SAPPHIRE  ,1 a See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue transparent variety of See also:

• CORUNDUM

corundum, or native alumina, much valued as a See also:

• GEM (Lat. gemma, a bud,—from the root gen, meaning " to produce,"—or precious stone; in the latter sense the Greek term is > d>os)
• GEM, ARTIFICIAL

gem-See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone . It is essentially the same See also:

• MINERAL

mineral as See also:

• RUBY (Lat. rubeus, red)

ruby, from which it differs chiefly in See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour . The colour of the normal sapphire varies from the palest blue to deep See also:

• INDIGO (earlier indico, from Lat. indicum, the Indian sub-stance or dye; the Sans. name was niti, from nila, dark blue, and this through Arab. al-nil, annil, gives " aniline ")

indigo, the most esteemed tint being that of the blue cornflower . Many of the crystals are parti-coloured, the blue being distributed in patches in a colourless or yellow stone; but by skilful cutting, the deep-coloured portion may be caused to impart colour to the entire gem . As the sapphire crystallizes in the hexagonal See also:

• SYSTEM

system it is dichroic, but in See also:

• PALE (through Fr. pal, from Lat. palms, a stake, for paglus, from the stem pag- of pangere, to fix; " pole " is from the same original source)

pale stones this See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character may not be well marked . In a deep-coloured stone the colour may be resolved, by the dichroscope, into an See also:

• ULTRAMARINE

ultramarine 1 Indirectly from Gr. o&orq5uupos, but there seems no doubt that this See also:

• TERM

term, like the See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew sapir of the Old Testament, was formerly applied to what is now called lapis lazuli; the See also:

• MODERN

modern sapphire was probably known as u&xwOos (See also:

• HYACINTHUS

hyacinthus) . colour . It is a silicate, containing See also:

• ALUMINIUM (symbol Al; atomic weight 27.0)

aluminium, See also:

• MAGNESIUM [symbol Mg, atomic weight 24.32 (0 = 16)]

magnesium and See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron, brought originally from See also:

• GREENLAND (Danish, &c., Gronland)

Greenland, and since found in a See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock from the See also:

• VIZAGAPATAM

Vizagapatam See also:

• DISTRICT

district in See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India . (F . W .