See also:

• SANCTION (Lat. sanctia, from sancire, to decree or ordain)

SANCTION (See also:

• LAT

Lat. sanctia, from sancire, to See also:

• DECREE (from the past participle, decretus, of Lat. decernere)

decree or ordain)  , in See also:

• JURISPRUDENCE (Lat. jurisprudenlia, knowledge of law, from jus, right, and prudentia, from providere, to foresee)
• JURISPRUDENCE, COMPARATIVE

jurisprudence, the means provided for the enforcement of a See also:

• LAVA

lava According to T . E . See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland (Elements of Jurisprudence, See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian sanctuaries until toward the end of the 4th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, but the growing recognition of the See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office of See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop as intercessor helped much to develop it . By 392 it had been abused to such an extent that See also:

• THEODOSIUS

Theodosius the See also:

• GREAT

Great was obliged to limit its application, refusing it to the publici debitores . Further See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of its progress is given by the See also:

• PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision in 397 forbidding the reception of refugee See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews pretending See also:

• CONVERSION (Lat. conversio, from convertere, to turn or ,change)

conversion in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape the See also:

• PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment of debts or just See also:

• PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

punishment . In 398, according to contemporary historians, the right of See also:

• SANCTUARY (from the late Lat. sanctuarium, a sacred place)

sanctuary was completely abolished, though the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law as we have it is not so sweeping . But next See also:

• YEAR

year the right was finally and definitely recognized, and in 419 the See also:

• PRIVILEGE

privilege was extended in the western See also:

• EMPIRE

empire to fifty paces from the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church See also:

• DOOR (corresponding to the Gr. Bbpa,. Lat. fores or valvae; the English word, with other forms common in allied languages, comes from the same Indo-European stem as the Gr. Obpa and Lat. fares)

door . In 431, by an See also:

• EDICT (Lat. edictum, from e, out, and dicere, to say, speak)

edict of Theodosius and Valentinian it was extended to include the church See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court-yard and whatever stood therein, in order to provide some other See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place than the church for the fugitives to eat and See also:

• SLEEP (0. Eng. slcepan; Ger. schlafen; cf. Lat. labi, to glide, and " slip ")

sleep . They were to leave all arms outside, and if they refused to give them up they could be seized in the church . See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

Capital punishment was to be meted out to all who violated the right of sanctuary . Justinian's See also:

• CODE (Lat. codex)

code repeats the regulation of sanctuary by See also:

• LEO
• LEO (THE LION)
• LEO, BROTHER (d. c. 1270)
• LEO, HEINRICH (1799-1878)
• LEO, JOHANNES (c. 1494-1552)
• LEO, LEONARDO (1694–1744)

Leo I. in 466, but Justinian himself in a Novel of the year 535 limited the privilege to those not guilty of the grosser crimes . In the new Germanic kingdoms, while violent molestation of the right of sanctuary was forbidden, the fugitive was given up after an See also:

• OATH (0. Eng. ddh)

oath had been taken not to put him to See also:

• DEATH

death (Lex .

Rom . Burgund. tit . 2, § 5; Lex . Visigoth vi. tit . 5, c . 16) . This legislation was copied by the church at the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of See also:

• ORLEANS
• ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
• ORLEANS, DUKES OF
• ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
• ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
• ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
• ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
• ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
• ORLEANS, PHILIP I
• ORLEANS, PHILIP II

Orleans in 511; the See also:

• PENALTY (Lat. poena, punishment)

penalty of See also:

• PENANCE (Old Fr. penance, fr. Lat. poenitentia, penitence)

penance was added, and the whole See also:

• DECREE (from the past participle, decretus, of Lat. decernere)

decree backed by the See also:

• THREAT

threat of See also:

• EXCOMMUNICATION (Lat. ex, out of, away from; communis, common)

excommunication . Thus it passed into See also:

• GRATIAN (FLAvrus GRATIANUS AUGUSTUS)

Gratian's Decretum . It also formed the basis of legislation by the Frankish See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king See also:

• CLOTAIRE (CHLOTIIACHAR)

Clotaire (511-588), who, however, assigned no penalty for its violation . Historians like See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory of See also:

• TOURS

Tours have many tales to tell showing how frequently it was violated . The See also:

• CAROLINGIANS

Carolingians denied the right of sanctuary to criminals already condemned to death . The earliest extant mention of the right of sanctuary in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England is contained in the code of See also:

• LAWS

laws issued by the Anglo-Saxon king £Ethelberht in A.D .

