See also:

• SARDINIA (Gr. 'IXs'o"uva, from a fancied resemblance to a footprint in its shape, Ital. Sardegna)

SARDINIA (Gr. 'IXs'o"uva, from a fancied resemblance to a footprint in its shape, Ital. Sardegna)  , an See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island of the Mediterranean See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea, belonging to the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy . It lies 71 m . S. of See also:

• CORSICA (Fr. Corse)

Corsica, from which it is separated by the Strait of See also:

• BONIFACIO

Bonifacio, which is some 50 fathoms deep . The See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour of Golfo degli Aranci, in the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-eastern portion of the island, is 138 m . S.W. of Civitavecchia, the nearest point on the mainland of Italy . See also:

• SARDINIA (Gr. 'IXs'o"uva, from a fancied resemblance to a footprint in its shape, Ital. Sardegna)

Sardinia lies between 8° 7' and 9° 49' E., and extends from 38° 52' to 41° 15' N . The length from Cape Teulada in. the S.W. to Punta del See also:

• FALCONE, ANIELLO (x600–x665)

Falcone in the N. is about 16o m., the breadth from Cape Comino to Cape Caccia about 68 m . The See also:

• AREA

area of the island is 9187 sq. m.—that of the See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department (compartimento), including the small islands adjacent, being 9294 sq. m . It ranks sixthin point of See also:

• SIZE

size (after See also:

• SICILY (Ital. Sicilia)

Sicily) among the islands of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, but it is much more sparsely populated . The island is mountainous in the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main, almost continuously so, indeed, along the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast, and very largely granitic, with a number of lofty upland plains in the east, and volcanic in the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west . The highest point in the north-east See also:

• GROUP

group of the island (called Gallura) is See also:

• MONTE

Monte Limbara (4468 ft.), S.E. of Tempio . This See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain group is bounded on the S.E. and S.W. by valleys, which are' followed by the See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways from Golfo degli Aranci to Chilivani, and from Chilivani to See also:

• SASSARI

Sassari .

The north-western portion of the island, called the Nurra, lies to the west of Sassari and to the north of See also:

• ALGHERO

Alghero, and is entirely volcanic; so are the mountains to the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of it, near the west coast; the highest point is the Monte Ferru (3448 ft.) . East 'of the railway from Chilivani to See also:

• ORISTANO

Oristano, on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, the granitic mountains continue . The highest points are Monte Rasu (4127 ft.), S. of See also:

• OZIERI

Ozieri, in the See also:

• DISTRICT

district called Logudoro, on the See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain of the Marghine, which runs toMacomer, and, farther S., in the region called Barbargia, the Punta Bianca See also:

• SPINA (Lat. for a thorn, or prickle, also backbone, whence spine)

Spina,' the highest See also:

• SUMMIT

summit of the chain of Gennargentu (6o16 ft.) . These two See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups are divided by the deep valley of the Tirso, the only real See also:

• RIVER

river in Sardinia, which has a course of 94 m. and falls into the sea in the Gulf of Oristano . South of Gennargentu, in the district of the Sarcidano, is the Monte S . See also:

• VITTORIA

Vittoria (3980 ft.), to the west of which is the deep valley of the Flumendosa, a stream 76 m. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long, which rises south of Gennargentu, and runs S.E., falling into the sea a little north of Muravera on the east coast . Still farther W. is the volcanic upland See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain of the Giara (1998 ft.) and south of the Sarcidano are the districts known as the Trexenta, with See also:

• LOWER

lower, fertile hills, and the Sarrabus, which culminates in the Punta Serpeddi (3507 ft.), and the Monte del Sette Fratelli (3333 ft.), from the latter of which a See also:

• RIDGE (a word. common to many Teutonic languages, meaning " back," whether of a man or an animal, cf. German Rucke)
• RIDGE, WILLIAM PETT (1864- )

ridge descends to the See also:

• CAPO

Capo Carbonara, at the S.E. extremity of the island . South of Oristano and west of the districts last described, and traversed by the railway from Oristano to Cagliari, is the Campidano (often divided in See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary nomenclature into the Campidano of Oristano and the Campidano of Cagliari), a See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low plain, the See also:

• WATERSHED

watershed of which, near S . Gavino, is only about too ft. above sea-level . It is 6o m. long by 7-14 broad, and is the most fertile See also:

• PART

part of the island, but much exposed to See also:

• MALARIA

malaria . South-west of it, and entirely separated by it from the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the island, are the mountain groups to the north and south of See also:

• IGLESIAS

Iglesias, the former culminating in the Punta Perda de Sa See also:

• MESA (Span. mesa, from Lat. mensa, a table)

Mesa or Monte Linas (4055 ft.), and the latter, in the district known as the Sulcis, reaches 3661 ft . It is in this south-western portion of the island, and more particularly in the group of mountains to the north of Iglesias, that the See also:

• MINING

mining See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry of Sardinia is carried on .

