KARL WILHELM See also:

• KARL WILHELM SCHEELE (1742-1786)

SCHEELE (1742-1786)  , See also:

• SWEDISH

Swedish chemist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• STRALSUND

Stralsund, the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of See also:

• POMERANIA (German, Pommern)

Pomerania, which then belonged to See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden, on the 19th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1742 . He was apprenticed at the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of fourteen to an See also:

• APOTHECARY (from the Lat. apothecarius, a keeper of an apotheca, Gr. aroth is , a store)

apothecary in See also:

• GOTHENBURG (Swed. Goteborg)

Gothenburg, with whom he stayed for eight years . His spare See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time and See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• PART

part of his nights were devoted to the experimental examination of the different bodies which he dealt with, and the study of the See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard See also:

• WORKS

works on See also:

• CHEMISTRY
• CHEMISTRY (formerly "chymistry"; Gr. xvµela; for derivation see ALCHEMY)

chemistry . He thus acquired a large See also:

• STORE (from O. Fr. estor or estoire, Late Lat. staurum or instaurum, stock, provisions, supply, from the late use of instaurare, to provide, properly to construct, renew, restore)

store of knowledge and great See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical skill and manipulative dexterity . In 1765 he removed to See also:

• MALMO

Malmo, and in 1768 to See also:

• STOCKHOLM

Stockholm . While there he wrote an See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of his experiments with cream of See also:

• TARTAR

tartar, from which he had isolated tartaric See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid, and sent it to T . O . See also:

• BERGMAN, TORBERN OLOF (1735-1784)

Bergman, the leading chemist in Sweden . See also:

• BERG (Ducatus Montensis)

Berg-See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man somehow neglected it, and this caused for a time a reluctance on See also:

• SCHEELE, KARL WILHELM (1742-1786)

Scheele's part to become acquainted with that savant, but the See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper, through the instrumentality of Anders Johann Retzius (1742-1821), was ultimately communicated to the See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy of Sciences at Stockholm . He See also:

• LEFT

left Stockholm in 1770 and took up his See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence at See also:

• UPSALA, or UPPSALA

Upsala, where through the agency of Johann Gottlieb Gahn (1745-1818), See also:

• ASSESSOR (Lat. assessare, assidere, to sit by)

assessor of mines at Fahlun, he made the See also:

• PERSONAL

personal acquaintance of Bergman . A friendship, of mutual See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage, soon sprang up between the two men, and it has been said that Scheele was Bergman's greatest See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery . In 1775, the See also:

• YEAR

year in which he was elected into the Stockholm Academy of Sciences, he left Stockholm for Koping, a small See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place on See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake See also:

• MALAR

Malar, where he became provisor and subsequently proprietor of a See also:

• PHARMACY

pharmacy .

The business, however, was not what he had been led to expect, and it took him several years to put it on a See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

sound footing . Yet in spite of his business cares he found time for an extraordinary amount of See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

research, and every year he published two or three papers, most of which contained some discovery or observation of importance . His unremitting See also:

• WORK

work, it is said, especially at See also:

• NIGHT

night, exposing him to See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold and See also:

• DRAUGHTS (from AS. dragan, to draw)

draughts, induced a rheumatic attack which brought about his See also:

• DEATH

death . He had intended, as soon as his circumstances permitted him, to marry the widow of his predecessor, but his illnessincreased so rapidly that it was only on his death-See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed, on the 19th of May 1786, that he carried out his See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design . Two days later he died, leaving his wife what See also:

• PROPERTY

property he had acquired . Scheele's See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power as an experimental investigator has seldom if ever been surpassed, and his accuracy is most remarkable when his See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive apparatus, his want of assistance, his place of residence, and the undeveloped See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of chemical and See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science in his time, are all taken into account . Research was at once his occupation and his relaxation, and his natural endowments were cultivated by unceasing practice and unwearied See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention . Study of his original papers shows that his discoveries were not made at haphazard, but were the outcome of experiments carefully planned to verify inferences already See also:

• DRAWN

drawn, and successfully designed to See also:

• SETTLE
• SETTLE, ELKANAH (1648–1724)

settle the point at issue in the simplest and most See also:

• DIRECT

direct manner . He left nothing in doubt if experiment would decide it, and he evidently did not consider that he had fully investigated any See also:

• COMPOUND
• COMPOUND (from Lat. componere, to combine or put together)

compound until he could both unmake and remake it . His See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record as a discoverer of new sub-stances is probably unequalled . The See also:

• ANALYSIS (Gr. avci and Meta, to break up into parts)

analysis of See also:

• MANGANESE (symbol Mn; atomic weight, 54.93 (0=16)], a metallic chemical element. Its dioxide (pyrolusite)

manganese dioxide in 1774 led him to the discovery of See also:

• CHLORINE (symbol Cl, atomic weight 35`46 (0=16)

chlorine and baryta; to the description of various salts of manganese itself, including the manganates and permanganates, and to the explanation of its See also:

• ACTION

action in colouring and See also:

• DECOLOURIZING

decolourizing See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass . In 1775 he investigated See also:

• ARSENIC (symbol As, atomic weight 75.0)

arsenic acid and its reactions, discovering arseniuretted See also:

• HYDROGEN [symbol H, atomic weight x-oo8 (0=16)]

hydrogen and " Scheele's See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green " (See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper arsenite), a See also:

• PROCESS

process for preparing which on a large See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale he published in 1778 .

