See also:

• SARAGOSSA (Zaragoza)
• SARAGOSSA, COUNCILS OF (Concilia Caesarauguslana)

SARAGOSSA (Zaragoza)  , the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• SARAGOSSA (Zaragoza)
• SARAGOSSA, COUNCILS OF (Concilia Caesarauguslana)

Saragossa and formerly of the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of See also:

• ARAGON, or ARRAGON (in Span. Aragon)

Aragon, seat of an See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop, of a See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of See also:

• APPEAL

appeal, and of the See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

captain-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general of Aragon; on the right See also:

• BANK

bank of the See also:

• RIVER

river See also:

• EBRO (anc. Iberus or Hiberus)

Ebro, 212 M. by See also:

• RAIL

rail N.E. of See also:

• MADRID

Madrid . Pop . (1900) 99,118 . Saragossa is an important railway junction; it is connected by See also:

• DIRECT

direct See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main lines with See also:

• VALLADOLID

Valladolid, Madrid and See also:

• VALENCIA
• VALENCIA, or VALENTIA

Valencia in the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west and See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south, and by the Ebro Valley Railway with See also:

• CATALONIA (Cataluna)

Catalonia and the Basque Provinces; it is also the starting-point of See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways to the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern districts of Aragon and to Carinena on the south-west . The See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city is built in an See also:

• OASIS (Gr. &toss, the name given by Herodotus to the fertile spots in the Libyan desert: it probably represents an Egyptian word, cf. Coptic ouahe, ouih, to dwell, from which the Egyptian Arabic sod is derived)

oasis of highly cultivated See also:

• LAND

land, irrigated by a multitude of streams which distribute the See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters of the Imperial See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

Canal, and surrounded by an arid See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain exposed to the violent See also:

• GALES (mod. Calvi)

gales which See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow down, hot in summer and icy in See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter, from the Castilian See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau . The monthly range of temperature frequently varies by as much as 50° Fahr., and the See also:

• CLIMATE

climate is rarely pleasant for many consecutive days except in See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring, when warm easterly winds blow from the Mediterranean . The city is surrounded by gardens, farms and See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country-houses (locally known as torres, " towers ") . Seen from a distance it has a See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance owing to the number of its domes and towers; on a nearer approach it presents a remarkable contrast between the older streets, narrow, gloomy, See also:

• ILL

ill-paved and lined with the fortress-like palaces of the old Aragonese See also:

• NOBILITY

nobility, and the business and residential quarters,. which are as well built as any See also:

• PART

part of Madrid or See also:

• BARCELONA

Barcelona . Saragossa is thus in appearance at once one of the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest and one of the newest of Spanish cities . One' of its two See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone See also:

• BRIDGES
• BRIDGES, ROBERT (1844– )

bridges, the seven-arched Puente de Piedra, See also:

• DATES

dates from 1447; there is also an See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge for the railway to See also:

• PAMPLONA, or PAMPELUNA

Pamplona . Beside the river there are public walks and avenues of See also:

• POPLAR
• POPLAR (Lat. Populus)

poplar; the suburb on the See also:

• LEFT

left bank is named Arrabal . The two most important buildings of Saragossa are its cathedrals, to each of which the See also:

• CHAPTER (a shortened form of chapiter, a word still used in architecture for a capital; derived from O. Fr. chapitre, Lat. capitellum, diminutive of caput, head)

chapter is attached for six months in the See also:

• YEAR

year .

La Seo (" The See ") is the older of the two, dating chiefly from the 14th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century; its prevailing See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style .is See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic, but the oldest portion, the See also:

• LOWER

lower walls of the See also:

• APSE
• APSE (Gr. alkir, a fastening, especially the felloe of a wheel; Lat. absis)

apse, is See also:

• BYZANTINE

Byzantine . The Iglesia Metropolitana del Pilar is the larger See also:

• BUILDING

building, dating only from the latter See also:

• HALF

half of the 17th century; it was built after designs by See also:

• HERRERA, FERNANDO DE (c. 1534-1597)
• HERRERA, FRANCISCO (1576-1656)

Herrera el Mozo, and owes it name to one of the most venerated See also:

• OBJECTS

objects in See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain, the " See also:

• PILLAR (0. Fr. piler, Mod. pilier, Late Lat. pilare, from pila, column)

pillar " of See also:

• JASPER

jasper on which the Virgin is said to have alighted when she manifested herself to St See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James as he passed through Saragossa . It has little architectural merit; externally its most conspicuous features are its cupolas, which are decorated with rows of See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green, yellow and See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white glazed tiles . The See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of See also:

• SAN

San Pablo dates mainly from the 13th century . The Torre Nueva, an octangular See also:

• CLOCK

clock See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower in diapered See also:

• BRICKWORK

brickwork, dating from 1504, was pulled down in 1892; it leaned some 9 or 10 ft. from the perpendicular, owing to faulty See also:

• FOUNDATIONS

foundations, which ultimately rendered it unsafe . Among other conspicuous public buildings are the municipal buildings, the See also:

• EXCHANGE

exchange (Lonja), and the See also:

• CIVIL

civil and military hospitals and See also:

• ALMSHOUSE

almshouse (Hospicio provincial), which are among the largest in Spain . The university was founded in 1474, but its See also:

• HISTORY

history has not been brilliant . To the west of the See also:

• TOWN

town is the Aljaferia or old citadel, originally built as a See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace by the See also:

• MOORS (Lat. Mauri; Gr. Mavpot, dark men)
• MOORS, KABYLES, MZABITES

Moors and also used as such by its See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian owners . See also:

• LATE

Late in the 15th century it was assigned by See also:

• FERDINAND
• FERDINAND (1577-1650)
• FERDINAND (COLOGNE)
• FERDINAND (Span. Fernando or Hernando; Ital. Ferdinando or Ferrante; in O. H. Ger. Herinand, i.e. " brave in the host," from O. H. G. Heri, "army," A. S. here, Mod. Ger. Heer, and the Goth. nan]jan, " to dare ")
• FERDINAND, MAXIMILIAN KARL LEOPOLD MARIA

Ferdinand and See also:

• ISABELLA (1451-15o4)
• ISABELLA, ISABEAU

Isabella to the See also:

• INQUISITION, THE (Lat. inquisitio, an inquiry)

Inquisition, and has since been used as a military See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital, as a See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison and as See also:

• BARRACKS (derived through the French from the Late Lat. barra, a bar)
• BARRACKS, CAMP

barracks . Saragossa is the headquarters of a large agricultural See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade; its See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries include iron-See also:

• FOUNDING (from Lat. fundere, to pour)

founding, tanning, See also:

• BREWING

brewing, See also:

• DISTILLATION (from the Lat. distillare, more correctly destillare, to drop or trickle down)

distillation of See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits, and manufactures of machinery, candles, See also:

• SOAP

soap, See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass and See also:

• PORCELAIN

porcelain . History.—Saragossa (Celtiberian, Salduba) was made a See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony by See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus at the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the Celtiberian See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War (25 B.C.), and renamed Caesarea See also:

• AUGUSTA

Augusta or Caesaraugusta, from which " Saragossa " is derived . Under the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans it was a highly privileged city, the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief commercial and military station in the Ebro valley, and the seat of one of the four conventus juridici (assizes) of Hither Spain .

It is now, however, almost destitute of antiquities dating from the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman occupation . It was captured in 452 by the See also:

• SUEBI, or SUEVI

Suebi, and in 476 by the Visigoths, whose See also:

• RULE

rule lasted until the Moorish See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest in 712, and under whom Saragossa was the first city to abandon the Arian See also:

• HERESY

heresy . In 777 its Moorish ruler, the See also:

• VICEROY (from O. Fr. viceroy, mod. viceroi, i.e. Lat. vice, in place of, and roy or roi, king)

viceroy of Barcelona, appealed to See also:

• CHARLEMAGNE [CHARLES THE GREAT] (c. 742-814)
• CHARLEMAGNE, JEAN ARMAND (1753–1838)

Charlemagne for aid against the powerful See also:

• CALIPH, CALIF

caliph of See also:

• CORDOVA (Span. C6rdoba)
• CORDOVA (Span. Cordoba; Lat. Corduba)

Cordova, Abd-ar-Rahman I . Charlemagne besieged the Cordovan See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army in Sarkosta, as the city was then called; but a See also:

• REBELLION

rebellion of his Saxon subjects compelled him to withdraw his army, which suffered defeat at See also:

• RONCESVALLES (Fr. Roncevaux)

Roncesvalles (q.v.), while recrossing the See also:

• PYRENEES [Span. Pirineos, Fr. Pyrenees]

Pyrenees . The Moors were finally expelled by See also:

• ALPHONSO

Alphonso I. of Aragon in 1118, after a See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege lasting nine months in which the defenders were reduced to terrible straits by See also:

• FAMINE (Lat. fames, hunger)

famine . As the capital of Aragon, Saragossa prospered greatly until the second half of the 15th century, when the See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage between Ferdinand and Isabella (1469) resulted in the transference of the court to See also:

• CASTILE, or CASTILLE (Castilla)

Castile . In 1710 the allied See also:

• BRITISH

British and See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian armies defeated the forces of See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip V. at Saragossa in the war of the Spanish See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

Succession; but it was in the See also:

• PENINSULAR

Peninsular War (q.v.) that the city reached the See also:

• ZENITH (from the Arabic)

zenith of its fame . An ill-armed See also:

• BODY

body of citizens, led by Jose de Palafox y Melzi (see PALAFOX), whose chief lieutenants were a See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest and two peasants, held the hastily-entrenched city against See also:

• MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

Marshal See also:

• LEFEBVRE, PIERRE FRANCOIS JOSEPH
• LEFEBVRE, TANNEGUY (TANAQUILLUS FABER) (1615-1672)

Lefebvre from the 15th of See also:

• JUNE

June to the 15th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1808 . The siege was then raised in consequence of the See also:

• REVERSE

reverse suffered by the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French at Bailen (q.v.), but it was renewed on the 20th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December, and on the 27th of See also:

• JANUARY

January the invaders entered the city . Even then they encountered a desperate resistance, and it was not until the 20th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February that the defenders were compelled to capitulate, after more than three See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks of continuous See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

street fighting . About 50,00o persons, the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority non-combatants, perished in the city, largely through famine and disease . Among the defenders was the famous " Maid of Saragossa," Maria Agustin, whose exploits were described by See also:

• BYRON, GEORGE GORDON BYRON, 6TH BARON (1788-1824)
• BYRON, HENRY JAMES (1834-1884)
• BYRON, HON
• BYRON, JOHN BYRON

Byron in Childe Harold (1, 55 sqq.) .