The scenery is See also:

• FINE

fine, but See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild and desolate in most parts, and of a See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind that appeals rather to the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius than to the See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian, to whom, as a See also:

• RULE

rule, Sardinia is not attractive . The See also:

• RAIL

rail-way between Mandas and See also:

• TORTOLI

Tortoli traverses some of the boldest scenery in the island, passing See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close to the Monte S . Vittoria . The mountains near Iglesias are also very fine . Coast.—The coast of Sardinia contains few seaports, but a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good proportion of these are excellent natural harbours . At the north-eastern extremity is a group of islands, upon one of which is the See also:

• NAVAL

naval station of La Maddalena: farther S.E. is the well-protected Gulf of See also:

• TERRANOVA

Terranova, a part of which, Golfo degli Aranci, is the See also:

• PORT

port of arrival for the See also:

• MAIL

mail steamers from Civitavecchia, and a port of See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call of the See also:

• BRITISH

British Mediterranean See also:

• SQUADRON

squadron . To the south of Terranova there is no harbour of any importance on the east coast (the Gulf of Orosei being exposed to the E., and shut in by a precipitous coast) until Tortoli is reached, and beyond that to the Capo Carbonara at the south-east extremity, and again along the south coast, there is no harbour before Cagliari, the most important on the island . In the south-west portion of Sardinia the island of S . Antioco, joined by a narrow See also:

• ISTHMUS (Gr.io0pbs, neck)

isthmus and a group of See also:

• BRIDGES
• BRIDGES, ROBERT (1844– )

bridges to the mainland, forms a good natural harbour to the south of the isthmus, the Golfo di Palmas; while the north portion of the See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

peninsula, with the island of S . Pietro, forms a more or less protected See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin, upon the shores of which are several small harbours (the most important being Carlo-forte), which are centres of the export of minerals and of the See also:

• TUNNY (Thunnus thynnus)

tunny See also:

• FISHERY (LAW OF)

fishery . Not far from the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the west coast, a little farther S. than the Gulf of Orosei on the east coast, is the Gulf of Oristano, exposed to the west winds, into which, besides the Tirso, several streams fall, forming considerable lagoons . For some way beyond the only seaport is See also:

• BOSA

Bosa, which has only an open roadstead; and at the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern extremity of the Nurra come the Gulf of Alghero and the See also:

• PORTO

Porto See also:

• CONTE

Conte to the W., the latter a fine natural harbour but not easy of See also:

• INGRESS (Lat. ingresses, going in)

ingress or See also:

• EGRESS (Lat. egressus, going out)

egress .

The northern extremity of the Nurra, the Capo del Falcone, is continued to the N.N.E. by the island of Asinara, about i i m. in length, the highest point of which, the Punta della Scornunica, is 1339 ft. high . This small island serves as a See also:

• QUARANTINE (Fr. quarantaine, a period of forty days 1)

quarantine station . On the mainland, on the south See also:

• SHORE

shore of the Golfo dell' Asinara, is the harbour of Porto Torres, the only one of any importance on the north-west coast of Sardinia . See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

Geology.—Geologically Sardinia consists of two hilly regions of Pre-See also:

• TERTIARY

Tertiary See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock, separated by a broad depression filled with Tertiary deposits . This depression runs nearly from north to south, from the Gulf of Asinara to the Gulf of Cagliari . Physically its continuity is broken by Monte Urticu and several smaller hills which rise within it, but these are all composed of volcanic rock and are the remains of Tertiary volcanoes . It is in the south that the depression remains most distinct and it is there known as the Campidano . In the north it forms the plain of Sassari . Both to the east and to the west of this depression the Archean and Palaeozoic rocks which See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form the greater part of the island are strongly folded, with the exception of the uppermost beds, which belong to the See also:

• PERMIAN

Permian See also:

• SYSTEM

system . In the eastern region this was the last folding which has affected the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, and the Mesozoic and Tertiary beds are almost undisturbed . In the western region, on the other hand, all the' Mesozoic beds are involved in a later system of folds; but here also the Tertiary beds See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie nearly See also:

• HORIZONTAL

horizontal . There were, therefore, two See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal epochs of folding in the island, one at the close of the Palaeozoic era which affected the whole of the island, and one at the close of the Mesozoic which was See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt only in the western region .

