See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

GEORGE See also:

• SAND
• GEORGE SAND (1804-1876)

SAND (1804-1876)  , the See also:

• PSEUDONYM (Gr. >l ev&,vuµos, having a false name, ¢Evirls, false and ovoµa, name)

pseudonym of Madame Amandine Lucile Aurore Dudevant, nee See also:

• DUPIN, ANDRE MARIE JEAN JACQUES (1783-1865)

Dupin, the most prolific authoress in the See also:

• HISTORY

history of literature, and unapproached among the See also:

• WOMEN

women novelists of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France . Her See also:

• LIFE

life was as See also:

• STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

strange and adventurous as any of her novels, which are for the most See also:

• PART

part idealized versions of the multifarious incidents of her life . In her self-revelations she followed See also:

• ROUSSEAU, JACQUES (1633-1693)
• ROUSSEAU, JEAN BAPTISTE (1671-1741)
• ROUSSEAU, JEAN JACQUES (1712-1778)
• ROUSSEAU, PIERRE ETIENNE THEODORE (1812–1867); French painter of the Barbizon school, was born in Paris on the 15th of April 1812, of a bourgeois family which included one or two artists. At first he received a business training, but soon displayed aptitu

Rousseau, her first See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master in See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style, but while Rousseau in his Confessions darkened all the shadows, See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

Sand is the heroine of her See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story, often frail and faulty, but always a woman more sinned against than sinning . Thanks, however, to her voluminous See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence that has recently been published and to See also:

• FAMILY

family documents that her See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French biographers have unearthed, there are now full materials for tracing the history of her public and private career, and for forming a clear and unbiased estimate of her See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character and See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius . Her See also:

• FATHER

father was See also:

• MAURICE (1521–1553)
• MAURICE (MAURICIUS FLAVIUS TIBERIUS) (c. 539–602)
• MAURICE [or MAURITIUS], ST (d. c. 286)
• MAURICE, JOHN FREDERICK DENISON (1805-1872)

Maurice Dupin, a retired See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant in the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army of the See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic; her See also:

• MOTHER

mother, Sophie See also:

• DELABORDE, HENRI FRANCOIS, COUNT (1764-1833)

Delaborde, the daughterof a See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris See also:

• BIRD

bird-fancier . Their See also:

• ILL

ill-assorted See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place only a See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month before the See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth of the See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child (See also:

• JULY

July r, 1804; at Paris) . Her paternal grandfather was M . Dupin de Francueil, a See also:

• FARMER, RICHARD (1735–1787)

farmer-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general of the See also:

• REVENUE
• REVENUE (0. Fr. revenu, from revenir, to return)

revenue, who married the widow of See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count See also:

• HORN
• HORN (a common Teutonic word, cognate with Lat. cornu; cf. Gr. Kipas)
• HORN (Lat. cornu; corresponding terms being Fr. cor, trompe; Ger. Horn; Ital. corno)
• HORN, ARVID BERNHARD, COUNT (1664-1742)
• HORN, PHILIP DE MONTMORENCY, COUNT

Horn, a natural son of See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XV., she in her turn being the natural daughter of Maurice de See also:

• SAXE, JOHN GODFREY (1816-1887)
• SAXE, MAURICE, COMTE DE (1696-1750)

Saxe, the most famous of the many illegitimate See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children of See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus the Strong, by the lovely countess of Konigsmarck . George Sand, who was a See also:

• FIRM

firm believer in the See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine of See also:

• HEREDITY

heredity, devotes a whole See also:

• VOLUME

volume of her autobiography (Histoire de ma See also:

• VIE

vie, 1857 seq.) to the elaboration of this strange See also:

• PEDIGREE

pedigree . She boasts of the royal See also:

• BLOOD

blood which ran through her See also:

• VEINS

veins, and disregarding the See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar sinister she claims See also:

• AFFINITY (Lat. affinitas, relationship by marriage, from offinis, bordering on, related to; finis, border, boundary)
• AFFINITY, CHEMICAL

affinity with See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles X. and Louis XVII., but she is no less See also:

• FRANK, JAKOB (1726-1791)

frank in declaring that she is vilaine et tres vilaine, a daughter of the See also:

• PEOPLE

people, who shares by birth their instincts and sympathies . Her birth itself was romantic . Her father was playing a See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country See also:

• DANCE
• DANCE (Fr. danse; of obscure origin, connected with Old High Ger. danson, to stretch)

dance at the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of a See also:

• FELLOW

fellow officer, the future See also:

• HUSBAND

husband of Sophie's See also:

• SISTER

sister, when he was told that his wife, who had not See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• LEFT

left the See also:

• ROOM

room, had See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne him a daughter .

