See also:

• SANTORIN (corruption of St Irene; anc. THERA)

SANTORIN (corruption of St See also:

• IRENE

Irene; anc. See also:

• THERA

THERA)  , a volcanic See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island in the See also:

• AEGEAN

Aegean See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea, the southernmost of the See also:

• SPORADES (Gr. ErropaSes, from a-sretpew, to sow)

Sporades . In shape See also:

• SANTORIN (corruption of St Irene; anc. THERA)

Santorin forms a See also:

• CRESCENT (Lat. crescens, growing)

crescent, and encloses a See also:

• BAY

bay on the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north, See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east and See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south, while on the western See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side lies the smaller island of Therasia . The encircling See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall thus formed, which is elliptical in shape and 18 m. See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round in its inner rim, is broken in two places—towards the north-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west by a strait a mile in breadth, where the See also:

• WATER

water is not less than 1100 ft. deep, and towards the south-west by an See also:

• APERTURE (from Lat. aperire, to open)

aperture about 3 M. wide, where the water is shallow, and an island called Aspronisi or See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

White Island lies in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle . The cliffs rise perpendicularly from the bay, in some places to the height of l000 ft.; but towards the open sea, both in Santorin and Therasia, the ground slopes gradually away, and has been converted into broad level terraces, every-where covered with tufaceous See also:

• AGGLOMERATE (from the Lat. agglomerare, to form into a ball, glomus, glomeris)

agglomerate, which, though See also:

• BARE

bare and ashen, produces the famous Santorin See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine . Towards the south-east rises the See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone See also:

• PEAK, THE

peak of See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount See also:

• ELIAS, JOHN (1774-1841)

Elias, the highest point of the island (1910 ft.); this existed before the See also:

• VOLCANO

volcano was formed . In the middle of the See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie three small islands, which are the centre of volcanic activity, and are called Palaea, Mikra and Nea Kaumene, or the Old, the Little and the New Burnt Island; the highest of these, Nea Kaumene, is 351 ft. above the sea . Owing to the See also:

• DEPTH

depth of the water there is no anchorage, and vessels have to be moored to the See also:

• SHORE

shore, except at one point in the neighbourhood of the See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• TOWN

town, where there is a slight rim of shallow bottom . The cliffs of Santorin and Therasia are marked in See also:

• HORIZONTAL

horizontal bands by See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black See also:

• LAVA

lava, white porous tufa, and other volcanic strata, some parts of which are coloured dark red . The modern town of See also:

• THERA

Thera (or Phera, as it is more commonly pronounced) is built at the edge of these, overlooking the middle of the bay at a height of 900 ft. above the water, and the See also:

• FOUNDATIONS

foundations of the houses and in some cases their sides also, are excavated in the tuf a, so that occasionally they are hardly traceable except by their chimneys . Owing to the See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of See also:

• TIMBER

timber—for, except. the fig, See also:

• CACTUS

cactus and See also:

• PALM (Lat. palma, Gr. iraX6.jn )
• PALM, JOHANN PHILIPP (1768-1806)

palm, there are hardly any trees in the island—they are roofed with See also:

• BARREL (a word of uncertain origin common to Romance languages; the Celtic forms, as in the Gaelic baraill, are derived from the English)

barrel vaults of See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone and See also:

• CEMENT (from Lat. caementum, rough pieces of stone, a shortened form of caedimentum, from caedere, to cut)

cement . Both See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood and water have occasionally to be imported from the neighbouring islands, for there are no See also:

• WELLS
• WELLS, CHARLES JEREMIAH (1798?–1879)
• WELLS, DAVID AMES (1828—1898)
• WELLS, HERBERT GEORGE (1866— )
• WELLS, SIR THOMAS SPENCER, 1ST BART

wells, and the See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain water, collected in cisterns, does not always suffice .. The largest of the other villages is Apanomeria, near the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern entrance, which is crowded together in a white See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass, while the rocks below it are the reddest in the island .

Santorin is closely connected with the See also:

• EARTHQUAKE

earthquake movements to which the countries in the neighbourhood of the Aegean are subject . It is hardly accurate to speak of the basin which forms the See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour as a See also:

• CRATER

crater, for most geologists support the view that the whole of this space was once covered by a single volcanic See also:

• CONE (Gr. Kwvos)

cone, the incline of which is represented by the outward slope of Santorin and Therasia, while the position of the crater was that now occupied by the Kaumene Islands; and that owing to a volcanic See also:

• EXPLOSION

explosion and the subsidence of the strata the basin was formed . The Kaumene Islands arose subsequently, and that of Palaea Kaumene is considered to have been prehistoric . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal eruptions that have taken See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place within historic times are that of 196 B.c., when, as we learn from See also:

• STRABO (born c. 63 n.c.)

