SCHAFFHAUSEN  , the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the Swiss See also:

• CANTON
• CANTON (borrowed from the Ital. cantone, a corner or angle)
• CANTON (more correctly KWANG-CHOW Fu)
• CANTON, JOHN (1718-1772)

canton of that name, situated entirely (for its suburb, Feuerthalen, is in the canton of See also:

• ZURICH
• ZURICH (Fr. Zurich; Ital. Zurigo)

Zurich) on rising ground above the right See also:

• BANK

bank of the See also:

• RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine . Its streets are narrow (See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save in the See also:

• MODERN

modern quarters), while it is dominated by the fortress of Unnoth (wrongly called Munoth) . It is by See also:

• RAIL

rail 31 M . W. of See also:

• CONSTANCE
• CONSTANCE (Ger. Konstanz or Costnitz)
• CONSTANCE, COUNCIL OF
• CONSTANCE, LAKE OF (called by the Romans Lacus Brigantinus or lake of Bregenz, and now usually named in German Bodensee, as well as the " Swabian Sea ")

Constance and S9 M . W. of See also:

• BASEL (Fr. Bale)
• BASEL (Fr. Belle, but Basle is a wholly erroneous form; Ital. Basilea)
• BASEL, CONFESSION OF
• BASEL, COUNCIL OF

Basel . It is a See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of contrasts, See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture of the true Swabian type and modern manufactures mingling curiously together . Three of the sixteen See also:

• TOWN

town See also:

• GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

gates survive, and many )ld houses, though few have preserved traces of the frescoes which formerly adorned their See also:

• EXTERNAL

external walls . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• BUILDING

building in the town is the See also:

• MUNSTER
• MUNSTER, SEBASTIAN (1489-1552)

Munster (now See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant) of All See also:

• SAINTS, BATTLE OF THE

Saints, formerly a See also:

• BENEDICTINE

Benedictine monastery . It was consecrated in 1052, and is a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good specimen of the " sternest and plainest Romanesque, finished with a single See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower near the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east end, that is architecturally connected both with See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian campaniles and the so-called Anglo-Saxon towers of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England " (E . A . See also:

• FREEMAN
• FREEMAN, EDWARD AUGUSTUS (1823-1892)

Freeman) . See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

Close to it is deposited the famous 15th-See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century See also:

• BELL
• BELL, ALEXANDER MELVILLE (1819—1905)
• BELL, ANDREW (1753—1832)
• BELL, GEORGE JOSEPH (1770-1843)
• BELL, HENRY (1767-1830)
• BELL, HENRY GLASSFORD (1803-1874)
• BELL, JACOB (1810-1859)
• BELL, JOHN (1691-178o)
• BELL, JOHN (1763-1820)
• BELL, JOHN (1797-1869)
• BELL, ROBERT (1800-1867)
• BELL, SIR CHARLES (1774—1842)

bell that suggested See also:

• SCHILLER, JOHANN CHRISTOPH FRIEDRICH VON (1759-18o5)

Schiller's See also:

• SONG

Song of the Bell and the opening of See also:

• LONGFELLOW, HENRY WADSWORTH (1807-1882)

Longfellow's See also:

• GOLDEN

Golden See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

Legend .

The See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle of Unnoth, above the town, See also:

• DATES

dates in its See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form from the second See also:

• HALF

half of the 16th century . It has enormously thick casemates and a tower, the See also:

• PLATFORM (Fr. plateforme, i.e. ground plan)

platform of which (now used as a restaurant) is reached by a See also:

• SPIRAL

spiral ascent . The museum contains antiquarian and natural See also:

• HISTORY

history collections, as well as the town library, which possesses the See also:

• MSS

MSS. and books of the Swiss historian J. von See also:

• MULLER, FERDINAND VON, BARON (1825–1896)
• MULLER, FRIEDRICH (1749-1825)
• MULLER, GEORGE (1805-1898)
• MULLER, JOHANNES PETER (18o1-1858)
• MULLER, JOHANNES VON (1752-1809)
• MULLER, JULIUS (18oi-1878)
• MULLER, KARL OTFRIED (1797-1840)
• MULLER, LUCIAN (1836-1898)
• MULLER, WILHELM (1794-1827)
• MULLER, WILLIAM JAMES (1812-1845)

Muller (q.v.) . A See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument to his memory is on the See also:

• PROMENADE

promenade of the Fasenstaub, See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west of the town . Opposite is a building constructed in 1864 by a See also:

• CITIZEN (a form corrupted in Eng., apparently by analogy with " denizen," from O. Fr. citeain, mod. Fr. citoyen)

citizen (G . C. See also:

• IM(K2+a2+h2—2 ah cos 0)

im Thurn) who had made his See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune in See also:

• LONDON

London . It is named after him the Imthurneum, and houses a See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre, a picture See also:

• GALLERY (through Ital. galleria, from Med. Lat. galeria, of which the origin is unknown)

gallery, See also:

• CONCERT (through the French from Lat. con-, with, and certare, to strive)

concert rooms and the school of See also:

• MUSIC

music . There are a number of factories in the town, while at Neuhausen, its suburb, are See also:

• ALUMINIUM (symbol Al; atomic weight 27.0)

aluminium See also:

• WORKS

works, railway See also:

• ROLLING

rolling stock works and a manufactory of playing See also:

• CARDS, PLAYING

cards and railway tickets . See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

Industrial development has been furthered by the See also:

• HYDRAULIC

hydraulic works for the utilization of the forces in the Rhine; founded 1863–1866 by H . See also:

• MOSER, JOHANN JAKOB (1701-1785)
• MOSER, JUSTUS (172o-1794)

Moser (1805-1874), a wealthy citizen, these are now the See also:

• PROPERTY

property of the town and since 1900 are worked by See also:

• ELECTRICITY

electricity . In 1900 the town had 15,275 inhabitants (14,684 See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German-speaking), while there were 11,144 Protestants, 4085 See also:

• ROMAN

Roman Catholics and 21 See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews . The spot is first mentioned in 1045, " See also:

• VILLA

Villa Scafhusun," while in 1050 we hear of the " See also:

• FORD, EDWARD ONSLOW
• FORD, JOHN (r586–c.1640)
• FORD, RICHARD (1796-1858)
• FORD, THOMAS (b. c. 158o)

ford " there across the Rhine .

Hence it is probable that the name is really derived from scapha, a skiff, as here goods coming from Constance were disembarked in consequence of the falls of the Rhine a little below . Some writers, however, prefer the derivation from Schaf (a See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep), as a See also:

• RAM
• RAM, PIERRE FRANCOIS XAVIER DE (18o4-1865)

ram (now a sheep) formed the ancient arms of the town, derived from those of its founders, the See also:

• COUNTS

counts of Nellenburg . About 1050 those counts founded here the Benedictine monastery of All Saints, which henceforth became the centre of the town . Perhaps as See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early as 1190, certainly in 1208, it was an imperial See also:

• FREE

free city, while the first See also:

• SEAL
• SEAL, FUR
• SEAL, HAIR

seal dates from 1253 . The See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers of the See also:

• ABBOT (from the Hebrew ab, a father, through the Syriac abba, Lat. abbas, gen. abbatis, O.E. abbad, fr. late Lat. form abbad-em changed in 13th century under influence of the Lat. form to abbat, used alternatively till the end of the 17th century; Ger. Ab
• ABBOT, EZRA (1819-1884)
• ABBOT, GEORGE (1603-1648)
• ABBOT, ROBERT (1588?–1662?)
• ABBOT, WILLIAM (1798-1843)

abbot were gradually limited and in 1277 the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• RUDOLF (otherwise known as Basso NOROK and Gannon)

Rudolf gave the town a See also:

• CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter of liberties . It ran considerable See also:

• RISK

risk of becoming a See also:

• PART

part of the private estates of the Habsburgs, as the emperor See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis of See also:

• BAVARIA (Ger. Bayern)

Bavaria pledged it in 1330 to that See also:

• FAMILY

family, which held it till See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

Duke See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick with Empty Pockets was placed under the See also:

• BAN

ban of the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire in 1415, its freedom being finally See also:

• PURCHASED

purchased in 1418, while from 1411 the See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade See also:

• GILDS, or GUILDS

gilds ruled the town . But it was much harassed by the neighbouring See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian nobles, so that in 1454 it made an See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance with six of the Swiss confederates (See also:

• URI

Uri and See also:

• UNTERWALDEN

Unterwalden coming in in 1479), by whom it was received as an " ally," being finally admitted a full member in 1501 . The See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation was adopted in 1524, finally in 1529 . The town suffered much in the See also:

• THIRTY

Thirty Years' See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War from the passage of See also:

• SWEDISH

Swedish and Bavarian troops . It was not till the early 19th century that the arrested industrial development of the town took a fresh start . E . Im-Thurn, Der Kanton Schaffhausen (St See also:

• GALL (a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch gal, and Ger. Galle; the Indo-European root appears in Gr. xoXi,, and Lat. fel; possibly connected with " yellow," with reference to the colour of bile)
• GALL, FRANZ JOSEPH (1758-1828)

Gall and See also:

• BERN (Fr. Berne)

Bern, 1840) ; A .

See also:

• PFAFF, JOHANN FRIEDRICH (1765–1825)

Pfaff, Das Staatsrecht d. See also:

• ALTEN, SIR CHARLES [Karl] (1764–1840)

alten Eidgenossenschaft (Schaffhausen, 187o) (pp . 89-97 contain a history of Schaffhausen) . In 1901 there appeared at Schaffhausen two elaborate See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical " Festschriften," one for the canton and one for the town, while in 1906–1907 there were published at Schaffhausen two parts (from 987 to 1530) of an See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official Urkundenregister See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur den Kanton Schaffhausen . (W . A . B .