" She will be fortunate," said the aunt, " she was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born among the See also:

• ROSES, WARS OF THE

roses to the See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

sound of See also:

• MUSIC

music." Passing by her infantine recollections, which go back further than even those of See also:

• DICKENS, CHARLES JOHN HUFFAM (1812-187o)

Dickens, we find her at the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of three See also:

• CROSSING

crossing the See also:

• PYRENEES [Span. Pirineos, Fr. Pyrenees]

Pyrenees to join her father who was on See also:

• MURAT, JOACHIM (1767—1815)

Murat's See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff, occupying with her parents a See also:

• SUITE (Suite de pieces; Ordre; Partita)

suite of rooms in the royal See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace, adopted as the child of the See also:

• REGIMENT (from Late Latin regimentum, rule, regere, to rule, govern, direct)

regiment, nursed by rough old sergeants, and dressed in a See also:

• COMPLETE

complete suit of See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform to please the general . For the next ten years she lived at Nohant, near La Cha.tre in Berri, the country house of her grandmother . Here her character was shaped; here she imbibed that passionate love of country scenes and country life which neither See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence, politics nor dissipation could uproot; here she learnt to understand the ways and thoughts of the peasants, and laid up that See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich See also:

• STORE (from O. Fr. estor or estoire, Late Lat. staurum or instaurum, stock, provisions, supply, from the late use of instaurare, to provide, properly to construct, renew, restore)

store of scenes and characters which a marvellously retentive memory enabled her to draw upon at will . The progress of her mind during these See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early years well deserves to be recorded . See also:

• EDUCATION

Education, in the strict sense of the word, she had none . A few months after her return from See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain her father was killed by a fall from his See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse . He was a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of remarkable See also:

• LITERARY

literary gifts as well as a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good soldier . " Character," says George Sand, " is in a See also:

• GREAT

great measure hereditary: if my readers wish to know me they . must know my father." On his See also:

• DEATH

death the mother resigned, though not without a struggle, the care of Aurore to her See also:

• GRAND

grand-mother, Mme . Dupin de Francueil, a good representative of the ancien regime . Though her husband was a See also:

• PATRON

patron of Rousseau, she herself had narrowly escaped the See also:

• GUILLOTINE

guillotine, and had only See also:

• HALF

half imbibed the ideas of the Revolution . In her son's lifetime she had, for his See also:

• SAKE

sake, condoned the mesalliance, but it was impossible for the stately See also:

• CHATELAINE (Fr. chdtelaine, the feminine form of chdtelain, a keeper of a castle)

chatelaine and her See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low-born daughter-in-See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law to live in See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace under the same roof . She was jealous as a See also:

• LOVER, SAMUEL (1797-1868)

lover of the child's See also:

• AFFECTION (Lat. ad, and facere, to do something to, sc. a person)

affection, and the struggle between the mother and grandmother was one of the bitterest of Aurore's childish troubles .

Next to the grandmother, the most important See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person in the See also:

• HOUSEHOLD, ROYAL

household at Nohant was Deschatres . He was an ex-See also:

• ABBE (Serbo-Croatian Rai))

abbe who had shown his devotion to his See also:

• MISTRESS

mistress when her life was threatened, and henceforward was installed at Nohant as factotum . He was maire of the See also:

• VILLAGE

village, See also:

• TUTOR (Lat. tutor, guardian, tueri, to watch over, protect)

tutor to Aurore's half-See also:

• BROTHER

brother, and, in addition to his other duties, undertook the education of the girl . The tutor was no more eager to See also:

• TEACH [THATCH OR THACH], EDWARD (d. 1718)

teach than the See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil to learn . He, too, was a See also:

• DISCIPLE

disciple of Rousseau, believed in the education of nature, and allowed his Sophie to wander at her own sweet will . At See also:

• ODD (in middle English odde, from old Norwegian oddi, an angle of a triangle; the old Norwegian oddamann is used of the third man who gives a casting vote in a dispute)

odd See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours of lessons she picked up a smattering of Latin, music and natural See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science, but most days were holidays and spent in country rambles and See also:

• GAMES, CLASSICAL

games with village children . Her favourite books were See also:

• TASSO, TORQUATO (1544-1595)

Tasso, Atala and See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul et Virginie . A See also:

• SIMPLE

simple refrain of a childish See also:

• SONG

song or the monotonous chaunt of the ploughman touched a hidden chord and thrilled her to tears . She invented a deity of her own, a mysterious Corambe, half See also:

• PAGAN
• PAGAN (Lat. paganus, of or belonging to a pagus, a canton, county district, village, commune)

pagan and half See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian, and like See also:

• GOETHE, JOHANN WOLFGANG VON (1749-1832)

Goethe erected to him a rustic See also:

• ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

altar of the greenest grass, the softest See also:

• MOSS

moss and the brightest pebbles . From the See also:

• FREE

free out-See also:

• DOOR (corresponding to the Gr. Bbpa,. Lat. fores or valvae; the English word, with other forms common in allied languages, comes from the same Indo-European stem as the Gr. Obpa and Lat. fares)

door life at Nohant she passed at thirteen to the See also:

• CONVENT (Lat. conventus, from convenire, to come together)

convent of the See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• AUGUSTINIANS

Augustinians at Paris, where for the first two years she never went outside the walls . Nothing better shows the plasticity of her character than the ease with which she adapted herself to this sudden See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change . The volume which describes her conventual life is as graphic as See also:

• MISS

Miss See also:

• BRONTE
• BRONTE, CHARLOTTE (1816–1855), EMILY (1818-1848)

Bronte s See also:

• VILLETTE, CHARLES, MARQUIS DE (1736-1793)

Villette, but we can only dwell on one passage of it .

Tired of mad pranks, in a See also:

• FIT

fit of See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home-sickness, she found herself one evening in the convent See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel . " I had forgotten all; I knew not what was passing in me; with rry soul rather than my senses, I breathed an See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air of ineffable sweetness . All at once a sudden See also:

• SHOCK, or COLLAPSE

shock passed through my whole being, my eyes swam, and I seemed wrapped in a dazzling See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white mist . I heard a See also:

• VOICE (Fr. voix, from Lat. vox)

voice murmur in my See also:

• EAR (common Teut.; O.E. are, Ger. Ohr, Du. oor, akin to Lat. auris, Gr. ovs)

ear, ' Tolle, lege.' I turned See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round, thinking that it was one of the sisters talking to me—I was alone . I indulged in no vain illusion; I believed in no See also:

• MIRACLE (Lat. miraculum, from mirari, to wonder)

miracle,; I was quite sensible of the sort of See also:

• HALLUCINATION (from Lat. alucinari or allucinari, to wander in mind, Gr. a.)^i resty or hXvecv, from an, wandering)

hallucination into which I had fallen; I neither sought to intensify it nor to See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape from it . Only I See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt that faith was laying hold of me—by the See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart, as I had wished it . I was so filled with gratitude and joy that the tears rolled down my cheeks . I felt as before that I loved See also:

• GOD

God, that my mind embraced and accepted that ideal of See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice, tenderness and holiness which I had never doubted, but with which I had never held See also:

• DIRECT

direct communion, and now at last I felt that this communion was consummated, as though an invincible barrier had been broken down between the source of See also:

• INFINITE (from Lat. in, not, finis, end or limit; cf. findere, to deave)

infinite See also:

• LIGHT

light and the smouldering See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire of my heart . An endless vista stretched before me, and I panted to start upon my way . There was no more doubt or lukewarmness . That I should repent on the-morrow and rally myself on my over-wrought See also:

• ECSTASY (Gr. iarra(TLc, from i LarliU, put out of its place, alter)

ecstasy never once entered my thoughts . I was like one who never casts a look behind, who hesitates before some See also:

• RUBICON

Rubicon to be crossed, but having touched the farther See also:

• BANK

bank See also:

• SEES

sees no more the See also:

• SHORE

shore he has just left." Such is the story of her See also:

• CONVERSION (Lat. conversio, from convertere, to turn or ,change)

conversion as told by herself .