Corresponding with this difference of structure there is also a difference in the See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

geological See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession . In the western region all the Mesozoic systems, including the Trias, are well See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed . The Trias does not belong, as might have been expected, to the Alpine or Mediterranean type; but resembles that of See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany and northern Europe . In the eastern region the Trias is entirely absent and the Mesozoic See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series begins with the Upper See also:

• JURASSIC

Jurassic . See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

Granite and Archean See also:

• SCHISTS (Gr. vxq'ecv, to split)

schists form nearly the whole of the eastern hills from the Strait of Bonifacio southwards to the Flumendosa river, culminating in Monti del Gennargentu . The Palaeozoic rocks form two extensive masses, one in the south-east and the other in the south-west . They occur also on the extreme north-western coast, in the Nurra . See also:

• CAMBRIAN

Cambrian, Ordovician and See also:

• SILURIAN

Silurian beds have been recognized, the Upper Cambrian consisting of a See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone which is very See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich in metalliferous ores (especially See also:

• GALENA

galena and See also:

• CALAMINE

calamine) . The Permian, which contains workable See also:

• COAL

coal seams, lies unconformably upon the older beds and seems to have been deposited in isolated basins (e.g. at Fondu Corrongiu and See also:

• SAN

San Sebastiano), like those of the Central See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

Plateau of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France . The Mesozoic beds are limited in extent, the most extensive areas lying around the Gulf of Orosei on the east and west of Sassari in the north . The Tertiary deposits See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover the whole of the central depression, where they are associated with extensive flows of See also:

• LAVA

lava and beds of volcanic ash . The most widely spread of the sedimentary beds belong to the See also:

• MIOCENE

Miocene See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period.' See also:

• CLIMATE

Climate.—The climate of Sardinia is more extreme than that of Italy, but varies considerably in different districts .

The mean See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter temperature for Sassari for 1871–1900 was 48° F., the mean summer temperature 73° F., while the mean of the extremes reached in each direction were 99° F. and 31.5° F . The island is subject to strong winds, which are especially felt at Cagliari owing to its position at the south-east end of the Campidano, and the autumn rains are sometimes of almost tropical violence . The lower districts are hot and often unhealthy in the summer, while the climate of the mountainous portion of the island is less oppressive, and would be still cooler if it possessed more See also:

• FOREST

forest . There are comparatively few streams and no inland lakes . See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

Snow hardly ever falls near the coast, but is abundant in the higher parts of the island, though none remains throughout the summer . The rainfall in the south-west portion of the island is considerably greater than in other districts . The mean See also:

• ANNUAL

annual rainfall for Sassari for 1871–1900 was 24'45 in., the See also:

• AVERAGE

average number of days on which See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell being 109, of which 37 were in winter and only 8 in summer—the latter equal with See also:

• PALERMO (Greek, Havopuos; Latin, Panhormus, Panormus)

Palermo, but lower than any other station in Italy . Malaria.—The island has a See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad reputation for malaria, due to the fact that it offers a considerable quantity of breeding places for the Anopheles claviger, the See also:

• MOSQUITO (Span. mosquito, a gnat, diminutive of mosca, a fly)

mosquito whose bite conveys the infection . Such are the various coast lagoons, formed at the mouths of streams ' See A. de la See also:

• MARMORA (anc. Proconnesus)
• MARMORA, SEA OF (anc. Propontis; Turk. Mermer Denisi)

Marmora, Voyage en Sardaigne, vol. iii . (1857) ; J . C . Bornemann, " See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Versteinerungen See also:

• DES

des Cambrischen Schichtensystems der Insel Sardinien," Nova Ada k .

L-C . Akad . Naturf. vol. li . (1886), pp . 1-148, pls. i.-xxxiii., and ib. vol. lvi . (1891), pp . 427-528, pls. xix.-See also:

• XXVIII

xxviii.; A . Tornquist, " Ergebnisse einer ereisung der Insel Sardinien," Sitz. k. preuss . Akad . Wiss . (1902), pp . 808-829, and " Der Gebirgsbau Sardiniens and See also:

• SEINE
• SEINE (Lat. Sequana)
• SEINE, or SEAN (O. Fr. seigne, mod. seine, Lat. sagena, Gr. vaytivrl, a draw-net)

seine Beziehungen zu den jungen, circum-mediterranen Faltenziigen," ib .

