[See also:

• JEAN

JEAN See also:

• BAPTISTE

BAPTISTE] See also:

• LEON
• LEON, LUIS PONCE DE (1527-1591)
• LEON, MOSES BEN SI
• LEON, or LEON DE LAS ALDAMAS

LEON SAY (1826-1896)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French statesman and economist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris on the 6th of See also:

• JUNE

June 1826 . The See also:

• FAMILY

family was a most remarkable one . His grandfather See also:

• JEAN

JEAN See also:

• BAPTISTE

BAPTISTE SAY (q.v.) was a well-known economist . His See also:

• BROTHER

brother See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis AUGvsTE SAY (1774-1840), director of a See also:

• SUGAR

sugar refinery at See also:

• NANTES
• NANTES, EDICT OF

Nantes, wrote several books against his theories . His son See also:

• HORACE [QuINTus HORATIUS FLACCUS] (65-8 B.C.)

HORACE EMILE SAY (1794-1860), the See also:

• FATHER

father of See also:

• LEON
• LEON, LUIS PONCE DE (1527-1591)
• LEON, MOSES BEN SI
• LEON, or LEON DE LAS ALDAMAS

Leon Say, was educated at See also:

• GENEVA
• GENEVA (Fr. Geneve, Ger. Genf, Ital. Ginevra, Late Lat. Gebenna, though Genava in good Latin)
• GENEVA, LAKE OF

Geneva, and had travelled in See also:

• AMERICA

America before establishing himself in business in Paris, where he became See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the Chamber of See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

Commerce in 1848 . His careful investigations into the See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry at Paris gained for him a seat in the See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy of See also:

• POLITICAL

political and moral sciences, 1857 . Leon Say thus inherited zeal for economic studies, of which he gave See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof by See also:

• PUBLISHING

publishing at the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of twenty-two a brief Hisloire de la caisse d'escompte . He was at first destined for the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, next entered a See also:

• BANK

bank, and finally obtained a See also:

• POST

post in the See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration of the Chemin de fer du See also:

• NORD

Nord . Meanwhile he became a See also:

• REGULAR

regular contributor to the See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal See also:

• DES

des debats, where he established his reputation by a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of brilliant attacks on the See also:

• FINANCIAL

financial administration of the See also:

• PREFECT (prefet)

prefect of the See also:

• SEINE
• SEINE (Lat. Sequana)
• SEINE, or SEAN (O. Fr. seigne, mod. seine, Lat. sagena, Gr. vaytivrl, a draw-net)

Seine, See also:

• HAUSSMANN, GEORGES EUGENE, BARON (1809–1891)

Haussmann . He displayed See also:

• TALENT (Lat. talentum, adaptation of Gr. TaXavrov, balance, ! Recollections of a First Visit to the Alps (1841); Vacation Rambles weight, from root raX-, to lift, as in rXi vac, to bear, 1-aXas, and Thoughts, comprising recollections of three Continental

talent for interesting popular audiences in economic questions . His sympathies, like those of his grandfather, were with the See also:

• BRITISH

British school of economists ; he was, indeed, the hereditary defender of See also:

• FREE

free-See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade principles in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France . He had, moreover, an intimate acquaintance with the See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language and institutions, and translated into French See also:

• GOSCHEN, GEORGE JOACHIM GOSCHEN

Goschen's Theory of See also:

• FOREIGN

Foreign Exchanges .

He was one of the pioneers of the co-operative See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement in France . Elected to the See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

Assembly of 1871 by the departments of Seine and Seineet-See also:

• OISE

Oise, he adopted the former, and took his seat among the Moderate Liberals, to whose principles he adhered throughout his See also:

• LIFE

life . He was immediately chosen as reporter of the See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission on the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of the See also:

• NATIONAL

national finances, and in this capacityprepared twa elaborate statements . See also:

• THIERS

Thiers, though opposing their publication on grounds of public expediency, was much struck by the ability displayed in them, and on the 5th of June appointed Say prefect of the Seine . The fall of the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire, the See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of Paris, and the See also:

• COMMUNE (Med. Lat. communia, Lat. communis, common)
• COMMUNE, MEDIEVAL

Commune had reduced the administration of the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital to See also:

• CHAOS

chaos, and the task of reconstruction severely tried the new prefect's See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of organization.' This was, however, a See also:

• GIFT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. die Gift, gift, das Gift, poison, formed from the Teut. stem gab-, to give, cf. Dutch geven, Ger. geben; in O. Eng. the word appears with initial y, the guttural of later English is due to Scandinavian influence)

gift with which he was pre-eminently endowed; and he only quitted his post to assume, in See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1872, the See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry of See also:

• FINANCE

finance—a remarkable See also:

• TRIBUTE (Lat. tributurn, a stated payment, contribution)

tribute to his abilities from Thiers, who himself held strongly protectionist views . In all other respects Say regarded himself as the See also:

• DISCIPLE

disciple of Thiers, who, in his last public utterance, designated Say as one of the younger men who would carry on his See also:

• WORK

work . He See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell from See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office with Thiers on the 24th of May 1873, and was elected president of the See also:

• LEFT

Left Centre See also:

• GROUP

group, as whose See also:

• CANDIDATE

candidate he unsuccessfully contested the See also:

• PRESIDENCY

presidency of the Chamber with See also:

• BUFFET
• BUFFET, LOUIS JOSEPH (1818-1898)

Buffet . In spite of their divergence of views, he consented, at the urgent See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request of President See also:

• MACMAHON, MARIE

MacMahon, to take office in See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1875 in the Buffet See also:

• CABINET

Cabinet; but the reactionary policy of the premier led to a dispute between him and Say both in the See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press and in the constituencies, and brought about Buffet's resignation . Say continued to hold the ministry of finance under See also:

• DUFAURE, JULES ARMAND STANISLAS (1798-1881)

Dufaure and Jules See also:

• SIMON, ABRAHAM (1622-1692)
• SIMON, JULES FRANCOIS (1814–1896)
• SIMON, RICHARD (1638–1712)
• SIMON, SIR JOHN (1816–1904)
• SIMON, THOMAS (c. 1623-1665)

Simon, and again in the Dufaure ministry of December 1877, and its successor, the See also:

• WADDINGTON, WILLIAM HENRY (1826–1894)

Waddington ministry, till December 1879 . During this See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, in which he was practically the autocratic ruler of the French finances, he had first to See also:

• COMPLETE

complete the See also:

• PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment of the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war See also:

• INDEMNITY (through Fr. indemnite, Lat. indemnis, free from damage or loss; in-, negative, and damnum, loss)

indemnity—an operation which, thanks largely to his consummate knowledge of foreign exchanges, was effected long before the prescribed See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time . It was at a See also:

• CONFERENCE

conference held between Say, See also:

• GAMBETTA, LEON (1838-1882)

Gambetta and M. de See also:

• FREYCINET, CHARLES LOUIS DE SAULCES DE (1828- )
• FREYCINET, LOUIS CLAUDE DESAULSES DE (1779-1842)

Freycinet in 1878 that the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme of public See also:

• WORKS

works introduced by the latter was adopted . Say's See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general financial policy was to ameliorate the incidence of See also:

• TAXATION
• TAXATION (from " tax," derived, through the French, from Lat. taxare, to appraise, which again is connected with the same root as tangere, to touch)

taxation .

As a See also:

• PENDANT (through Fr. from Lat. pendere, to hang)

pendant to his free-trade principles, he believed that the surest way of enriching the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, and therefore the See also:

• TREASURY

Treasury, was to remove all restrictions on See also:

• INTERNAL

internal commerce . He accordingly reduced the See also:

• RATE

rate of See also:

• POSTAGE

postage, repealed the duties on many articles of See also:

• PRIME, PRIMER AND PRIMING

prime utility, such as See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper, and fought strongly, though unsuccessfully, against the See also:

• SYSTEM

system of octrois . On the 3oth of See also:

• APRIL

April 188o he accepted the post of See also:

• AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador in See also:

• LONDON

London for the purpose of negotiating a commercial treaty between France and See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, but the presidency of the See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

Senate falling vacant, he was elected to it on the 25th of May, having meanwhile secured a preliminary understanding, the most important feature of which was a reduction of the See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty on the cheaper class of French wines . In See also:

• JANUARY

January 1882 he became See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister of finance in the Freycinet Cabinet, which was defeated in the following See also:

• JULY

July on the See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian question . Say's See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence over the rising See also:

• GENERATION (from Lat. generare, to beget, procreate; genus, stock, race)

generation See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew less ; his " See also:

• ACADEMIC

academic Liberalism " was regarded as old-fashioned ; See also:

• SOCIALISM

Socialism, which he never ceased to attack, obtained even greater power, and fjee-trade was discarded in favour of M . See also:

• MAINE
• MAINE, ANNE LOUISE BENEDICTE DE BOURBON
• MAINE, SIR HENRY JAMES SUMNER (1822–1888)

Maine's policy of See also:

• PROTECTION

protection, against which Say vainly organized the Ligue contre le rencherissement du See also:

• PAIN (from Lat. poena, Gr. robin, penalty, that which must be paid: O. Fr. peine)
• PAIN, BARRY (1867– )

pain . He had, however, a large See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share in the successful opposition to the income-tax, which he considered likely to discourage individual effort and See also:

• THRIFT

thrift . In 1889 he quitted the Senate to enter the Chamber as member for See also:

• PAU

Pau, in the belief that his efforts for Liberalism were more urgently needed in the popular Assembly . Throughout his career he was indefatigable both as a writer and as a lecturer on See also:

• ECONOMICS

economics, and in both capacities exerted a far wider influence than in See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament . See also:

• SPECIAL

Special mention must be made of his work, as editor and contributor, on the Dictionnaire des finances and Nouveau Dictionnaire d'economie politique . His See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style was easy and lucid, and he was often employed in See also:

• DRAWING

drawing up important See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official documents, such as the famous presidential See also:

• MESSAGE (a word occurring in slightly different forms in several languages, e.g. Fr. message, Span. mensaje, Ital. messagio; adapted from the Low Lat. missaticum, from mittere)

message of December 1877 . He was for many years the most prominent member of the Academic des Sciences Morales et Politiques, and in 1886 succeeded to Edmond About's seat in the Academic Francaise .

He died in Paris on the 21st of April 1896 . A selection of his most important writings and speeches has since been published in four volumes under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of See also:

• LES

Les Finandes de la France sous la troisieme republigue (1898-1901) . See Georges See also:

• MICHEL
• MICHEL, CLAUDE
• MICHEL, FRANCISQUE XAVIER (1809-1887)

Michel, Leon Say (Paris, 1899); Georges Picot, Leon Say, See also:

• NOTICE

notice historique (Paris, 1901), with a bibliography .