It reads more like a See also:

• CHAPTER (a shortened form of chapiter, a word still used in architecture for a capital; derived from O. Fr. chapitre, Lat. capitellum, diminutive of caput, head)

chapter from the life of Ste Therese or Madame See also:

• GUYON, JEANNE MARIE BOUVIER DE LA MOTHE (1648—1717)
• GUYON, RICHARD DEBAUFRE (1803-1856)

Guyon than of the author of Lelia . Yet no one can doubt the sincerity of her narrative, or even the permanence of her religious feelings under all her many phases of faith and aberrations of conduct . A See also:

• RECENT

recent critic has sought in See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion the See also:

• CLUE

clue to her character and the mainspring of her genius . Only in her See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case religion must be taken in an even more restricted sense than See also:

• MATTHEW, GOSPEL OF ST
• MATTHEW, ST (MaOOaior or MarOaIos, probably a shortened form of the Hebrew equivalent to Theodorus)
• MATTHEW, TOBIAS

Matthew See also:

• ARNOLD
• ARNOLD, BENEDICT (1741-1801)
• ARNOLD, GOTTFRIED (1666-1714)
• ARNOLD, MATTHEW (1822-1888)
• ARNOLD, SAMUEL (1740--18o2)
• ARNOLD, SIR EDWIN (1832-1904)
• ARNOLD, THOMAS (1745-1842)

Arnold's " morality touched by emotion." For her there was no categorical imperative, no moral See also:

• CODE (Lat. codex)

code See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save to follow the promptings of her heart . " Tenderness " she had abundantly, and it revealed itself not only in effusive sentimentality, as with Rousseau and See also:

• CHATEAUBRIAND, FRANCOIS RENE, VICOMTE DE (1768–1848)

Chateaubriand, but in active benevolence; " justice " too she had in so far as she sincerely wished that all men should See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share alike her happiness; but of " holiness," that sense of See also:

• AWE, LOCH

awe and reverence that was felt in See also:

• DIVERS

divers kinds and degrees by See also:

• ISAIAH
• ISAIAH, ASCENSION OF

Isaiah, See also:

• SOPHOCLES (495-406 B.c.)

Sophocles, See also:

• VIRGIL (PUBLIUS VERGILIUS MARC)
• VIRGIL, POLYDORE (c. 1470-1555)

Virgil and St Paul, she had not a rudimenatry conception . Again in 182o Aurore exchanged the See also:

• RESTRAINT (from " to restrain," Lat. restringere, to hold back, prevent)

restraint of a convent for freedom, being recalled to Nohant by Mme de Francueil, who had no intention of letting her granddaughter grow up a devote . She rode across country with her brother, she went out See also:

• SHOOTING

shooting with Deschatres, she sat by the cottage doors on the long summer evenings and heard the See also:

• FLAX

flax-dressers tell their tales of witches and warlocks . She was a considerable linguist and knew English, See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian and some Latin, though she never tackled See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek . She read widely though unsystematically, studying See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy in See also:

• ARISTOTLE
• ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.)

Aristotle, See also:

• LEIBNITZ (LEIBNIZ), GOTTFRIED WILHELM

Leibnitz, See also:

• LOCKE, GOTTFRIED CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH (1791–1855)
• LOCKE, JOHN (1632-1704)
• LOCKE, MATTHEW (c. 1630-1677)

Locke and See also:

• CONDILLAC, ETIENNE BONNOT DE (1715—178o)

Condillac, and feeding her See also:

• IMAGINATION

imagination with Rene and Childe Harold . Her See also:

• CONFESSOR

confessor See also:

• LENT (0. Eng. lenclen, " spring," M. Eng. lenten, lente, lent; cf. Dut. lente, Ger. Lenz, " spring," 0. H. Ger. lenzin, lengizin, lenzo, probably from the same root as " long " and referring to " the lengthening days ")

lent her the Genius of See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity, and to this See also:

• BOOK

book she ascribes the first change in her religious views . She renounced once for all the See also:

• ASCETICISM

asceticism and See also:

• ISOLATION

isolation of the De imitatione for the more genial and sympathetic Christianity of Chateaubriand . Yet she still clung to old associations, and on her grandmother's death was about to return to her convent, but was dissuaded by her See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends, who found her a husband .

