VICTORIEN See also:

• VICTORIEN SARDOU (1831-1908)

SARDOU (1831-1908)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French dramatist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris on the 5th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1831 . The Sardous were settled at Le Cannet, a See also:

• VILLAGE

village near See also:

• CANNES

Cannes, where they owned an See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate, planted with See also:

• OLIVE (Olea europaea)

olive trees . A See also:

• NIGHT

night's See also:

• FROST (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch, vorst, Ger. Frost, from the common Teutonic verb meaning " to freeze," Dutch, vriezcn, Ger. frieren; the Indo-European root is seen in Lat. pruina, hoar-frost, cf. prurire, to itch, burn, pruna, burning coal, Sans
• FROST, WILLIAM EDWARD (1810–1877)

frost killed all the trees and the See also:

• FAMILY

family was ruined . Victorien's See also:

• FATHER

father, See also:

• ANTOINE, ANDRE (1858- )

Antoine See also:

• LEANDRE, CHARLES LUCIEN (1862- )

Leandre See also:

• SARDOU, VICTORIEN (1831-1908)

Sardou, came to Paris in See also:

• SEARCH, or VISIT AND SEARCH

search of employment . He was in See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession a See also:

• BOOK

book-keeper at a commercial See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment, a See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of book-keeping, the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of a provincial school, then a private See also:

• TUTOR (Lat. tutor, guardian, tueri, to watch over, protect)

tutor and a schoolmaster in Paris, besides editing grammars, dictionaries and See also:

• TREATISES

treatises on various subjects . With all these occupations, he hardly succeeded in making a livelihood, and when he retired to his native See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, Victorien was See also:

• LEFT

left on his own resources . He had begun studying See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine, but hadto desist for want of funds . He taught French to See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign pupils: he also gave lessons in Latin, See also:

• HISTORY

history and See also:

• MATHEMATICS (Gr. /saBnµar1Kil, Sc. vOcvn or E7rlQTt'µn; from p iN.La, "learning" or "science ")

mathematics to students, and wrote articles for cheap encyclopaedias . At the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time he was trying to make headway in the See also:

• LITERARY

literary See also:

• WORLD

world . His talents had been encouraged by an old bas-bleu, Mme de Bawl, who had published novels and enjoyed some reputation in the days of the Restoration . But she could do little for her protege . Victorien Sardou made efforts to attract the See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention of Mlle See also:

• RACHEL (1821-1858)

Rachel, and to win her support by submitting to her a See also:

• DRAMA (literally "action," from Gr. Snail, act or do)

drama, La Reine Ulfra, founded on an old See also:

• SWEDISH

Swedish See also:

• CHRONICLE (from Gr. Xpovos, time)

chronicle .

A See also:

• PLAY

play of his, La Taverne See also:

• DES

des etudiants, was produced at the Odeon on the 1st of See also:

• APRIL

April 1854, but met with a stormy reception, owing to a rumour that the Mutant had been instructed and commissioned by the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government to insult the students . La Taverne was withdrawn after five nights . Another drama by Sardou, See also:

• BERNARD, CHARLES DE
• BERNARD, CLAUDE (1813-1878)
• BERNARD, JACQUES (1658--1718)
• BERNARD, MOUNTAGUE (1S2o—1882)
• BERNARD, SAINT
• BERNARD, SAINT (Iogo-1153)
• BERNARD, SIMON (1779—1839)
• BERNARD, SIR THOMAS, BART

Bernard See also:

• PALISSY, BERNARD (1510-1589)

Palissy, was accepted at the same See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre, but the arrangement was cancelled in consequence of a See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change in the management . A See also:

• CANADIAN

Canadian play, Fleur de Liane, would have been produced at the See also:

• AMBIGU

Ambigu but for the See also:

• DEATH

death of the manager . Le See also:

• BOSSU, RENE LE (1631-1680)

Bossu, which he wrote for See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