600 . By these he who infringed the church's privilege was to pay twice the See also:

• FINE

fine attaching to an See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary See also:

• BREACH (Mid. Eng. breche, derived from the common Teutonic root brec, which appears in " break," Ger. brechen, &c.)

breach of the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace . At See also:

• BEVERLEY
• BEVERLEY, WILLIAM ROXBY (1814?-1889)

Beverley and See also:

• HEXHAM

Hexham 1 m. in every direction was sacred territory . The boundaries of the church See also:

• FRITH (or FRYTH), JOHN (c. 1503-1533)
• FRITH, WILLIAM POWELL (1818-19og)

frith were marked in most cases by See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone crosses erected on the highroads leading into the See also:

• TOWN

town . Four crosses, each 1 m. from the church, marked the mile limits in every direction of Hexham Sanctuary . Crosses, too, inscribed with the word " Sanctuarium, " were See also:

• COMMON

common on the highways, serving probably as sign-posts to See also:

• GUIDE (in Mid. Eng. gyde, from the Fr. guide; the earlier French form was guie, English " guy," the d was due to the Italian form guida; the ultimate origin is probably Teutonic, the word being connected with the base seen in O. Eng. witan, to know)

guide fugitives to neighbouring sanctuaries . One is still to be seen at Armathwaite, See also:

• CUMBERLAND
• CUMBERLAND, DUKES AND EARLS OF
• CUMBERLAND, RICHARD (1632-1718)
• CUMBERLAND, RICHARD (1732-1811)
• CUMBERLAND, WILLIAM AUGUSTUS

Cumberland; and another at St Buryan's, See also:

• CORNWALL

Cornwall, at the corner of a road leading down to some ruins known locally as " the - Sanctuary." That such wayside crosses were themselves sanctuaries is in most cases improbable, but there still exist in See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland the remains of a true sanctuary See also:

• CROSS

cross . This is known as See also:

• MACDUFF

MacDuff's Cross, near Lindores, Fifeshire . The See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend is that, after the defeat of the usurper,See also:

• MACBETH

Macbeth, in 1057, and the See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession of See also:

• MALCOLM
• MALCOLM, SIR JOHN (1769-1833)

Malcolm Canmore as Malcolm III. to the Scottish See also:

• THRONE

throne, MacDuff, as a See also:

• REWARD

reward for his assistance, was granted See also:

• SPECIAL

special sanctuary privileges for his kinsmen . Clansmen within the ninth degree of relationship to the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of the See also:

• CLAN (Gaelic clann, O. Ir. cland, connected with Lat. planta, shoot or scion, the ancient Gaelic or Goidelic substituting k for p)

clan, guilty of unpremeditated See also:

• HOMICIDE (Lat. homicidium)

homicide, could, on reaching the cross, claim remission of the capital See also:

• SENTENCE (Lat. sententia, a way of thinking, opinion, judgment; vote, sentire, to feel, think)

sentence . Probably the privilege has been exaggerated, the fugitive kinsmen were exempt from outside See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction and liable only to the court of the See also:

• EARL

earl of See also:

• FIFE
• FIFE (Fr. fifre; Med. Ger. Schweizerpfeiff, Feldpfeiff; Ital. ottavino)

Fife . The See also:

• CANON

canon law allowed the See also:

• PROTECTION

protection of sanctuary to those guilty of crimes of violence for a limited See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time only, in order that some See also:

• COMPENSATION (from Lat. compensare, to weigh one thing against another)

compensation (See also:

• WERGILD, WERGELD

wergild) should be made, or to check See also:

• BLOOD

blood-vengeance .

In several See also:

• ENGLISH

English churches there was a stone seat beside the See also:

• ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

altar which was known as the frith-See also:

• STOOL

stool (peace-stool), upon which the seeker of sanctuary sat . Examples of such sanctuary-seats still exist at Hexham and Beverley, and of the sanctuary knockers which hung on the church-doors one is still in position at See also:

• DURHAM
• DURHAM, JOHN GEORGE LAMBTON, 1ST EARL OF (1792–1840)

Durham See also:

• CATHEDRAL

Cathedral . The See also:

• PROCEDURE (Fr. procedure, from Lat. procedere, to go for-ward)

procedure, upon seeking 1906, p . 85), " the real meaning of all law is that, unless acts conform to the course prescribed by it, the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state will not only ignore and render no aid to them, but will also, either of its own See also:

• ACCORD (from Fr. accorder, to agree)

accord or if called upon, intervene to See also:

• CANCEL (from the Lat. cancelli, a plural diminutive of cancer, a grating or lattice, from which are also derived " chancel " and " chancellor ")

cancel their effects . This intervention of the state is what is .called the ` See also:

• SANCTION (Lat. sanctia, from sancire, to decree or ordain)

sanction ' of law . " So Justinian (Inst. ii . 1, io), " Legum eas partes quibus poenas constituimus adversus eos qui contra leges fecerint, sanctiones vocamus." In See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general use, the word signifies approval or See also:

• CONFIRMATION (Lat. confirmatio, from confirmare, to establish, make firm)

confirmation .