Casimir Dudevant, whom she married on the 11th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1822, was the natural son of a See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

Baron Dudevant . He had retired at an early age from the army and was living an idle life at home as a See also:

• GENTLEMAN (from Lat. gentilis, " belonging to a race or gens," and " man "; Fr. gentilhomme, Span. gentil hombre, Ital. gentil huomo, in its original and strict signification, a term denoting a man of good family, the Lat. generosus (its invariable transl

gentleman farmer . Her husband, though he afterwards deteriorated, seems at that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time to have been neither better nor worse than the Berrichon squires around him, and the first years of her married life, during which her son Maurice and her daughter Solange were born, except for lovers' quarrels, were passed in peace and quietness, though signs were not wanting of the coming See also:

• STORM (in O. Eng..storm, and so in Du. and Low Ger.; in O. H. Ger. and mod. Ger. Sturm; the root is probably that seen in " stir," to rouse, move, disturb, cf. Ger. storen)
• STORM, THEODOR WOLDSEN (1817-1888)

storm . Among these must be mentioned her friendship with See also:

• AURA (from the Gr. for " breath " or " breeze ")

Aura :en de Seze, See also:

• ADVOCATE (Lat. advocatus, from advocare, to summon, especially in law to call in the aid of a counsel or witness, and so generally to summon to one's assistance)

advocate-general at Bourdeau . De Seze was a See also:

• MIDDLE

middle-aged lawyer with a philosophic turn of mind, and Madame Dudevant for two years kept up with him an intimate correspondence . The friendship was purely platonic, but the husband felt or affected See also:

• JEALOUSY (adapted from Fr. jalousie, formed from jaloux, jealous, Low Lat. zelosus, Gr. j'i os, ardour, zeal, from the root seen in '&u', to boil, ferment; cf. " yeast ")

jealousy, and resented an intimacy which he from his See also:

• TOTAL

total lack of culture was unable to share . The See also:

• BREACH (Mid. Eng. breche, derived from the common Teutonic root brec, which appears in " break," Ger. brechen, &c.)

breach quickly widened . He on his part was more and more repelled by a See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior woman determined to live her own intellectual life, and she on hers discovered that she was mated, if not to a See also:

• CLOWN (derived by Fuller, in his Worthies, from Lat. colones, a husbandman; but apparently connected with " clod " and with similar forms in Teutonic and Scandinavian languages)

clown, at least to a hobereau whose whole heart was in his See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle and his turnips . So long as the conventionalities were preserved she endured it, but when her husband took to drinking and made love to the maids under her very eyes she resolved to break a yoke that had grown intolerable . The last See also:

• STRAW

straw that determined See also:

• ACTION

action was the See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of a See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper docketed " Not to be opened till after my death," which was nothing but a railing See also:

• ACCUSATION (Lat. accusatio, accusare, to challenge to a causa, a suit or trial at law)

accusation against herself . She at once quitted Nohant, taking with her Solange, and in 1831 an amicable separation was agreed upon, by which her whole See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate was surrendered to the husband with the stipulation that she should receive an See also:

• ALLOWANCE (from "allow,' derived through 0. Fr. alouer from the two Lat. origins adlaudare, to praise, and allocare, to assign a place; so that the English word combined the general idea of "assigning with approval")

allowance of £120 a See also:

• YEAR

year . She had regained her See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty, and made no See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret of her intention to use it to the full .

She endeavoured unsuccessfully to eke out her irregularly paid allowance by those expedients to which reduced gentlewomen are driven—fancywork and See also:

• PAINTING

painting fans and See also:

• SNUFF (from " to snuff, " i.e. to inhale, to draw in through the nose; cf. Dutch snuf, scent, Ger. Schnupfen, a cold, catarrh, and Eng. " snuffle, " " sniff, " &c.)

snuff-boxes; she lived in a See also:

• GARRET (from the O. Fr. garite, modern guerite, a watch-tower, connected ultimately with " guard " and " ward ")

garret and was often unable to allow herself the luxury of a fire . It was only as a last resource that she tried literature . Her first See also:

• APPRENTICESHIP (from Fr. apprendre, to learn)

apprenticeship was served under Delatouche, the editor of See also:

