See also:

• SALLUST [Gams SALLUSTIUS CRlspus] (86–34 B.c.)

SALLUST [Gams SALLUSTIUS CRlspus] (86–34 B.c.)  , See also:

• ROMAN

Roman historian, belonging to a well-known plebeian See also:

• FAMILY

family, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• AMITERNUM

Amiternum in the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country of the Sabines . After an See also:

• ILL

ill-spent youth he entered public See also:

• LIFE

life, and was elected See also:

• TRIBUNE (med. Lat. tribune, from classical Lat. tribunal)

tribune of the See also:

• PEOPLE

people in 52, the See also:

• YEAR

year in which See also:

• CLODIUS

Clodius was killed in a See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

street brawl by the followers of See also:

• MILO
• MILO, TITUS ANNIUS

Milo . See also:

• SALLUST [Gams SALLUSTIUS CRlspus] (86–34 B.c.)

Sallust was opposed to Milo and to See also:

• POMPEY

Pompey's party and to the old See also:

• ARISTOCRACY (Gr. apuvror, best; «paria, government)

aristocracy of See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome . From the first he was a decided See also:

• PARTISAN, or PARTIZAN

partisan of See also:

• CAESAR, GAIUS JULIUS (102—44 B.c.)
• CAESAR, SIR JULIUS (1557-1558-1636)

Caesar, to whom he owed such See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• ADVANCEMENT

advancement as he attained . In 50 he was removed from the See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

senate by the See also:

• CENSOR (from Lat. censere, assess, estimate; in Gr. rt s ris)

censor Appius See also:

• CLAUDIUS
• CLAUDIUS [TIBERIUS CLAUDIUS DRUSUS NERO GERMANICUS]
• CLAUDIUS, MARCUS AURELIUS
• CLAUDIUS, MATTHIAS (174o-1815)

Claudius Pulcher on the ground of See also:

• GROSS

gross immorality, the real See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason probably being his friendship for Caesar . In the following year, no doubt through Caesar's See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence, he was reinstated and appointed See also:

• QUAESTOR (from Lat. quaero, investigate)

quaestor . In 46 he was See also:

• PRAETOR (Lat. prae-itor, " he who goes before," "a leader")

praetor, and accompanied Caesar in his See also:

• AFRICAN

African See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign, which ended in the decisive defeat of the remains of the Pompeian party at See also:

• THAPSUS

Thapsus . As a See also:

• REWARD

reward for his services, Sallust was appointed See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• NUMIDIA

Numidia . In this capacity he was guilty of such oppression and See also:

• EXTORTION (Lat. extorsio, from extorquere, to twist out, to take away by force)

extortion that only the influence of Caesar enabled him to See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape condemnation . On his return to Rome he See also:

• PURCHASED

purchased and laid out in See also:

• GREAT

great splendour the famous gardens on the Quirinal known as the Horti Sallustiani . He now retired from public life and devoted himself to See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical literature . His See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the See also:

• CATILINE [Lucius SERGIUS CATILINA] (C. I08-62 B.C.)

Catiline See also:

• CONSPIRACY (from Lat. conspirare, literally to breathe together, to agree, combine, and especially to form a secret plot)

conspiracy (De conjuration Catilinae or Bellum Catilinarium) and of the Jugurthine See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War (Bellum Jugurthinum) have come down to us See also:

• COMPLETE

complete, together with fragments of his larger and most important See also:

• WORK

work (Hisloriae), a See also:

• HISTORY

history of Rome from 78-67, intended as a continuation of L .

See also:

• CORNELIUS
• CORNELIUS, CARL AUGUST PETER (1824-1874)
• CORNELIUS, PETER VON (1784–1867)

Cornelius Sisenna's work . The Catiline Conspiracy (his first published work) contains the history of the memorable year 63 . Sallust adopts the usually accepted view of Catiline, and describes him as the deliberate foe of See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order and morality, without attempting to give any adequate explanation of his views and intentions . Catiline, it must be remembered, had supported the party of See also:

• SULLA, LUCIUS CORNELIUS (138–78 B.C.)

Sulla, to which Sallust was opposed . There may be truth in See also:

• MOMMSEN, THEODOR (1817–1903)

Mommsen's See also:

• SUGGESTION

suggestion that he was particularly anxious to clear his See also:

• PATRON

patron Caesar of all complicity in the conspiracy . Anyhow, the subject gave him the opportunity of showing off his See also:

• RHETORIC (Gr. psroperctj TEXvq, the art of the orator)

rhetoric at the expense of the old koman aristocracy, whose degeneracy he delighted to paint in the blackest See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours . On the whole, he is not unfair towards See also:

• CICERO

Cicero . His Jugurthine War, again, though a valuable and interesting monograph, is not a satisfactory performance . We may assume that he had collected materials and put together notes for it during his governor-See also:

• SHIP

ship of Numidia . Here, too, he dwells upon the feebleness of the senate and aristocracyw'too often in a tiresome, moralizing and philosophizing vein, but as a military history the wcrk is unsatisfactory in the See also:

• MATTER

matter of See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical and See also:

• CHRONOLOGICAL

chronological details . The extant fragments of the Histories (some discovered in 1886) are enough to show the political partisan, who took a keen See also:

• PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure in describing the reaction against the See also:

• DICTATOR (from the Lat. dictare, frequentative of dicere, to speak)

dictator's policy and legislation after his See also:

• DEATH

death . The loss of the work is to be regretted, as it must have thrown much See also:

• LIGHT

light on a very eventful See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, embracing the war against See also:

• SERTORIUS, QUINTUS

Sertorius, the See also:

• CAMPAIGNS

campaigns of See also:

• LUCULLUS

Lucullus against See also:

• MITHRADATES

Mithradates of See also:

• PONTUS

Pontus, and the victories of the great Pompey in the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East .