Strabo (i . 3, § 16, p . 57), flames See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose from the water See also:

• HALF

half-way between Thera and Therasia for four days; that of A.D . 726, during the reign of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

Emperor See also:

• LEO
• LEO (THE LION)
• LEO, BROTHER (d. c. 1270)
• LEO, HEINRICH (1799-1878)
• LEO, JOHANNES (c. 1494-1552)
• LEO, LEONARDO (1694–1744)

Leo the Isaurian (on both these occasions islands were thrown up, 'but it is supposed that they after-wards disappeared); that of 157o, when Mikra Kaumene arose; that of 165o, which destroyed many lives by noxious exhalations, and ended in the upheaval of an island in the sea to the north-east of Santorin, which afterwards subsided and became a See also:

• REEF (1)

reef below sea-level; that of 1707, when Nea Kaumene arose; and that of 1866, when Nea Kaumene was extended towards the south and enlarged threefold . In the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern parts both of Santorin and Therasia pre-historic dwellings have been found at some height above the sea, and there is no doubt that these date from a See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period antecedent to the formation of the bay . This is proved by their position underneath the layer of tufa which covers the islands, and by these layers of tuf a being broken off precipitously, in the same way as the lava-rocks, a fact which can only be explained by the supposition that they all See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell in together . The foundations of the dwellings rested, not on the tufa, but on the lava below it; and here and there between the stones branches of See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild See also:

• OLIVE (Olea europaea)

olive were found, according to a mode of See also:

• BUILDING

building that still prevails in the island, in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to resist the shocks of earthquakes . Very few implements of See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal were found . Some of the vases found were Cretan See also:

• WARE

ware which had been imported; and the See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence between these and various specimens of the native pottery proves that to some extent this See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive See also:

• ART

art was derived from See also:

• CRETE (Gr. Kp;rrrr; Turk. Kirid, Ital. Candia)

Crete .

In See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend the island of Thera was connected with the See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story of the See also:

• ARGONAUTS ('Apyovavrat, the sailors of the "Argo ")

Argonauts, for it was represented as sprung from a clod of See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth which was presented to those heroes by See also:

• TRITON

Triton (Apollon., Argonaut., hr., 1551 sq., 1731 sq.) . According to See also:

• HERODOTUS (c. 484-425 B.C.)

Herodotus (iv . 147), a Phoenician See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony was established there by See also:

• CADMUS

Cadmus . Subsequently a colony from See also:

• SPARTA (Gr. Eirapril or AaKe5atycav)

Sparta, including some of the Minyae, was led thither by Theras, who gave the island his own name, in place of that of Calliste which it had See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne before . But the one event which gave importance to Thera in See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• HISTORY

history was the planting of its famous colony of See also:

• CYRENE [mod. Ain Shahat-Grenna]

Cyrene on the north See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa by See also:

• BATTUS

Battus in 631 B.C., in accordance with a command of the Delphic See also:

• ORACLE (Lat. oraculum, from ora' to pray; the corresponding Greek word is uavreiov or Xpnuri7pwov)

oracle . The ancient See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital, which See also:

• BORE

bore the same name as the island, occupied a site on the eastern coast now called Mesavouno, between Mount Elias and the sea . Since 1895 this place has been excavated by See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

Baron See also:

• HILLER, FERDINAND (181i-1885)
• HILLER, JOHANN ADAM (1728–1804)

Hiller von Gartringen and other See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German explorers . There are extensive ancient cemeteries . A steep ascent leads from a Heroum of See also:

• ARTEMIDORUS

Artemidorus to the See also:

• AGORA

Agora; in its neighbourhood were the See also:

• STOA

Stoa Basilice, a vast See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall with a See also:

• ROW, JOHN (c. 1525—1580)

row of pillars; a See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple of See also:

• DIONYSUS (probably = " son of Zeus," from & Os and vv(7os, a Thracian word for " son ")

Dionysus and the See also:

• PTOLEMIES

Ptolemies, which at a later period was dedicated to the Caesars; and the barrack of the See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison of the Ptolemies and a gymnasium . The names which occur here remind us that Thera, as a member of the See also:

• LEAGUE

League of the See also:

• CYCLADES

Cyclades, was from B.C . 308 to 145 under the See also:

• PROTECTORATE

protectorate of the Ptolemies . The See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

street has narrow lanes diverging from it to right and See also:

• LEFT

left; one of these leads to the See also:

• SANCTUARY (from the late Lat. sanctuarium, a sacred place)

sanctuary of the See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian gods .

Near the street there is a small See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre, beneath the seats of which a vast cistern was constructed, arranged so that rain-water should drain into it from the whole of the auditorium . The way then descends south-eastwards first to the temple of See also:

• PTOLEMY (CLAUDIUS PTOLEMAEUS)

Ptolemy Euergetes III., and then to that of . See also:

• APOLLO (Gr. 'A2r6XXwv,'Airkkhwv)

Apollo Carneius; finally, at the point where the rocks fall precipitously, there is a gymnasium of the See also:

• EPHEBI (Gr. i ri, and On, i.e. " those who have reached puberty ")

Ephebi . Numerous See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock-carvings and See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions have been discovered,as well as statues and vases of various periods . Near the western See also:

• FOOT

foot of Mount Elias is the temple of Thea Basileia, which, though very small, is perfect throughout even to the roof . It is now dedicated to St See also:

• NICOLAS
• NICOLAS, SIR NICHOLAS HARRIS (1799–1848)

Nicolas Marmorites . See also:

• TOURNEFORT, JOSEPH PITTON DE (1656-1708)

Tournefort mentions that in his See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time nine or ten chapels were dedicated to St See also:

• IRENE

Irene, the See also:

• PATRON

patron See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

saint of the place; the name Santorin was given to the island after the See also:

• FOURTH

fourth crusade, when the See also:

• BYZANTINE

Byzantine See also:

• EMPIRE

empire was partitioned among the Latins, and the island formed a portion of the duchy of the See also:

• ARCHIPELAGO

Archipelago . Santorin is prosperous, for, in addition to the wine See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade, there is a large export of pozzolana, which, when mixed with See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

lime, forms a hard cement . Santorin (officially Thera) is a See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province in the See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of the Cyclades . It is divided into 9 communes (see CYCLADES), with a See also:

• TOTAL

total See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of 19,597 in 1907 . (H . F .