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See also: plate or See also: shell
.
The word. in O
.
Eng. is sceale, so bean-sceale, the husk or pod of a bean; cognate forms are found in Ger
.
Schale, O.H.G
.
See also: Scale, from which the O
.
Fr. escale, See also: modern gcale, is borrowed
.
The ultimate See also: root is seen in the closely allied " shell," and also in See also: skull, See also: scalp, shale and skill, and means to peel off, See also: separate, See also: divide
.
The word is used specifically (1) in botany, of the rudimentary flake-like leaf forming the covering of the leaf-buds of deciduous trees and of the bracts of the See also: cone in conifers; (2) in zoology, of the flat, hard structures of the epidermis or exoskeleton in fishes, reptiles
.
Thus in ichthyology the various types of scales are classed as cycloid (Gr. abaor, circle), where the growth is in layers, equally from the anterior and posterior edges; ctenoid (Gr
.
KTIv, comb), where the posterior edge is toothed; ganoid (Gr. yavor, shining), with a hard enamelled See also: surface and usually rhomboidal in shape, and placoid (Gr. irXii , tablet), as in the ossified papillae of the cutis of the See also: shark
.
In reptiles the See also: term is applied to the structures which See also: form the covering of the true reptiles, See also: snakes and lizards
.
In entomology the downy covering
au-apended cradle baaf
of the wings of lepidoptera consists of minute scales, really modifications of hairs, covered with See also: fine lines, giving the bright See also: colours
.
Another form in O . Eng. scale is found glossing the See also: Lat. lanx, flat bowl or dish, and is thus used of the dishes or cups of a balance (bilanx), the instrument itself being also called " scales."
2
.
Properly a ladder, See also: flight of steps, now only used in the derived " scaling ladder." The word is derived from the Lat. scala (originally scandla, from scandere to climb)
.
There are many transferred senses of the word, e.g. the distinguishing marks for purposes of measurement on a See also: rule or other measuring instrument; hence a graduated measure or a See also: system of proportional measurement or numeration, and particularly, in See also: music, a series of tones at definite See also: standard intervals (see HARMONY, MUSICAL NOTATION)
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