Two letters (Duae epistolae de republica ordinanda), letters of political counsel and See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice addressed to Caesar, and an attack upon Cicero (Invectiva or Dedamatio in Ciceronem), frequently attributed to Sallust, are probably the work of a rhetorician of the first See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century A.D., also the author of a See also:

• COUNTER

counter-invective by Cicero . Sallust is highly spoken of by See also:

• TACITUS, CORNELIUS (c. 55-120)
• TACITUS, MARCUS CLAUDIUS

Tacitus (See also:

• ANNALS (Annales, from annus, a year)

Annals, iii . 30); and See also:

• QUINTILIAN [MARCUS FABIUS QUINTILIANUS] (C. A.D. 35-95)

Quintilian (ii . 5, X . 1), who regards him as See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior to See also:

• LIVY [Thus L1v1us] (59 B.C.—A.D: 17)

Livy, does not hesitate to put him on a level with See also:

• THUCYDIDES (OovavMns)

Thucydides On the whole the See also:

• VERDICT (O. Fr. verdit, Lat. vere dictum, truly said, used in Late Latin in one word with its present significance)

verdict of antiquity was favourable to Sallust as an historian . He struck out for himself practically a new See also:

• LINE

line in literature, his predecessors having been little better than See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere dry-as-dust chroniclers, whereas he endeavoured to explain the connexion and meaning of events, and was a successful delineator of See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . The contrast between his See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early life and the high moral See also:

• TONE, THEOBALD WOLFE (1763-1798)

tone adopted by him in his writings was frequently made a subject of reproach against him; but there is no reason why he should not have reformed . In any See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case, his knowledge of his own former weaknesses may have led him to take a pessimistic view of the morality of his See also:

• FELLOW

fellow-men, and to See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge them severely . Ilis See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model was Thucydides, whom he imitated in his truthfulness and impartiality, in the introduction of philosophizing reflections and speeches, and in the brevity of his See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style, sometimes bordering upon obscurity . His fondness for old words and phrases, in which he imitated his contemporary See also:

• CATO, DIONYSIUS
• CATO, MARCUS PORCIUS (234—149 B.c.)
• CATO, MARCUS PORCIUS (95-46 B.c.)
• CATO, PUBLIUS VALERIUS

Cato, was ridiculed as an affectation; but it was just this affectation and his rhetorical exaggerations that made Sallust a favourite author in the 2nd century A.D. and later . See also:

• EDITIONS

Editions and See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

translations in various See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages are numerous . Editio prineeps (1470); (See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text) R .

Dietsch (1874); H . See also:

• JORDAN (the down-comer; Arab. esh-Sheri'a, the watering-place)
• JORDAN, CAMILLE (1771—1821)
• JORDAN, DOROTHEA (1762—1816)
• JORDAN, THOMAS (1612 ?–1685)
• JORDAN, WILHELM (1819–1904)

Jordan (1887); A . Eussner (1887); (text and notes) F . D . Gerlach (1823-'831); F . Kritz (1828–1853; ed. See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor, 1856) ; C . H . Frotscher (183o); C . See also:

• MERIVALE, CHARLES (1808-1893)
• MERIVALE, HERMAN (1806-1874)

Merivale (1852); F . See also:

• JACOBS, CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH WILHELM (1764-1847)

Jacobs, H . Wirz (1894); G . See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

Long, revised by J .

G . Frazer, with See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief fragments of Histories (1884); W . W . Capes (1884); See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation by A . W . See also:

• POLLARD, EDWARD ALBERT (1828–1872)

Pollard (1882) . There are many See also:

• SEPARATE

separate editions of the Catilina and Jugurtha, chiefly for school use . The fragments have been edited by F . Kritz (1853) and B . See also:

• MAURENBRECHER, KARL PETER WILHELM (1838-1892)

Maurenbrecher (1891–1893); and there is an See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian translation (with notes) of the supposititious letters by G . Vittori (1897) . On Sallust generally J .

W . Lobell's Zur Beurtheilung See also:

• DES

des S . (1818) should still be consulted; there are also See also:

• TREATISES

treatises by T . See also:

• VOGEL, EDUARD (1829-1856)
• VOGEL, SIR JULIUS (1835-1899)

Vogel (1857) and M . See also:

• JAGER, GUSTAV (1832– )

Jager (1879 and 1884), T . Rambeau (1879); L . See also:

• CONSTANS, JEAN ANTOINE ERNEST (1833– )

Constans, De sermone Sallustiano (188o); P . Bellezza, Dei fonti e dell' auloritd storica di Sallustio (1891); and See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• LEXICON

lexicon by O . Eichert (1885) . The sections in See also:

• TEUFFEL, WILHELM SIEGMUND (1820–1878)

Teuffel-See also:

• SCHWABE, SAMUEL HEINRICH (1789–1875)

Schwabe's History of Roman Literature are full of See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information; see also bibliography of Sallust for 1878–1898 by B . Maurenbrecher in C . See also:

• BURSIAN, CONRAD (1830–1883)

Bursian, Jahresbericht fiber See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die Fortschrilte der klassischen Altertumswissenschafl (1900) .