(1903), pp . 685-699; A . Dannenberg, " Der Vulkanberg Mte Ferru in rdinien," Neues Jahrb. f . See also:

• MIN

Min . Beil . Bd. xxi . (1906), pp . 1-62, pl. i.for lack of proper canalization, while much of the harm is also due to the disforestation of the mountains, owing to which the rains collect in the upland valleys, and are brought down by violent torrents, carrying the See also:

• SOIL

soil with them, and so impeding the proper drainage and See also:

• IRRIGATION (Lat. in, and rigare, to water or wet)

irrigation of these valleys, and encouraging the formation of unhealthy swamps; moreover, the climate has become much more tropical in See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . The mortality from malaria in 1902 was higher than for any other part of Italy—1o37 persons, or 154 per See also:

• IOO

ioo,000 (See also:

• BASILICATA

Basilicata, 141; See also:

• APULIA (sometimes APPULIa in manuscripts but never in inscriptions)

Apulia, 104; See also:

• CALABRIA

Calabria, 77; Sicily, 76; See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, 27) . Customs and See also:

• DRESS (from the Fr. dresser, to set out, arrange, formed from Lat. directus, arranged, dirigere, to direct, arrange)

Dress.—The See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of Sardinia appears (though further investigation is desirable) to have belonged in See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient times, and to belong at See also:

• PRESENT

present, to the so-called Mediterranean See also:

• RACE

race (see G . Sergi, La Sardegna, See also:

• TURIN

Turin, 1907) . In the aeneolithic See also:

• NECROPOLIS

necropolis of Anghelu Ruju, near Alghero, of 63 skulls, 53 belong to the" Mediterranean " dolico-See also:

• MESOCEPHALIC

mesocephalic type and so to a See also:

• EURASIAN

Eurasian See also:

• BRACHYCEPHALIC (Gr. for short-headed)

brachycephalic type of See also:

• ASIATIC

Asiatic origin, which has been found in prehistoric tombs of other parts of Europe .

The race has probably suffered less here than in most parts of the Mediterranean basin from See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign intermixture, except for a few Catalan and Genoese settlements on the coast (Alghero and See also:

• CARLOFORTE

Carloforte are respectively the most important of these); and the population in See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general seems to have deteriorated slightly since pre-historic times, the average See also:

• CRANIAL

cranial capacity of the prehistoric skulls from the Anghelu Ruju being 1490 c.c. for See also:

• MALES

males and 1308 for See also:

• FEMALES

females, while among the See also:

• MODERN

modern population 6o% of males and females together fall below 1250 c.c.; and the stature is generally lower than in other parts of Italy, as is shown by the measurements of the recruits (R . Livi, Antropometria Militare, Rome 1896) . Anthropologists, indeed, have recently observed a large proportion of individuals of exceptionally small stature, not found in Sardinia only, but elsewhere in south Italy also; though in Sardinia they are distributed over the whole island, and especially in the southern See also:

• HALF

half . In the province of Cagliari 29.99% of the recruits See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in 1862 were under .5 ft . I in., and in that of Sassari 21'99%, the percentage for ten provinces of south Italy being 24.35 . These small individuals present apparently no other See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences; and Sergi maintains that the difference is racial, these being the descendants of a race of pygmies who had emigrated from central See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa . But the lowness of stature extends to the lower animals—See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle, horses, donkeys, &c.—and this may indicate that See also:

• CLIMATIC

climatic causes have some part in the See also:

• MATTER

matter also, though Sergi denies this . The dialects differ very much in different parts of the island, so that those who speak one often cannot understand those who speak another, and use Italian as the See also:

• MEDIUM

medium of communication . They contain a considerable number of Latin words, which have remained unchanged . The two main dialects are that of the Logudoro in the north and that of Cagliari in the south of the island . The native costumes also vary considerably . In the south-east they have largely gone out of use, but elsewhere, especially in the mountainous districts, they are still habitually worn .