• FIGARO

Figaro . He was a native of Berri, like herself, a stern but kindly taskmaster who treated her much as Dr See also:

• JOHNSON, ANDREW
• JOHNSON, ANDREW (1808–1875)
• JOHNSON, BENJAMIN (c. 1665-1742)
• JOHNSON, EASTMAN (1824–1906)
• JOHNSON, REVERDY (1796–1876)
• JOHNSON, RICHARD (1573–1659 ?)
• JOHNSON, RICHARD MENTOR (1781–1850)
• JOHNSON, SAMUEL (1709-1784)
• JOHNSON, SIR THOMAS (1664-1729)
• JOHNSON, SIR WILLIAM (1715–1774)
• JOHNSON, THOMAS

Johnson treated Fanny See also:

• BURNEY, CHARLES (1726-1814)

Burney . George Sand was methodical and had a ready See also:

• PEN (Lat. penna, a feather, pen)

pen, but she lacked the more essential qualities of a Parisian journalist, wit, sparkle and conciseness . At the end of a month, she tells us, her earnings amounted to fifteen francs . On the staff of Figaro was another compatriot with whom she was already intimate as a visitor at Nohant . Jules See also:

• SANDEAU, LEONARD SYLVAIN JULIEN [JULES] (1811-1883)

Sandeau was a See also:

• CLEVER

clever and attractive See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young lawyer . Articles written in See also:

• COMMON

common soon led to a complete literary See also:

• PARTNERSHIP (earlier forms, partener, parcener, from Late Lat. partionarius for partitionarius, from partitio, sharing, pars, part)

partnership, and 1831 there appeared in the Revue de Paris a See also:

• JOINT (through Fr. from Lat. junctum, jungere, to join)

joint novel entitled Prima Donna and signed Jules Sand . Shortly after this was published in book See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form with the same See also:

• SIGNATURE (through Fr. from Lat. signature, signare, to sign, signum, mark, token, sign)

signature a second novel, See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

Rose et See also:

• BLANCHE, JACQUES EMILE (1861– )

Blanche . The sequel to this literary See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance is best recounted in George Sand's own words: " I resisted him for three months but then yielded; I lived in my own apartment in an unconventional style." Her first See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent novel, See also:

• INDIANA

Indiana (1832), was written at the instigation of Delatouche, and the See also:

• WORLD

world-famous pseudonym George (originally Georges) Sand was adopted as a See also:

• COMPROMISE (pronounced compromize; through Fr. from Lat. compromittere)

compromise between herself and her partner . The " George " connoted a Berrichon as " See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David " does a Welshman .

The one wished to throw Indiana into the common stock, the other refused to lend his name, or even part of his name, to a See also:

• WORK

work in which he had had no share . The novel was received with instant See also:

• ACCLAMATION (Lat. acclamatio, a shouting at)

acclamation, and Sainte-Beuve only confirmed the See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment of the public when he pronounced in the Globe that this new author (then to him unknown) had struck a new and See also:

• ORIGINAL

original vein and was destined to go far . Delatouche was the first to throw himself at her feet and bid her forget all the hard things he had said of her . Indiana is a direct transcript of the author's See also:

• PERSONAL

personal experiences (the disagreeable husband is M . Dudevant to the life), and an exposition of her theory of sexual relations which is founded thereon . To many critics it seemed that she had said her whole say and that nothing but replicas could follow . See also:

• VALENTINE, or VALENTINUS

Valentine, which was published in the same year, indicated that it was but the first chapter in a life of endless adventures, and that the imagination which turned the crude facts into See also:

• POETRY

poetry, and the See also:

• FANCY (a shortened form, dating from the 15th century, of " fantasy," which is derived through the O. Fr. fantasie, modern fantaisie. from the Latinized form of the Gr. cbavraoia, Oavrai'ecv, Oat Pais, to show)

fancy which played about them like a See also:

• RAINBOW

rainbow, were inexhaustible . As a novel Valentine has little to commend it; the See also:

• PLOT
• PLOT, ROBERT (164o-1696)

plot is feeble and the characters shadowy . Only in the descriptions of scenery, which here resemble too much See also:

• PURPLE

purple patches, does George Sand reveal her true See also:

• INSPIRATION (Lat. inspirare, breathe upon or into)

inspiration, the See also:

• ARTISTIC

artistic qualities by which she will live . No one was more conscious than George Sand herself of her strength and of her weakness . In a See also:

• PREFACE (Med. Lat. prefatia, for classical praefatio, praefari, to speak beforehand)

preface to a later edition she tells us how the novel came to be written, and, though it anticipates events, this See also:

• REVELATION, BOOK OF

revelation of herself may best be given here . " After the unexpected literary success of Indiana I returned to Berri in 1832 and found a See also:

• PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure in painting the scenes with which I had been See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar from a child .

