See also:

• SCAPOLITE (Gr. O'Kairos, rod, )tLOoc, stone)

SCAPOLITE (Gr. O'Kairos, See also:

• ROD (O.E. rodd, probably related to Norw. rudda, stick, rodda, stake)
• ROD, EDOUARD (1857-1910)

rod, )tLOoc, See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone)  , a See also:

• GROUP

group of See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock-forming minerals composed of See also:

• ALUMINIUM (symbol Al; atomic weight 27.0)

aluminium, See also:

• CALCIUM [symbol Ca, atomic weight 40.0 (o= x6)]

calcium and See also:

• SODIUM [symbol Na, from Lat. natrium; atomic weight 23.00 (0=16)]

sodium silicate with See also:

• CHLORINE (symbol Cl, atomic weight 35`46 (0=16)

chlorine . The See also:

• VARIATIONS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS OF

variations in See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition of the different members of the group may be expressed by the isomorphous mixture of the molecules Ca4A16Si6O25 and Na4A13Si9O24C1, which are referred to as the meionite (Me) and marialite (Ma) molecules respectively, since they predominate in these two end-members of the See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series . Wernerite, or See also:

• COMMON

common See also:

• SCAPOLITE (Gr. O'Kairos, rod, )tLOoc, stone)

scapolite (MeaMai to MeiMa2)and mizzonite (MeiMa2 to Me,Maa) are intermediate members . The tetragonal crystals are hemi- hedral with parallel faces (like See also:

• SCHEELITE

scheelite), and usually have the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of square columns, some- times of considerable See also:

• SIZE

size . There are distinct cleavages parallel to the See also:

• PRISM (Gr. rrpivµa, properly a thing sawn, Irpii"ety, to saw)

prism-faces . Crystals are usually See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white or greyish-white and opaque, though meionite is found as colourless glassy crystals in the ejected See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone blocks of See also:

• MONTE

Monte Somma, See also:

• VESUVIUS (also Vesevus in ancient poets)

Vesuvius . The hardness is 5-6, and the specific gravity varies with the chemical com- position between 2.74 (meionite) and 2.56 (marialite) . The scapolites are especially liable to alteration by weathering processes, with the development of See also:

• MICA

mica, See also:

• KAOLIN

kaolin, &c., and this is the cause of the usual opacity of the crystals . Owing to this alteration, and to the variations in composition, numerous varieties have been distinguished by See also:

• SPECIAL

special names . Scapolite is commonly a See also:

• MINERAL

mineral of metamorphic origin, occur- See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring usually in crystalline limestones, but also with See also:

• PYROXENE

pyroxene in See also:

• SCHISTS (Gr. vxq'ecv, to split)

schists and gneisses . The See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long slender prisms abundant in the crystalline limestones and schists in the See also:

• PYRENEES [Span. Pirineos, Fr. Pyrenees]

Pyrenees are known as " dipyre " or " couzeranite." Large crystals of common scapolite (wernerite) are found in the See also:

• APATITE

apatite deposits in the neighbourhood of Bamle near Brevik in See also:

• NORWAY
• NORWAY (Norge)

Norway, and have resulted from the alteration of the See also:

• PLAGIOCLASE

plagioclase See also:

• FELSPAR, or FELDSPAR

felspar of a See also:

• GABBRO

gabbro . (L .

J . S.) Scapolite Rocks . According to their See also:

• GENESIS
• GENESIS (Gr. 'ybeo-es, becoming; the term being used in English as a synonym for origin or process of coming into being)

genesis the scapolite rocks fall naturally into four See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups . 1 . The scapolite limestones and contact rocks . As silicates See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich in See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

lime, it is to be expected that these minerals will be found where impure limestones have been crystallized by contact with an igneous magma . Even meionite (the variety richest in soda) occurs in this association, being principally obtained in small crystals lining cavities in ejected blocks of crystalline limestone at Vesuvius and the craters of the See also:

• EIFEL

Eifel in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany . Scapolite and wernerite are far more common at the contacts of limestone with intrusive masses . The minerals which accompany them are See also:

• CALCITE

calcite, See also:

• EPIDOTE

epidote, See also:

• VESUVIANITE

vesuvianite, See also:

• GARNET
• GARNET, or GARNETT, HENRY (1555—1606)

garnet, See also:

• WOLLASTONITE

wollastonite, See also:

• DIOPSIDE

diopside and See also:

• AMPHIBOLE

amphibole . The scapolites are colourless, flesh-coloured, See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey or greenish; occasionally they are nearly See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black from the presence of very small enclosures of graphitic material . They are not in very perfect crystals, though sometimes incomplete octagonal sections are visible; the tetragonal cleavage, strong See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double See also:

• REFRACTION
• REFRACTION (Lat. refringere, to break open or apart)

refraction and uniaxial interference figure distinguish them readily from other minerals . Commonly they See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather to micaceous aggregates, but sometimes an isotropic substance of unknown nature is seen replacing them .

In crystalline limestones and See also:

• TALE (O.Eng. talu, number, account, story; the word is common to many Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Zahl, number, Erzahlung, narrative, Du. taal, speech, language)

tale-silicate rocks they occur in small and usually inconspicuous grains mingled with the other components of the rock . Large, nearly idiomorphic crystals are sometimes found in argillaceous rocks (altered calcareous shales) which have suffered thermal See also:

• METAMORPHISM (Gr. ise-rci, change of, and liop¢i, shape)

metamorphism . In the Pyrenees there are extensive outcrops of lime-See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone which are penetrated by igneous rocks described as See also:

• OPHITES, or OPIMMANS (Gr. oOrs, Heb. r , " snake ")

ophites (varieties of See also:

• DIABASE

diabase) and lherzolites (peridotites) . At the contacts scapolite occurs in a See also:

• GREAT

great number of places, both in the limestones and in the calcareous shales which accompany them . In some of these rocks large crystals of one of the scapolite minerals (an See also:

• INCH (O. Eng. ynce from Lat. uncia, a twelfthpart; cf. " ounce," and see As)

inch or two in length) occur, usually as octagonal prisms with imperfect terminations . In others the mineral is found in small irregular grains . It is sometimes clear, but often crowded with See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute en-closures of See also:

• AUGITE

augite, See also:

• TOURMALINE

tourmaline, See also:

• BIOTITE

biotite and other minerals, such as constitute the surrounding See also:

• MATRIX

matrix . From these districts also a black variety is well known, filled with minute graphitic enclosures, often exceedingly small and rendering the mineral nearly opaque . The names couzeranite and dipyre are often given to this See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of scapolite . Apparently the presence of chlorine in small quantities, which may often be detected in limestones, to some extent deter-mines the formation of the mineral . 2 . In many basic igneous rocks, such as gabbro and diabase, scapolite replaces felspar by a secondary or metasomatic See also:

• PROCESS

process .

Some See also:

• NORWEGIAN

Norwegian scapolite-gabbros (or dioritee) examined microscopically furnish examples of every See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage of the process . The chemical changes involved are really small, one of the most important being the See also:

• ASSUMPTION, FEAST OF

assumption of a small amount of chlorine in the new See also:

• MOLECULE (from mod. Lat. molecula, the diminutive of moles, a mass)

molecule . Often the scapolite is seen spreading through the felspar, portions being completely replaced, while others are still fresh and unaltered . The felspar does not weather, but remains fresh, and the transformation resembles metamorphism rather than weathering . It is not a superficial process, but apparently takes See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place at some See also:

• DEPTH

depth under pressure, and probably through the operation of solutions or vapours containing chlorides . The basic soda-lime felspars (See also:

• LABRADORITE, or LABRADOR SPAR

labradorite to See also:

• ANORTHITE

anorthite) are those which undergo this type of alteration . Many instances of scapolitization have been de-scribed from the ophites (diabases) of the Pyrenees . In the unaltered See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state these are ophitic and consist of pyroxene enclosing See also:

• LATH (0. Eng. laett, Mid. Eng. lappe, a form possibly due to the Welsh llath; the word appears in many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch lat, Ger. Latte, and has passed into Romanic, cf. Ital. latta, Fr. latte)

lath-shaped plagioclase felspars; the pyroxene is often changed to uralite . When the felspar is replaced by scapolite the new mineral is fresh and clear, enclosing often small grains of See also:

• HORNBLENDE

hornblende . Extensive recrystallization often goes on, and the ultimate product is a spotted rock with white rounded patches of scapolite surrounded by granular aggregates of clear See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green hornblende: in fact the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original structure disappears . 3 . In Norway scapolite-hornblende rocks have long been known at Oedegarden and other localities .