In the Barbargia the men have a See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white See also:

• SHIRT

shirt, a See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black or red waistcoat and black or red coat, often with open sleeves; the cut and decorations of these vary considerably in the different districts . They have a kind of See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• KILT

kilt, stiff, made of black See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool, with a See also:

• BAND

band from back to front between the legs; under this they See also:

• WEAR

wear short See also:

• LINEN

linen See also:

• TROUSERS

trousers, which come a little below the See also:

• KNEE (O. E. cneow, a word common to Indo-European languages, cf. Ger. Knie, Fr. genou, Span. hinojo, Lat. genu, Gr. ybvv, Sansk. janu)

knee, and black woollen leggings with boots . They wear a black cap, about 12 ft. long, the end of which falls down over one See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head . In other districts the See also:

• COSTUME
• COSTUME (through the Fr. costume, from Ital. costume, Late Lat. costuma, a contracted form of Lat. consuetudinem, ace. of consuetudo, custom, habit, manner, &c.)

costume varies considerably, but the long cap is almost universal . Thus at Ozieri the men wear ordinary jackets and trousers with a See also:

• VELVET

velvet waistcoat; the shepherds of the Sulcis wear short black trousers without kilt and heavy black sheepskin coats, and the two rows of waistcoat buttons are generally See also:

• SILVER

silver or See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper coins . The costume of the See also:

• WOMEN

women is different (often entirely so) in each See also:

• VILLAGE

village or district . See also:

• BRIGHT, JOHN (1811-188g)
• BRIGHT, SIR CHARLES TILSTON

Bright See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours (especially red) are frequent, and the white chemise is an integral part of the dress . The skirts are usually of the native wool (called orbacia) . For widows or deep See also:

• MOURNING (from the verb " to mourn," to be sorrowful, 0. Eng. murnan; cf. O.H.G. mornen, Goth. maurnan, to be anxious, O.N. morna, to pine away; by some referred to root seen in Gr. jdptpva, sorrow, by others to root mer-, to die)

mourning the See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar cut of the See also:

• LOCAL

local costume is preserved, but carried out entirely in black . The native costume is passing out of use in many places (especially among the women, whose costume is more elaborate than that of the men), partly owing to the spread of modern ideas, partly owing to its cost; and in the Campidano and. in the mining districts it is now rarely seen . The curious customs, too, of which older writers tell us, are gradually dying out . But the festivals, especially those of mountain villages or of See also:

• PILGRIMAGE (Fr. pelerinage, Lat. peregrinatio)

pilgrimage churches, attract in the summer a See also:

• GREAT

great concourse of See also:

• PEOPLE

people, all in their local costumes .

There may be seen the native dances and break-See also:

• NECK (O. Eng. hnecca; the word appears in many Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch ride, Ger. Nacken; in O. E. the common word was heals; cf. Ger. Hals)

neck See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse-racesthe riders bareback—through the main See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

street of the village . The people are generally courteous and kindly, the island being still comparatively rarely visited by foreigners, while Italians seem to regard it as almost a See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile . They have the virtues and defects of a somewhat isolated mountain race—a strong sense of See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour and respect for women, of hospitality towards the stranger, and a natural gravity and dignity, accompanied by a considerable distrust of See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change and lack of enterprise . Despite their poverty begging is practically unknown . The houses are often of one See also:

• STOREY (equivalents are Fr. etage, Ital. piano, Ger. Stock)

storey only . Chimneys are unknown in the older houses; the See also:

• HEARTH (a word which appears in various forms in several Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch haard, German Herd, in the sense of " floor ")

hearth is in the centre of the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• ROOM

room, and the See also:

• SMOKE (from O. Eng. smeocan, to smoke, reek, cf. Dutch meek, Ger. Schmauch, probably allied to Gr. vol9caiv)

smoke escapes through the roof . In the mountain villages the See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest takes the See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead among his people, and is not infrequently the most important See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person . See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

Agriculture:—The rest of the island is mainly devoted to agriculture; according to the See also:

• STATISTICS

statistics of 1901, 151,853 individuals out of a See also:

• TOTAL

total rural population of 708,034 (i.e. deducting the population of Cagliari and Sassari) are occupied in it . Of these 41,661 cultivate their own See also:

• LAND

land, 15,408 are fixed tenants, 24,031 are See also:

• REGULAR

regular labourers, and no less than 72,753 See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day labourers; while there are 35,056 shepherds . See also:

• EMIGRATION (from Lat. emigrare; e, ex, out of, and migrare, to depart)

Emigration is a comparatively new phenomenon in Sardinia, which began only in 1896, but is gaining ground . A considerable proportion of the emigrants are miners who proceed to See also:

• TUNIS

Tunis, and remain only a few years, but emigration to See also:

• AMERICA

America is increasing . Much of the island is stony and unproductive; but cultivation has not been extended nearly as much as would be possible, and the implements are See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive .

Where rational cultivation has been introduced, it has almost always been by non-Sardinian capitalists . Two-fifths of the land belongs to the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, and two-fifths more to the various communes; the remaining fifth is minutely subdivided among a large number of small proprietors, many of whom have been expropriated from inability to pay the taxes, which, considering the low value of the land, are too heavy; while the state is unable to let a large proportion of its lands . Comparatively little See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain is now produced, whereas under the See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic Sardinia was one of the chief See also:

• GRANARIES

granaries of Rome . The Campidano and other fertile spots, such as the so-called Ogliastra on the east side of the island, inland of Tortoli, the neighbourhood of Oliena, Bosa, &c., produce a considerable quantity of See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine, the sweet, strong, white variety called Vernaccia, produced near Oristano, being especially noteworthy . Improved methods are being adopted for protecting vines against disease, and the importation of See also:

• AMERICAN

American vines has now ensured See also:

• IMMUNITY (from Lat. immunis, not subject to a munus or public service)

immunity against a repetition of former disasters . The cultivation of the See also:

• VINE

vine prevails far more in the province of Cagliari than in that of Sassari, considerable progress having been made both in the extent of land under cultivation and in the ratio of produce to area . The entire island produced 28,613,000 gallons of wine in the See also:

• YEAR

year 1899 and 19,809,000 in 1900 . In 1902 the See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production fell to 13,491,517 gallons; in 1903 it was 26,997,680; in 1904 it reached the phenomenal figure of 63,105,577 gallons, of which the province of Cagliari produced 53,995,362 gallons; in 1905 it fell to 36,700,000, of which the province of Cagliari produced 32,500,000 gallons . Though much '.and previously devoted to grain culture has been planted with vines, the area under See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat, See also:

• BARLEY (Hordeum sativum)

barley, beans and See also:

• MAIZE, or INDIAN CORN

maize is still considerable . Most of the soil, except the rugged mountain regions, is adapted to See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn growing . In 1896 the grain area was 380,000 acres, a slight diminution having taken place since 1882 . The yield of corn varies from six to ten times the amount sown .

In 1902 the total production of wheat in the island was 2,946,070 bushels, but in 1903 it See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose to 4,823,800 bushels, in 1904 it fell to 4,015,020, and in 1905 rose again to 4,351,987 bushels, I& of the whole production of Italy . The cultivation of See also:

• OLIVES, MOUNT OF, or MOUNT OLIVET ("Opus 'EXc uwos or riov 'EXauav; mod. Jebel-et-Tur)

olives is widespread in the districts of Sassari, Bosa, Iglesias, Alghero and the Gallura . The See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government, to check the decrease of See also:

• OLIVE (Olea europaea)

olive culture in Sassari, has offered prizes for the grafting of wild olive trees, of which vast See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers grow throughout the island . See also:

• TOBACCO

Tobacco, vegetables and other See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden produce are much cultivated; See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton could probably be grown with profit . The houses of the Campidano are mostly built of See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun-dried unbaked bricks . The ox-wagons with their solid wheels, and the curious See also:

• WATER

water-wheels of brushwood with earthenware pots tied on to them and turned by a blindfolded donkey, are picturesque . Both See also:

• EUROPEAN

European and See also:

• AFRICAN

African See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit trees grow in the island; there are in places considerable See also:

• ORANGE
• ORANGE (Citrus Aurantium)
• ORANGE, HOUSE OF

orange groves, especially at Milis, to the north of Oristano . The olive oil produced is mainly mixed with that from See also:

• GENOA (anc. Genua, Ital. Genova, Fr. GPnes)

Genoa or See also:

• PROVENCE (Provincia, Proenza)

Provence, and placed on the See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market under the name of the latter . Among the natural See also:

• FLORA

flora may be noted the wild olive, the lentisk (from which oil is extracted), the prickly See also:

• PEAR (Pyrus communis)

pear, the See also:

• MYRTLE

myrtle, See also:

• BROOM

broom, cytisus, the See also:

• JUNIPER

juniper . Large tracts of mountain are clothed with fragrant scrub composed of these and other See also:

• PLANTS

plants.' The higher regions produce See also:

• CORK
• CORK (perhaps through Sp. corcha from Lat. cortex, bark, but possibly connected with quercus, oak)
• CORK, RICHARD BOYLE

cork trees, oaks, pines, chestnuts, &c., but the forests have been largely destroyed by speculators, who burned the trees for See also:

• CHARCOAL

charcoal and potash, purchasing them on a large See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale from the state . This occurred especially in the last half of the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, largely owing to the abolition of the so-called beni adem-¢rivili . These were lands over which, in distinction from the other feudal lands, rights of pasture, cutting of See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood, &c .

