SAUMUR  , a See also:

• TOWN

town of western See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of an See also:

• ARRONDISSEMENT (from arrondir, to make round)

arrondissement in the See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of See also:

• MAINE
• MAINE, ANNE LOUISE BENEDICTE DE BOURBON
• MAINE, SIR HENRY JAMES SUMNER (1822–1888)

Maine-et-See also:

• LOIRE

Loire, 28 m . S.E. of See also:

• ANGERS

Angers on the railway to See also:

• TOURS

Tours . Pop . (1906) 14,747 . Saumur is well situated on the See also:

• LEFT

left See also:

• BANK

bank of the Loire, which here receives the Thouet, and on an See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island in the See also:

• RIVER

river . A large See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge connects the Tours-Angers railway with that of See also:

• MONTREUIL, GERBERT DE (fl. 13th century)

Montreuil-Bellay, by which Saumur communicates with See also:

• POITIERS

Poitiers and See also:

• NIORT

Niort . Two See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone See also:

• BRIDGES
• BRIDGES, ROBERT (1844– )

bridges (764 and 905 ft. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long) unite the town on the island with the two See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks of the river . Several of the Saumur churches are interesting . St See also:

• PIERRE

Pierre, of the 12th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, has a 17th-century See also:

• FACADE

facade and a See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance See also:

• NAVE

nave; and Notre-See also:

• DAME
• DAME (through the Fr. from Lat. domina, mistress, lady, the feminine of dominus, master, lord)

Dame of Nantilly, often visited by See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XI., who rebuilt portions of it, has a remarkable though greatly damaged facade, a See also:

• DOORWAY (corresponding to the Gr. Iran, Lat. porte)

doorway and See also:

• CHOIR (0. Fr. cuer from Lat. chorus; pronounced quire, and until the end of the 17th century so spelt, the spelling being altered to agree with the Fr. chceur)

choir of the 12th century, and a nave of the 11th . Both these churches contain curious tapestries, and in the latter, fixed in the See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall, is the See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper See also:

• CROSS

cross of Gilles de See also:

• TYR

Tyr, keeper of the See also:

• SEALS

seals to St Louis . St See also:

• JEAN

Jean is a small See also:

• BUILDING

building in the purest See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style of See also:

• ANJOU

Anjou . St See also:

• NICOLAS
• NICOLAS, SIR NICHOLAS HARRIS (1799–1848)

Nicolas-du-Chardonnet, in the Gothic style of the 12th century, has a See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• SPIRE

spire .

Notre-Dame of Ardilliers, of the 16th century, was enlarged in the following century by See also:

• RICHELIEU, ARMAND EMMANUEL SOPHIE SEPTEMANIE DU PLESSIS
• RICHELIEU, ARMAND JEAN DU PLESSIS
• RICHELIEU, LOUIS FRANCOIS ARMAND DU PLESSIS

Richelieu and Madame de See also:

• MONTESPAN

Montespan . The hotel de See also:

• VINE

vine, containing a mnseum and library, is an elegant 16th century edifice; and the whole town is See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich in examples of the domestic See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture of the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries . The See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house known as the Maison de la Reine Cecile (15th century) was built by Rene, See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of Anjou . The See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle, built between the 11th century and the 13th, and remodelled in the 16th, is used as an See also:

• ARSENAL

arsenal and See also:

• POWDER (through O. Fr. puldre, modern poudre, from Lat. pulvis, pulveris, dust)

powder See also:

• MAGAZINE

magazine . There is also an interesting See also:

• ALMS

alms-house, with its See also:

• CHAMBERS (the Fr. chambre, from Lat. camera, a room)
• CHAMBERS, EPHRAIM (d. 1740)
• CHAMBERS, GEORGE (1803-1840)
• CHAMBERS, ROBERT (18oz-1871)
• CHAMBERS, SIR WILLIAM (1726-1796)

chambers in See also:

• PART

part dug out in the See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock . The famous See also:

• CAVALRY (Fr. cavalerie, Ger. Kavallerie or Reiterei, derived ultimately from late Lat. caballus, horse)

cavalry school of Saumur was founded in 1768 and is used for the See also:

• SPECIAL

special training of See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young See also:

• OFFICERS

officers appointed to cavalry regiments on leaving the See also:

• CADET (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. capitettum, a diminutive of caput, head, through the Provencal form capdet)

cadet school of St Cyr . Other public institutions are the sub-prefecture, tribunals of first instance and of See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce, a chamber of commerce, a See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the Bank of France, colleges for both sexes and a horticultural See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden, with a school of vines . Saumur prepares and carries on a large See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade in the sparkling See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white wines grown in • the neighbourhood, as well as in See also:

• BRANDY

brandy, See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain, See also:

• FLAX

flax and See also:

• HEMP (in O. Eng. henep, cf. Dutch hennep, Ger. Hanf , cognate with Gr. Kavval3er, Lat. cannabis)

hemp; and it manufactures enamels and rosaries and carries on liqueur-distilling . The Saumur caves along the Loire and on both sides of the valley of the Thouet must have been occupied at a very remote See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period . The Tour du Tronc (9th century), the old stronghold of Saumur, served as a See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of See also:

• REFUGE

refuge for the inhabitants of the surrounding See also:

• DISTRICT

district during See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign invasions (whence perhaps the name Saumur, from Salons Murus) and became the See also:

• NUCLEUS (Lat. for the kernal of a nut, nux, the stone of fruit)

nucleus of a monastery built by monks from St Florent le Vieil . On the same site See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose the castle of Saumur two See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred years later . The town See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell into the hands of Foulques Nerra, duke of Anjou, in 1025, and passed in the 13th century into the See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings of France .

The See also:

• ENGLISH

English failed to See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture it during the Hundred Years' See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War . After the See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation the town became the See also:

• METROPOLIS (Gr. piir17Pi mother, srGXis, city)

metropolis of Protestantism in France and the seat of a theological See also:

• SEMINARY (Lat. seminarium, from semen, seed)

seminary . The school of Saumur, as opposed to that of See also:

• SEDAN

Sedan, represented the more liberal See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French Protestantism (See also:

• CAMERON, JOHN (1579–1623)
• CAMERON, RICHARD (1648?–168o)
• CAMERON, SIMON (1799-1889)
• CAMERON, VERNEY LOVETT (1844–1894)

Cameron, See also:

• AMYRAUT, MOSES (1506-1664)

Amyraut, &c.) . In 1623 the fortifications were dismantled; and the revocation of the See also:

• EDICT (Lat. edictum, from e, out, and dicere, to say, speak)

edict of See also:

• NANTES
• NANTES, EDICT OF

Nantes reduced the See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population by more than one See also:

• HALF

half . In See also:

• JUNE

June 1793, the town was occupied by the Vendeans, against whom it soon afterwards became a See also:

• BASE

base of operations for the republican See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army .