They have been called spotted gabbros, but usually do not contain felspar, the white spots being entirely scapolite while the dark matrix enveloping them is an aggregate of green or brownish hornblende . In many features they See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear a See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close resemblance to the scapolitized ophites of the Pyrenees . It has been suggested that the See also:

• CONVERSION (Lat. conversio, from convertere, to turn or ,change)

conversion of their original felspar (for there can be no doubt that they were once gabbros, consisting of plagioclase and pyroxene) into scapolite is due to the percolation of chloride solutions along lines of weakness, or planes of solubility, filling cavities etched in the substance of the mineral . Subsequently the chlorides were absorbed, and pari passu the felspar was trans-formed into scapolite . But it is found that in these gabbros there are See also:

• VEINS

veins of a chlorine-bearing apatite, which must have been de-posited by gases or fluids ascending from below . This suggests that a pneumatolytic process has been at See also:

• WORK

work, similar to that by which, around intrusions of See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite, veins rich in tourmaline have been laid down, and the surrounding rocks at the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time permeated by that mineral . In the composition of the active gases a striking difference is shown, for those which emanate from the granites are mainly See also:

• FLUORINE (symbol F, atomic weight 19)

fluorine and See also:

• BORON (symbol B, atomic weight I I)

boron, while those which come from the gabbro are principally chlorine and See also:

• PHOSPHORUS (Gr. 4ws, light, sPEpety, to bear)

phosphorus . In one See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case the felspar is replaced by See also:

• QUARTZ

quartz and white mica (in See also:

• GREISEN (in French, hyalomicte)

greisen) or quartz and tourmaline (in See also:

• SCHORL

schorl rocks) ; in the other case scapolite is the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal new product . The See also:

• ANALOGY (Gr. avaXo-yLa, proportion)

analogy is a very close one, and this theory receives much support from the fact that in See also:

• CANADA

Canada (at various places in See also:

• OTTAWA

Ottawa and See also:

• ONTARIO
• ONTARIO, LAKE

Ontario) there are numerous valuable apatite vein-deposits . They See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie in basic rocks such as gabbro and See also:

• PYROXENITE

pyroxenite, and these in the neighbourhood of the veins have been extensively scapolitized, like the spotted gabbros of Norway . 4 . In many parts of the See also:

• WORLD

world metamorphic rocks of gneissose See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character occur containing scapolite as an essential constituent .

Their origin is often obscure, but it is probable that they are of two kinds . One series is essentially igneous (ortnogneisses) ; usually they contain See also:

• PALE (through Fr. pal, from Lat. palms, a stake, for paglus, from the stem pag- of pangere, to fix; " pole " is from the same original source)

pale green pyroxene, a variable amount of felspar, See also:

• SPHENE

sphene, See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron oxides . Quartz, See also:

• RUTILE

rutile, green hornblende and biotite are often See also:

• PRESENT

present, while garnet occurs sometimes; See also:

• HYPERSTHENE

hypersthene is rare . They occur along with other types of pyroxene See also:

• GNEISS

gneiss, hornblende gneiss, amphibolites, &c . In many of them there is no See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason to doubt that the scapolite is a See also:

• PRIMARY

primary mineral . Other scapolite gneisses equally metamorphic in aspect and structure appear to be sedimentary rocks . Many of them contain calcite or are very rich in calc-silicates (wollastonite, diopside, &c.), which suggests that they were originally impure limestones . The frequent association of this type with graphitic-schists and See also:

• ANDALUSITE

andalusite-schists makes this correlation in every way probable . Biotite is a common mineral in these rocks, which often contain also much quartz and See also:

• ALKALI

alkali felspar . (J . S .