See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

DUKE See also:

• ANNE (1665-1714)
• ANNE (1693-1740)

ANNE See also:

• JEAN

JEAN See also:

• MARIE

MARIE RENE See also:

• DUKE ANNE JEAN MARIE RENE SAVARY

SAVARY  of Rovico (1774–1833), See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general and diplomatist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Marcq in the See also:

• ARDENNES

Ardennes on the 26th of See also:

• APRIL

April 1774 . He was educated at the See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college of St See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis at See also:

• METZ

Metz and entered the royal See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army in 1790 . His first See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign was that waged by General See also:

• CUSTINE, ADAM PHILIPPE, COMTE DE (1740-1793)

Custine against the retreating forces of the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• BRUNSWICK
• BRUNSWICK (Ger. Braunschweig)
• BRUNSWICK, KARL WILHELM FERDINAND, DUKE OF (1735-18o6)

Brunswick in 1792 . He next served in See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession under See also:

• PICHEGRU, CHARLES (1761-1804)

Pichegru and See also:

• MOREAU, GUSTAVE (1826-1898)
• MOREAU, HEGESIPPE (18ro-1838)
• MOREAU, JEAN VICTOR MARIE (1763-1813)

Moreau, and distinguished himself during the skilful See also:

• RETREAT (O. Fr. retrete, mod. retraite, from Lat. retrahere, to draw back)

retreat of the latter from an untenable position in the See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart of See also:

• SWABIA, SUABIA

Swabia . He became chef d'escadron in 1797, and in 1798 served under General Desaix, in the See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian campaign, of which he See also:

• LEFT

left an interesting and valuable See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account . He also distinguished himself under Desaix at See also:

• MARENGO

Marengo (14th of See also:

• JUNE

June 1800) . His fidelity and address while serving under Desaix, who was killed at Marengo, secured him the confidence of See also:

• BONAPARTE

Bonaparte, who appointed him to command the See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• BODY

body of gendarmes charged with the See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty of guarding the First See also:

• CONSUL
• CONSUL (in Gr. generally ihraros,ashortened form of errpavgybs 8hraeos, i.e. praetor maximus)

Consul . In the See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of the various ramifications of the See also:

• CADOUDAL, GEORGES (1771-1804)

Cadoudal-Pichegru See also:

• CONSPIRACY (from Lat. conspirare, literally to breathe together, to agree, combine, and especially to form a secret plot)

conspiracy See also:

• SAVARY, ANNE JEAN MARIE RENE, DUKE

Savary showed See also:

• GREAT

great skill and activity . He proceeded to the cliff of Biville in See also:

• NORMANDY

Normandy, where the plotters were in the See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit of landing, and sought, by imitating the signals of the royalist plotters, to tempt the See also:

• COMTE, AUGUSTE [ISIDORE AUGUSTE MARIE FRANCOIS XAVIER] (1798-1857)

comte d'See also:

• ARTOIS

Artois (afterwards See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles X.) to See also:

• LAND

land . In this he was unsuccessful . He was in command of the troops at See also:

• VINCENNES

Vincennes when the duc d'See also:

• ENGHIEN
• ENGHIEN, LOUIS ANTOINE HENRI DE BOURBON

Enghien (q.v.) was summarily executed . Hullin, who presided at the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court-See also:

• MARTIAL (MARCUS VALERIUS MARTIALIS)

martial, afterwards accused Savary, though not by name, of having intervened to prevent the despatch to Bonaparte of an See also:

• APPEAL

appeal for See also:

• MERCY (adapted from Fr. merci, Lat. merces, reward)
• MERCY (or MERCI), FRANZ, FREIHERR VON

mercy which he (Hullin) was in the See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of See also:

• DRAWING

drawing up .

Savary afterwards denied this, but his denial has not generally been accepted . In See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1805 he was raised to the See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of general of See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division . Shortly before the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of See also:

• AUSTERLITZ (Czech Slavkov)

Austerlitz (2nd of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1805) he was sent by See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon with a See also:

• MESSAGE (a word occurring in slightly different forms in several languages, e.g. Fr. message, Span. mensaje, Ital. messagio; adapted from the Low Lat. missaticum, from mittere)

message to the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander I. with a See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request for an See also:

• ARMISTICE (from Lat. arma, arms, and sistere, to stop)

armistice, a See also:

• DEVICE

device which caused that monarch all the more eagerly to strike the See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow which brought disaster to the Russians . After the battle Savary again took a message to Alexander, which induced him to treat for an armistice . In the campaign of 1806 ' The " See also:

• SAVANNAH

Savannah " did not make the entire voyage under See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam ; she was fitted with sails and used them in rough See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather, unshipping her See also:

• PADDLE

paddle-boxes . 241 Savary showed See also:

• SIGNAL

signal daring in the pursuit of the Prussians after the battle of See also:

• JENA

Jena . See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

Early in the next See also:

• YEAR

year he received command of a See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps, and with it gained an important success at Ostrolenka (16th of February 1807) . After the treaty of See also:

• TILSIT

Tilsit (7th of See also:

• JULY

July 1807) Savary proceeded to St See also:

• PETERSBURG

Petersburg as the French See also:

• AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador, but was soon re-placed by General See also:

• CAULAINCOURT, ARMAND AUGUSTIN LOUIS, MARQUIS DE (1773-1827)

Caulaincourt (q.v.), another See also:

• ACCESSORY

accessory to the See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution of the due d'Enghien . The repugnance of the empress See also:

• DOWAGER (from the Old Fr. douagiere, mod. douairiere)

dowager to Savary is said to have been one of the reasons of his recall, but it is more probable that Napoleon See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt the need of his gifts for intrigue in the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish affairs which he undertook at the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of 18o7 . With the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of duke of See also:

• ROVIGO

Rovigo (a small See also:

• TOWN

town in See also:

• VENETIA

Venetia), Savary set out for See also:

• MADRID

Madrid when Napoleon's plans for gaining the mastery of See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain were nearing completion . With See also:

• MURAT, JOACHIM (1767—1815)

Murat Savary made skilful use of the schisms in the Spanish royal See also:

• FAMILY

family (See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March–April 1808), and persuaded Charles IV., who had recently abdicated under duresse, and his son See also:

• FERDINAND
• FERDINAND (1577-1650)
• FERDINAND (COLOGNE)
• FERDINAND (Span. Fernando or Hernando; Ital. Ferdinando or Ferrante; in O. H. Ger. Herinand, i.e. " brave in the host," from O. H. G. Heri, "army," A. S. here, Mod. Ger. Heer, and the Goth. nan]jan, " to dare ")
• FERDINAND, MAXIMILIAN KARL LEOPOLD MARIA

Ferdinand VII., the de facto See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of Spain, to refer their claims to Napoleon . Savary induced Ferdinand to See also:

• CROSS

cross the See also:

• PYRENEES [Span. Pirineos, Fr. Pyrenees]

Pyrenees and proceed to See also:

• BAYONNE

Bayonne—a step which cost him his See also:

• CROWN

crown and his See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty until 1814 .

In See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 18o8 Savary accompanied the emperor to the famous interview at See also:

• ERFURT

Erfurt with the emperor Alexander . In 1809 he took See also:

• PART

part, but without distinction, in the campaign against See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria . On the disgrace of See also:

• FOUCHE, JOSEPH, DUKE OF OTRANTO (1763—1820)

Fouche (q.v.) in the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring of 1810, Savary received his See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment, the See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry of See also:

• POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

police . There he showed his wonted skill and-devotion to Napoleon; and this See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office, which the Jacobinical Fouche had shorn of its terrors, now became a veritable See also:

• INQUISITION, THE (Lat. inquisitio, an inquiry)

inquisition . Among the incidents of,this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time may be cited the cynical brutality with which Savary carried out the See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of Napoleon for the See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile of Mme de See also:

• STAEL, MADAME DE

Stael and the destruction of her See also:

• WORK

work De l'Allemagne . Savary's wariness was, however, at See also:

• FAULT (Mid. Eng. faute, through the French, from the popular Latin use of fallere, to fail; the originallof the Latin being replaced in English in the 15th century)

fault at the time of the See also:

• STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

strange conspiracy of General See also:

• MALET, LUCAS

Malet, two of whose confederates seized him in his See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed and imprisoned him for a few See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours (23rd of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1812) . Savary's reputation never quite recovered from the ridicule caused by this event . He was among the last to See also:

• DESERT

desert the emperor at the time of his See also:

• ABDICATION (Lat. abdicatio, disowning, renouncing, from ab, from, and dicare, to declare, to proclaim as not belonging to one)

abdication (11th of April 1814) and among the first to welcome his return in 1815, when he became inspector-general of See also:

• GENDARMERIE

gendarmerie and a peer of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France . After See also:

• WATERLOO

Waterloo he accompanied the emperor to See also:

• ROCHEFORT
• ROCHEFORT, HENRI, MARQUIS DE

Rochefort and sailed with him to See also:

• PLYMOUTH
• PLYMOUTH, EARLS OF

Plymouth on H.M.S . " See also:

• BELLEROPHON, or BELLEROPHONTES

Bellerophon." He was not allowed to accompany him to St See also:

• HELENA
• HELENA, ST (c. 247-c. 327)

Helena, but underwent several months' "internment" at See also:

• MALTA
• MALTA (or MEDITERRANEAN) FEVER

Malta . Escaping thence, he proceeded to See also:

• SMYRNA (Ismir)

Smyrna, where he settled for a time . Afterwards he travelled about in more or less See also:

• DISTRESS

distress, but finally was allowed to return to France and regained civic rights; later he settled at See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome .

The July revolution (1830) brought him into favour and in 1831 he received the command of the French] army in See also:

• ALGERIA
• ALGERIA (Algerie)

Algeria . See also:

• ILL

Ill-See also:

• HEALTH

health compelled him to return to France, and he died at See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris in June 1833 . See Memoires du duc de Rovigo (4 vols., See also:

• LONDON

London, '828; See also:

• ENGLISH

English edition also in 4 vols., London, 1828) ; a new French edition annotated by D . See also:

• LACROIX, ANTOINE FRANCOIS ALFRED (1863— )
• LACROIX, PAUL (1806—1884)

Lacroix (5 vols., Paris, 1900) ; Extrait See also:

• DES

des memoires de M. le duc de Rovigo concernant le See also:

• CATASTROPHE (Gr. Karaurpoch, from KaraQrp4ecv, to over-turn)

catastrophe de M. le duc d'Enghien (London, 1823); Le Duc de Rovigo See also:

• JUGE, BOFFILLE DE (d. 1502)

juge See also:

• PAR (Lat. par, equal)

par lui-meme et par ses contemporains, by L . F E ... (Paris, 1823) ; and A . F . N . Macquart, Refutation de l'ecrit de M. le duc de Rovigo (1823) . (J . HL .