• ALBERT
• ALBERT (1490'1545)
• ALBERT (149o-1568)
• ALBERT (1522–1557)
• ALBERT (FRANCIS CHARLES AUGUSTUS ALBERT EMMANUEL) (1819—1861)
• ALBERT (FRIEDRICH RUDOLF ALBRECHT)
• ALBERT, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS
• ALBERT, MADAME (c. 2805—2846)

Albert See also:

• FECHTER, CHARLES ALBERT (1824–1879)

Fechter, did not satisfy the actor; and when the play was successfully produced, the nominal authorship, by some unfortunate arrangement, had been transferred to other men . M Sardou submitted to Adolphe Montigny (Lemoine-Montigny), manager of the Gymnase, a play entitled Paris d l'envers, which contained the love See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene, after-wards so famous, in Nos Intimes . Montigny thought See also:

• FIT

fit to consult See also:

• EUGENE

Eugene See also:

• SCRIBE, AUGUSTIN EUGENE (1791-1860, French dramatist, was born in Paris on the 24th of December 1791. His father was a silk merchant, and he was well educated, being destined for the bar. But, having a real gift for the theatre, a gift which unfortunately

Scribe, who was revolted by the scene in question . Sardou See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt the pangs of actual want, and his misfortunes culminated in an attack of typhoid See also:

• FEVER (Lat. febris, connected with fervere, to burn)

fever . He was dying in his See also:

• GARRET (from the O. Fr. garite, modern guerite, a watch-tower, connected ultimately with " guard " and " ward ")

garret, surrounded with his rejected See also:

• MANUSCRIPTS

manuscripts . A See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady who was living in the same See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house unexpectedly came to his assistance . Her name was Mlle de Brecourt . She had theatrical connexions, and was a See also:

• SPECIAL

special favourite of Mlle See also:

• DEJAZET, PAULINE VIRGINIE (1798-1875)

Dejazet .

She nursed him, cured him, and, when he was well again, introduced him to her friend . Then See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune began to smile on the author . It is true that Candide, the first play he wrote for Mlle Dejazet, was stopped by the See also:

• CENSOR (from Lat. censere, assess, estimate; in Gr. rt s ris)

censor, but See also:

• LES

Les Premieres Armes de See also:

• FIGARO

Figaro, See also:

• MONSIEUR (Fr., formed from men, my, and sieur, lord)

Monsieur See also:

• GARAT
• GARAT, DOMINIQUE JOSEPH (1749-1833)

Garat, and Les Pres See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint See also:

• GERVAIS, PAUL (1816-1879)

Gervais, produced almost in succession, had a splendid run, and Les Pattes de mouche (186o: afterwards anglicized as A Scrap of See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

Paper) obtained a similar success at the Gymnase . Fedora (1882) was written expressly for Sarah See also:

• BERNHARDT, SARAH (ROSINE BERNARD) (1845- )

Bernhardt, as were many of his later plays . He soon ranked with the two undisputed leaders of dramatic See also:

• ART

art, See also:

• AUGIER, GUILLAUME VICTOR SMILE (182o-1889)

Augier and See also:

• DUMAS, ALEXANDRE
• DUMAS, ALEXANDRE [" DUMAS FILS"] (1824-1895)
• DUMAS, GUILLAUME MATHIEU, COUNT (1753-1837)
• DUMAS, JEAN BAPTISTE ANDRE (1800-1884)

Dumas . He lacked the powerful See also:

• HUMOUR (Latin humor)

humour, the eloquence and moral vigour of the former, the passionate conviction and pungent wit of the latter, but he was a See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master of See also:

• CLEVER

clever and easy flowing See also:

• DIALOGUE

dialogue . He adhered to Scribe's constructive methods, which combined the three old kinds of See also:

• COMEDY

comedy—the comedy of See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, of See also:

• MANNERS, CHARLES (1857– )

manners and of intrigue—with the drame See also:

• BOURGEOIS
• BOURGEOIS, LEON VICTOR AUGUSTE (1851– )

bourgeois, and blended the heterogeneous elements into a compact See also:

• BODY

body and living unity . He was no less dexterous in handling his materials than his master had been before him, and at the same time opened a wider See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field to social See also:

• SATIRE (Lat. satira, satura; see below)

satire . He ridiculed the vulgar and selfish See also:

• MIDDLE

middle-class See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person in Nos Intimes (1861: anglicized as Peril), the See also:

• GAY, JOHN (1685-1732)
• GAY, MARIE FRANCOISE SOPHIE (1776-1852)
• GAY, WALTER (1856– )

gay old bachelors in Les Vieux Garcons (1865), the See also:

• MODERN

modern Tartufes in Sera phine (1868), the rural See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element in Nos Bons Villageois (1866), old-fashioned customs and antiquated See also:

• POLITICAL

political beliefs in Les Ganaches (1862), the revolutionary spirit and those who thrive on it in Rabagas (1872) and Le Roi Carotte (1872), the then threatened See also:

• DIVORCE

divorce See also:

• LAWS

laws in Divorcons (188o) . He struck a new vein by introducing a strong historic element in some of his dramatic romances . Thus he borrowed See also:

• THEODORA
• THEODORA (d. 1057)

Theodora (1884) from See also:

• BYZANTINE

Byzantine See also:

• ANNALS (Annales, from annus, a year)

annals, La Haine (1874) from See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian See also:

• CHRONICLES, BOOKS OF

chronicles, La Duchesse d'Athenes from the forgotten records of See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval See also:

• GREECE

Greece . Patrie (1869) is founded on the rising of the Dutch See also:

• GUEUX, LES

gueux at the end of the 16th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century .

The scene of La Sorciere (1904) was laid in See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain in the 16th century . The French Revolution furnished him with three plays, Les Mervalleuses, See also:

• THERMIDOR (from Gr. BEpµrt, heat, and & pov, gift)

Thermidor (189x) and See also:

• ROBESPIERRE, MAXIMILIEN FRANCOIS MARIE ISIDORE DE (175$-1794)

Robespierre (1902) . The last named was written expressly for See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry See also:

• IRVING, EDWARD (1792-1834)
• IRVING, SIR HENRY (1838-1905)
• IRVING, WASHINGTON (1783-18J9)

Irving, and produced at the See also:

• LYCEUM

Lyceum theatre, as was See also:

• DANTE

Dante (1903) . The imperia epoen was revived in La Toscal (1887) and Madame Sans Gene (1893) . Later plays were La Piste (1905) and Le Drame des poisons (1907) . In many of these plays, however, it was too obvious that a thin See also:

• VARNISH

varnish of historic learning, acquired for the purpose, had been artificially laid on to See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover modern thoughts and feelings . But a few—Patrie and La Haine (1874), for instance —exhibit a true insight into the strong passions of past ages . M . Sardou married his benefactress, Mlle de Brecourt, but eight years later he became a widower, and soon after the revolution of 187o was married a second time, to Mlle Soulie, the daughter of the erudite Eudore Soulie, who for many years superintended the Musee de See also:

• VERSAILLES

Versailles . He was elected to the French See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy in the See also:

• ROOM

room of the poet See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph See also:

• AUTRAN, JOSEPH (1813-1877)

Autran (1813-1877), and took his seat on the 22nd of May 1878 . He died at Paris on the 8th of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1908 . See L .

Lacour, Trais theatres (188o); See also:

• BRANDER, GUSTAVUS (1720-1787)

Brander See also:

• MATTHEWS, STANLEY (1824-1889)

Matthews, French Dramatists (New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York, 1881); R . See also:

• DOUMIC, RENE (186o– )

Doumic, Ecrivains d'aujourd'hui (Paris, 1895) ; F . See also:

• SARCEY, FRANCISQUE (1827-1899)

Sarcey, Quarante ans de theatre (vol. vi., 1901) .