SAPPHICS SAPPHIC See also:

• METRE ((terpuc?, sc. rFxvf, from Gr. Or poi', measure)

METRE  , an See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of quantitative See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse, named after the Aeolian poetess See also:

• SAPPHO (7th–6th centuries B.C.)

Sappho, who is supposed to have invented it, and who certainly used it with unequalled skill . A sapphic See also:

• LINE

line consists of five equal beats, of which the central one alone is of three syllables, while the others consist of two each . The See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek sapphic was of this type:- - V — — V V — V 7rOuCt I AOBPov' I bAlwar' I 'A¢po 13tra The sapphic See also:

• STROPHE (Gr. o-rpod>)

strophe consists of three of these lines followed by an adonic, thus:- - V— V— V V— V See also:

• HORACE [QuINTus HORATIUS FLACCUS] (65-8 B.C.)

Horace adopted, and slightly adapted, this form of verse, for some of his most engaging metrical effects . The Greek poets had permitted the See also:

• CAESURA (Lat. for " cutting," Gr. row))

caesura to come where it would, but Horace, to give solidity to the form, introduced the practice of usually ending a word on the fifth syllable: jam satis terris nivis atque dirae, the second See also:

• HALF

half of the sapphic leaping off, as it were, with a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long syllable which connects it with the first half . This is a typical example of the Latin sapphic strophe : Intelger viltae scelerlisque I purus non el et Maurlis jacullis neique arcu, nec velnenaltis gravilda salg.ttis, Fusee, pharletra . Before the days of Horace, See also:

• CATULLUS, GAIUS VALERIUS (?84-J4 B.C.)

Catullus had used this form in Latin, and afterwards sapphics were introduced by the pseudo-See also:

• SENECA

Seneca into his tragedies . In the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages the sapphic strophe was frequently employed in the Latin See also:

• HYMNS

hymns, especially by See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory the See also:

• GREAT

Great . Later on, considerable laxity was introduced, and a See also:

• DACTYL (from Gr. S&crvXo , a finger)

dactyl was frequently substituted for the first trochee; this quite destroys the true See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the measure . It makes it a more easy See also:

• METRE ((terpuc?, sc. rFxvf, from Gr. Or poi', measure)

metre, however, for those who write See also:

• MODERN

modern accentuated verse . We see a loose but effective specimen of it in the famous Needy See also:

• KNIFE (0. E. cuff, a word appearing in different forms in many Teutonic languages, cf. Du. knijf, Ger. Kneif, a shoe-maker's knife, Swed. knif; the ultimate origin is unknown; Skeat finds the origin in the root of " nip," formerly " knip "; Fr. canif is a

knife I grinder ! I whither I are you I going ? Rough is the I road, your I See also:

• WHEEL (0. Eng. hweol, hweohl, &c., cognate with Icel. hjol, Dan. hiul, the Indo-European root is seen in Sanskrit chakra, Gr. r in Aos, circle, whence " cycle ")
• WHEEL, BREAKING ON THE

wheel is I out of I See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order .

But nearer to the effect of the See also:

• ANTIQUE (Lat. antiquus, old)

antique verse would be: Needy I grinder ! I whither oh ! I are you I going ? Rough the I road; your I destitute I wheel is I broken, although this certainly does not suit See also:

• ENGLISH

English versification so well . English sapphics were written by the Elizabethan poet, See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• CAMPION, EDMUND (154o-I581)
• CAMPION, THOMAS (1567-1620)

Campion (q.v.), and byWilliam See also:

• COWPER, WILLIAM (1731-1800)
• COWPER, WILLIAM COWPER, 1ST EARL (c. 1665-1723)

Cowper . Mr See also:

• SWINBURNE, ALGERNON CHARLES (1837–1909)

Swinburne has attempted to create the effect of the ancient Aeolian metre in a daring and brilliant See also:

• STANZA (Low Lat. stantia, Ital. stantia or stanza)

stanza . Sapphics have been written more successfully in See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German than in any other modern See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language . The earliest original German poem in the form is said to be an See also:

• ANONYMOUS

anonymous hymn to St See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary Magdalene, dated 1500 . See also:

• VOSS, JOHANN HEINRICH (1751–1826)
• VOSS, RICHARD (1851– )

Voss kept strictly to the metrical See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme of the Latin in his famous See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of the Odes of Horace (1806), and among German poets who have cultivated sapphics are to be mentioned See also:

• KLOPSTOCK, GOTTLIEB FRIEDRICH (1724–1803)

Klopstock, Platen, See also:

• HAMERLING, ROBERT (183o-1889)

Hamerling and See also:

• GEIBEL, EMANUEL (1815–1884)

Geibel .