Papers published in 1776 were concerned with See also:

• QUARTZ

quartz, See also:

• ALUM

alum and See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay and with the analysis of calculus vesicae from which for the first time he obtained uric acid . In 1778 he proposed a new method of making See also:

• CALOMEL

calomel and See also:

• POWDER (through O. Fr. puldre, modern poudre, from Lat. pulvis, pulveris, dust)

powder of See also:

• ALGAROTH, POWDER OF

algaroth, and he got molybdic acid from See also:

• MINERAL

mineral molybdaena nitens which he carefully distinguished from See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary molybdena (See also:

• PLUMBAGO (from Lat. plum-bum, lead)

plumbago or See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead of See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce) . In the following year he showed that plumbago consists essentially of See also:

• CARBON (symbol C, atomic weight 12)

carbon; and he published a record of estimations of the proportions of See also:

• OXYGEN (symbol 0, atomic weight 16)

oxygen in the See also:

• ATMOSPHERE (Gr. fir µ6r, vapour; orkaipa, a sphere)

atmosphere, which he had carried on daily during the whole of 1778—three years before See also:

• CAVENDISH
• CAVENDISH, GEORGE (1500-1562?)
• CAVENDISH, HENRY (1731-1810)
• CAVENDISH, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1505-1557)

Cavendish . In 178o he proved that the acidity of sour See also:

• MILK (0. Eng. meoluc; from a common Indo-European root, cf. Lat. mulgere, Gr. ?t dXyetv)

milk is due to what was after-wards called lactic acid; and by boiling milk See also:

• SUGAR

sugar with nitric acid he obtained mucic acid . His next discovery, in 1781, was the See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition of the mineral See also:

• TUNGSTEN [symbol W, atomic weight 184.o (0=16)]

tungsten, since called See also:

• SCHEELITE

scheelite (See also:

• CALCIUM [symbol Ca, atomic weight 40.0 (o= x6)]

calcium tungstate), from which he obtained tungstic acid . In 1782 he published some experiments on the formation of See also:

• ETHER, (C2H5)2O

ether, and in 1783 examined the properties of glycerine, which he had discovered seven years before . About the same time he showed by a wonderful See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of experiments that the colouring See also:

• MATTER

matter of Prussian See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue could not be produced without the presence of a substance of the nature of an acid, to which the name of prussic acid was ultimately given; and he described the composition, properties and compounds of this See also:

• BODY

body, and even ascertained its See also:

• SMELL (connected etymologically with " smoulder " and " smoke ")

smell and See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste, quite unaware of its poisonous See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . In the last years of his See also:

• LIFE

life he returned to the See also:

• VEGETABLE

vegetable acids, and investigated citric, malic, oxalic and gallic acids . His only See also:

• BOOK

book, on See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

Air and See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

Fire, was published in 1777, but was written some years before . The See also:

• MANUSCRIPT

manuscript was in the hands of the printers in 1775, and most of the experimental work for it was done before 1773 . Although it starts from the erroneous basis of the phlogistic theory, it contains much matter of permanent value . One of the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief observations recorded in it is that the atmosphere is composed of two gases—one which supports See also:

• COMBUSTION (from the Lat. comburere, to burn up)

combustion and the other which prevents it .

The former, " fire-air," or oxygen, he prepared from " acid of See also:

• NITRE

nitre," from See also:

• SALTPETRE (from the Lat. sal, salt, Petra, a rock)

saltpetre, from black See also:

• OXIDE

oxide of manganese, from oxide of See also:

• MERCURY
• MERCURY (MERCU1uus)
• MERCURY (symbol Hg, atomic weight = 2oo)

mercury and other substances, and there is little doubt but that he obtained it independently a considerable time before See also:

• PRIESTLEY, JOSEPH (1733-1804)

Priestley . Incidentally in 1777 Scheele prepared sulphuretted hydrogen, and noted the chemical action of See also:

• LIGHT

light on See also:

• SILVER

silver compounds and other substances . A See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of Scheele's papers is givens in See also:

• POGGENDORFF, JOHANN CHRISTIAN (1796-1877)

Poggendorff's Biographischliterarisches Handworterbuch (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1863) . They were collected and published in See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French as Memoires de chymie (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1785—1788) ; in See also:

• ENGLISH

English as Chemical Essays, by See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• BEDDOES, THOMAS (1760-1808)
• BEDDOES, THOMAS LOVELL (1803-1849)

Beddoes (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1786) ; in Latin as Opuscula, translated by Schafer, edited by Hebenstreit (Leipzig, 1788—1789) ; and in See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German as Sammtliche Werke, edited by Hermbstadt (See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 1793) . The See also:

• TREATISE

treatise on Air and Fire appeared in German, Leipzig and Upsala in 1777, and again in 1782; in English, by J . R . See also:

• FORSTER, FRANCOIS (179o-,872)
• FORSTER, FRIEDRICH CHRISTOPH (1791-1868)
• FORSTER, JOHANN GEORG ADAM (1754-1794)
• FORSTER, JOHN (1812-1876)
• FORSTER, JOHN COOPER (1823-1886)
• FORSTER, WILLIAM EDWARD (1818-1886)

Forster (London, 178o); and in French, by See also:

• DIETRICH, CHRISTIAN WILHELM ERNST (1712-1774)

Dietrich (Paris, 1781) .