Ever since those early days I had `elt the impulse to describe them, but as is the case with all profound emotions, whether intellectual or moral, what we most See also:

• DESIRE

desire to realize to ourselves we are the least inclined to reveal to the world at large . This little nook of Berri, this unknown Vallee Noire, this quiet and unpretentious landscape, which must be sought to find it and loved to be admired, was the See also:

• SANCTUARY (from the late Lat. sanctuarium, a sacred place)

sanctuary of my first and latest reveries . For twenty-two years I have lived amongst these pollarded trees, these rutty roads, beside these tangled thickets and streams along whose See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks only children and See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep can pass . All this had charms for me alone and did not deserve to be revealed to idle curiosity . Why betray the incognito of this modest country-See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side without See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical association or picturesque sites to commend it to the See also:

• ANTIQUARY

antiquary or the tourist ? The Vallee Noire, so it seemed to me, was part and See also:

• PARCEL (Fr. parcelle, Ital. particella, Lat. particela, diminutive of pars, part)

parcel of myself, the framework in which my life was set, the native See also:

• COSTUME
• COSTUME (through the Fr. costume, from Ital. costume, Late Lat. costuma, a contracted form of Lat. consuetudinem, ace. of consuetudo, custom, habit, manner, &c.)

costume that I had always worn—what worlds away from the silks and satins that are suited for the public See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage . If I could have foreseen what a stir my writings would make, I think I should have jealously guarded the privacy of this sanctuary where, till then, I perhaps was the only soul who had fed the artist's visions and the poet's dreams . But I had no such anticipation; I never gave it a thought . I was compelled to write and I wrote . I let myself be carried away by the secret See also:

• CHARM (through the Fr. from the Lat. carmen, a song)

charm of the air I breathed; my native air, I might almost See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call it . The descriptive parts of my novel found favour . The plot provoked some lively See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism on the See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-matrimonial doctrines that I was alleged to have broached before in Indiana .

In both novels I pointed out the dangers and pains of an ill-assorted marriage . I thought I had simply been See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing a story, and discovered that I had unwittingly been See also:

• PREACHING (Fr. preecher, from Lat. praedicare, to proclaim)

preaching See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint-Simonianism . I was not then at an age for reflecting on social grievances . I was too young to do more than see and See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note facts, and thanks to my natural indolence and that See also:

• PASSION (post-classical Lat. passio, formed from pati, passus, to suffer, endure)

passion for the See also:

• CONCRETE
• CONCRETE (Lat. concretes, participle of concrescere, to grow together)

concrete, which is at once the joy and the weakness of artists, I should perhaps always have remained at that stage if my somewhat pedantic critics had not driven me to reflect and painfully See also:

• SEARCH, or VISIT AND SEARCH

search after the ultimate causes of which till then I had only grasped the effects . But I was so shrewdly taxed with posing as a strong-minded woman and a philosopher that one See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day I said to myself, ' What, I wonder, is philosophy?' " Her liaison with Jules Sandeau, which lasted more than a year, was abruptly terminated by the discovery in their apartment on an unexpected return from Nohant of une blanchisseuse quelconque . For a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short while she was broken hearted:—" My heart is a See also:

• CEMETERY (Gr. Korrsnri7pwv, from Hoiµav, to sleep)

cemetery!" she wrote to Sainte-Beuve . " A See also:

• NECROPOLIS

necropolis," was the comment of her discarded lover when years later the remark was repeated to him . Her third novel, Lelia (1833), is in the same vein, a stronger and more outspoken diatribe against society and the marriage law . Lelia is a See also:

• FEMALE

female See also:

• MANFRED (c. 1232–1266)

Manfred, and See also:

• DUMAS, ALEXANDRE
• DUMAS, ALEXANDRE [" DUMAS FILS"] (1824-1895)
• DUMAS, GUILLAUME MATHIEU, COUNT (1753-1837)
• DUMAS, JEAN BAPTISTE ANDRE (1800-1884)

Dumas had some See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason to complain that George Sand was giving them " du See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• BYRON, GEORGE GORDON BYRON, 6TH BARON (1788-1824)
• BYRON, HENRY JAMES (1834-1884)
• BYRON, HON
• BYRON, JOHN BYRON

Byron au kilo." But a new chapter in her life was now to open . In her despair she turned for comfort and counsel to Sainte-Beuve, now constituted her See also:

• REGULAR

regular father confessor . This ghostly See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• PANDARUS

Pandarus recommended new friendships, but she was hard to please . Dumas was " trop commis-voyageur," See also:

• JOUFFROY, JEAN (c. 1412–1473)
• JOUFFROY, THEODORE SIMON (1796-1842)

Jouffroy too serenely virtuous and See also:

• MUSSET, LOUIS CHARLES ALFRED DE (1810-18S7)

Musset " trop See also:

• DANDY

dandy." See also:

• MERIMEE, PROSPER (1803-1870)

Merimee was tried for a See also:

• WEEK (from A.S. wicu, Germanic *wikon, probably=change, turn)

week, but the cool cynic and the perfervid apostle of women's rights proved mutually repulsive .

See also:

• ALFRED

Alfred de Musset was introduced, and the two natures leapt together as by elective affinity . The moral aspect has been given by Mr See also:

• SWINBURNE, ALGERNON CHARLES (1837–1909)

Swinburne in an See also:

• EPIGRAM

epigram: —" Alfred was a terrible flirt and George did not behave as a perfect gentleman." Towards the end of 1833 George Sand, after winning the reluctant consent of Musset's mother, set out in the poet's See also:

• COMPANY

company for See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, and in See also:

• JANUARY

January 1834 the pair reached See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice, staying first at the Hotel Danieli and then in lodgings . At first it was a veritable See also:

• HONEYMOON

honeymoon; conversation never flagged and either found in the other his soul's See also:

• COMPLEMENT (Lat. complementum, from complere, to fill up)

complement . But there is a limit to love-making, and George Sand, always See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical, 133 set to work to provide the means of living . Musset, though he depended on her exertions, was first bored and then irritated at the sight of this terrible vache a ecrire, whose pen was going for eight hours a day, and sought diversion in the cafes and other less. reputable resorts of pleasure . The See also:

• CON

con-sequence was a See also:

• NERVOUS

nervous illness with some of the symptoms of See also:

• DELIRIUM (a Latin medical term for madness, from delirare, to be mad, literally to wander from the lira, or furrow)

delirium tremens, through which George Sand nursed him with tenderness and care . But with a strange want of delicacy, to use the mildest See also:

• TERM

term, she made love at the same time to a young Venetian See also:

• DOCTOR (Lat. for " teacher ")

doctor whom she had called in, by name Pagello . The pair went off and found their way eventually to Paris, leaving Musset in Italy, deeply wounded in his affections, but, to do him justice, taking all the blame for the rupture on himself . George Sand soon tired of her new love, and even before she had given him his See also:

• CONGE

conge was dying to be on again with the old . She cut off her See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair and sent it to Musset as a token of penitence, but Musset, though he still flirted with her, never quite forgave her infidelity and refused to admit her to his deathbed . Among the See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

romans a clef and See also:

• PAMPHLETS

pamphlets which the See also:

• ADVENTURE (from Lat. res adventura, a thing about to happen)

adventure produced, two only have any literary importance, Musset's Confessions d'un enfant du siecle and George Sand's See also:

• ELIE

Elie et lui . In the former woman appears as the See also:

• SERPENT (Lat. serpens, creeping, from serpere; cf. "reptile " from repere, Gr.4 ml-eta)

serpent whose trail is over all; in the latter, written twenty-five years after the event, she is the See also:

• GUARDIAN

guardian See also:

• ANGEL

angel abused and maltreated by men .

Lui et elle, the rejoinder of the poet's brother Paul de Musset, was even more a See also:

• TRAVESTY (Fr. travestie, from travestir, to disguise, se travestir, to change one's clothes; Lat. trans, across, and vestire, to clothe)