&c., existed . When, in 1837, the baronial fiefs were suppressed by See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

• ALBERT
• ALBERT (1490'1545)
• ALBERT (149o-1568)
• ALBERT (1522–1557)
• ALBERT (FRANCIS CHARLES AUGUSTUS ALBERT EMMANUEL) (1819—1861)
• ALBERT (FRIEDRICH RUDOLF ALBRECHT)
• ALBERT, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS
• ALBERT, MADAME (c. 2805—2846)

Albert, and the land transferred to the state, the ademprivio was maintained on the lands subject to it, and it was thus to the See also:

• INTEREST

interest of all that 'The herba Sardoa, said to cause the rises Sardonicus (sardonic laugh), cannot be certainly identified (See also:

• PAUSANIAS

Pausanias X . 17, 13).the See also:

• WOODS, LEONARD (1774-1854)
• WOODS, SIR ALBERT (1816-1904)

woods should be maintained . In 1865, however, it was sup-pressed, and one half of the beni ademprivili was assigned to the state, the other half being given to the communes, with the See also:

• OBLIGATION

obligation of compensating those who claimed rights over these lands . The state, which had already sold not only a considerable part of the domain land, but a large part of the beni ademprivili, continued the See also:

• PROCESS

process, and the forests of Sardinia were sacrificed; and, as has been said, the See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity of reafforestation, of the regulation of streams, and of irrigation is urgent . See also:

• LAWS

Laws to secure this See also:

• OBJECT

object have been passed, but funds are lacking for their See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution on a sufficiently large scale . Another difficulty is that Italian and foreign capitalists, have produced a great rise in prices which has not been compensated by a rise in See also:

• WAGES (the plural of " wage," from Late Lat. wadium, a pledge, O. Fr. wagier, gagier)

wages . Native See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital is lacking, and See also:

• TAXATION
• TAXATION (from " tax," derived, through the French, from Lat. taxare, to appraise, which again is connected with the same root as tangere, to touch)

taxation on unremunerative lands is, as elsewhere in Italy, too heavy in proportion to what they may be expected to produce, and not sufficiently elastic in See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of a bad See also:

• HARVEST (A.S. hcerfest " autumn," O.H. Ger. herbist, possibly through an old Teutonic root representing Lat. car pere, " to pluck ")

harvest . Live-Stock.—A considerable portion of Sardinia, especially in the higher regions, is devoted to pasture . The native Sardinian cattle are small, but make good See also:

• DRAUGHT (from the common Teutonic word " to draw "; cf. Ger. 7'racht, load; the pronunciation led to the variant form " draft," now confined to certain specific meanings)

draught oxen . A considerable amount of See also:

• CHEESE (Lat. caseus)

cheese is manufactured, but largely by Italian capitalists . See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

Sheep's See also:

• MILK (0. Eng. meoluc; from a common Indo-European root, cf. Lat. mulgere, Gr. ?t dXyetv)

milk cheese (pecorino) is largely made, but sold as the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman product .

Horses are bred to some extent, while the native race of donkeys is remarkably small in size . Pigs, sheep and goats are also kept in considerable numbers . Whereas in 1881 Sardinia was estimated to possess only 157,000 head of cattle, 478,000 sheep and 165,000 goats, the numbers in 1896 had increased to 1,159,000 head of cattle, 4,960,000 sheep and 1,780,000 goats . The nomadic system prevails in the island . Breeding is unregulated and natural selection prevails . A more progressive form of See also:

• PASTORAL (from Lat. pastor, a shepherd)

pastoral industry is that of the tanche (enclosed holdings), in which the owner is both agriculturist and cattle raiser . On these farms the cultivation of the soil and the rearing of stock go hand in hand, to the great See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage of both . Nevertheless the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of the value of improving breeds is gaining ground . Good cattle for breeding purposes are being imported from See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland and Sicily, and efforts are likewise being made to improve the breed of horses, which are bought mainly for the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army . The opportunity of utilizing the wool for textile See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries has not yet been taken, though Sardinian women are accustomed to weave strong and durable See also:

• CLOTH

cloth . Everywhere capital and enterprise are lacking . Agricultural products require perfecting and fitting for export .

