the Ayyubites before all others." His generosity and hospitality were proved in his gifts to Richard and his treatment of captives . He had the See also:

• ORIENTAL

Oriental's See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of endurance, alternating with violent and emotional courage . Other virtues were all his own, his extreme gentleness, his love for See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children, his flawless honesty, his invariable kindliness, his See also:

• CHIVALRY (O. Fr. chevalerie, from Late Lat. caballerius)

chivalry to See also:

• WOMEN

women and the weak . Above all he typifies the Mahommedan 's utter self-surrender to a sacred cause . His achievements were the inevitable expression of his character . He was not a statesman, for he left no constitution or See also:

• CODE (Lat. codex)

code to the East; his empire was divided among his relatives on his death .

As a strategist, though of great ability, he cannot be compared to Richard . As a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general, he never organized an army . " My troops will do nothing," he confessed, " See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save when I ride at their See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head and See also:

• REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

review them . His fame lives in Eastern See also:

• HISTORY

history as the conqueror who stemmed the See also:

• TIDE (O. Eng. lid, cf. Ger. Zeit, time or season, connected with root of Sanskrit a-diti, endless)

tide of Western conquest on the East, and turned it definitely from East to See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West, as the See also:

• HERO (Gr. open)
• HERO, THE YOUNGER

hero who momentarily united the unruly East, and as the See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

saint who realized in his See also:

• PERSONALITY (from Lat. persona, originally an actor's mask, from personare,1 to sound through)

personality the highest virtues and ideals of Mahommedanism .