SAN DIEGO  , a city, port of entry and the county-seat of San Diego county, in S . California, U.S.A., on the Pacific Ocean, about to m . N. of the Mexican border, and about 126 m . (by rail) S.E. of Los Angeles . Pop . (188o) 2637; (1890) 16,159; (1900) 17,700, of whom 3768 were foreign-born; (1910 census) 39,578 . It is served by numerous steamship lines and by the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe, the Los Angeles & San Diego Beach, the San Diego Southern, and the San Diego, Cuyamaca & Eastern railways . A railway between Yuma, Arizona, and San Diego was under construction in 1910 . The harbour, next to that of San Francisco the best in California, has an area of some 22 sq. m . The Federal government has made various improvements in the harbour, building a jetty 7500 ft. long on Zuninga Shoal at the entrance and making a channel 225 ft. wide and 27-28 ft. deep at low tide . The city site, which is a strip of land 25 M. long and 2 to 4 M. wide, is nearly level near the bay . San Diego is the seat of a State Normal School and has a Carnegie library .

There is a coaling station of the

United States Navy, and the United States government maintains a garrison in Fort Rosecrans . At Coronado (pop . 1900, 935) across the bay are Coronado Beach, and the Hotel del Coronado, with fine botanical and Japanese gardens; on the beach people live in tents except in the stormier season . Within the city, on the top of Point Loma, is the Theosophical Institution of the " Universal Brotherhood." San Diego has one of the most equable climates in the world, and there are several sanatoriums here . The economic interests centre in fruit culture, especially the raising of citrus fruits and of raisin grapes . There are also warehouses, foundries, lumber yards, saw-mills and planing-mills —logs are rafted here from Washington and Oregon . National City (pop . 1900, 1086), adjoining San Diego on the S. and the S. terminus of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe system, has large interests in lemon packing and the manufacture of oil, citric acid and other lemon by-products . In 1905 the total value of the factory products of the city was $1,974,430 (194'8 % more than in 19O0) . San Diego is under the commission form of government; in 1905 the city secured as a charter right the power to " recall " by petition any unsatisfactory city official and to elect another in his place, and the initiative and referendum were incorporated in the charter, but were practically inoperative for several years . By a charter amendment of 1909, the city is governed by a commission of a mayor and five councilmen, elected at large . About 4 M .

N. of the business centre of San Diego is the site of the first

Spanish settlement in Upper California . It was occupied in April 1769; a Franciscan " mission " (the earliest of twenty-one established in California) was founded on the 16th of July, and a military presidio somewhat later . San Diego began the first revolution against Governor M . Victoria and Mexican authority in 1831, but was intensely loyal in opposition to Governor J . B . Alvarado and the northern towns in 1836 . It was made a port of entry in 1828 . In 184o it had a population of 140 . It was occupied by the American forces in July 1846, and was reoccupied in November after temporary dispossession by the Californians, no blood being shed in these disturbances . In r85o it was incorporated as a city, but did not grow, and lost its charter in 1852 . In 1867 it had only a dozen inhabitants . A land promoter, A .

E .

Horton (d . 1909), then laid out a new city about 3 M . S. of the old . Its population increased to 2300 in 1870, and this new San Diego was incorporated in 1872, and was made a port of entry in 1873 . The old town still has many ruined adobe houses, and the old " mission " is fairly well pre-served . The prosperity of 1867–1893 was followed by a disastrous crash in 1873–1874, and little progress was made until 1884, when San Diego was -cached by the Santa Fe railway system . After 1900 the growth of the city was again very rapid .