Of wild animals may be noted the moufflon (Ovis See also:

• AMMON
• AMMON, CHRISTOPH FRIEDRICH VON (1766—185o)

Ammon), the See also:

• STAG (0. Eng. stagga, a Norse word, cf. Icel. steggr, steggi, a male animal, cf. Steggander, a drake; it is usually referred to stigan, to climb, to mount, but this is doubtful)

stag, and the wild See also:

• BOAR (0. Eng. bar; the word is found only in W. Ger. languages, cf. Dutch beer, Ger. Eber)

boar, and among birds various See also:

• SPECIES

species of the See also:

• VULTURE

vulture and See also:

• EAGLE (Fr. aigle, from the Lat. aquila)

eagle in the mountains, and the See also:

• PELICAN (Fr. Pelican; Lat. Pelecanus or Pelicanus)

pelican and See also:

• FLAMINGO (Port. Flamingo, Span. Flamenco)

flamingo (the latter coming in See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August in large flocks from Africa) in the lagoons . See also:

• FISHERIES

Fisheries.—The tunny fishery is considerable; it is centred principally in the south-west . The sardine fishery, which might also be important, at present serves mainly for local See also:

• CONSUMPTION (Lat. consumere)

consumption . Lobsters are exported, especially to See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris . The See also:

• CORAL

coral fishery—mainly on the west coast—has lost its former importance . Neither the tunny nor the coral fishery is carried on by the Sardinians themselves, who are not sailors by nature; the former is in the hands of Genoese and the latter of Neapolitans . The unhealthy lagoons contain abundance of See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish . The mountain streams often contain small but good See also:

• TROUT (Salmo trutta)

trout . In Roman times Sardinia, relatively somewhat more prosperous than at present, though not perhaps greatly different as regards its products, was especially noted as a grain-producing country . It is also spoken of as a pastoral country (Diod. v . 15), but we do not hear anything of its wine . See also:

• SOLINUS, GAIUS JULIUS

Solinus (4, § 4) speaks of its mines of silver and See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron, Suidas (s.v.) of its See also:

• PURPLE

purple and tunny fisheries, See also:

• HORACE [QuINTus HORATIUS FLACCUS] (65-8 B.C.)

Horace (See also:

• ASS (O.E. assa; Lat. asinus)
• ASS, FEAST OF THE

Ass Poet .

375) of the bitterness of its See also:

• HONEY (Chin. me ; Sansk. madhu, mead, honey; cf. A.S. medo, medu, mead; Gr. p Xt, in which 0 or b is changed into X; Lat. mel ; Fr. miel ; A.S. hung ; Ger. Honig)

honey . Pausanias (x . 17, § 12) mentions its immunity from wolves and poisonous See also:

• SNAKES

snakes—which it still enjoys,—but Solinus (l.c.) mentions a poisonous spider, called solifuga, peculiar to the island . Minerals.—The mining industry in Sardinia is confined in the main to the south-western portion of the island . The mines were known to the Carthaginians, as discoveries of lamps, coins, &c . (now in the museum at Cagliari), testify . The Roman workings too, to See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge from similar finds, seem to have been considerable . The centre of the mining district (Metalla of the itineraries) was probably about 5 m. south of Fluminimaggiore, in a locality known as Antas, where are the remains of a Roman See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple (Corpus Inscr . See also:

• LAT

Lat. x . 7539), dedicated to an See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor, probably See also:

• COMMODUS, LUCIUS AELIUS AURELIUS (161-192)

Commodus—but the Inscription is only in part preserved . A See also:

• PIG
• PIG (a word of obscure origin, connected with the Low Ger. and Dut. word of the same meaning, bigge)

pig of lead found near Fluminimaggiore bears the imprint See also:

• IMP
• IMP (O. Eng. impa, a graft, shoot; the verb impian is cognate with Ger. impfen, to graft, inoculate, and the Fr. enter; the ultimate origin is probably the Gr. 'µ4uety, to implant, cf. Et.A4Uros, engrafted)

Imp . Caes .

Hadr . Aug . (C.I.L . X . 8073, 1, 2) . After the fall of the Roman See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire the workings remained abandoned until the days of the See also:

• PISAN, CHRISTINE DE (1364-c. 1430)

Pisan supremacy,' and were again given up under the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish government, especially after the See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of America . When the island passed to See also:

• SAVOY, HOUSE
• SAVOY, HOUSE OF

Savoy, in 1720, the mines passed to the state . The government let the mines to contractors for See also:

• FORTY

forty years and then took them over; but in the period from 1720 to 1840 only 14,620 tons of galena were extracte