See also:

• SCHLESWIG (Dan. Slesvig)

SCHLESWIG (See also:

• DAN

Dan. Slesvig)  , a See also:

• TOWN

town of See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany,- See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the Prussian See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• SCHLESWIG (Dan. Slesvig)

Schleswig-See also:

• HOLSTEIN
• HOLSTEIN, FRIEDRICH VON (1837–1909)

Holstein . It is situated at the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west end of the See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long narrow See also:

• ARM (a common Teutonic word; the Indo-European root is ar, to join or fit; cf. the Lat. armus, shoulder, and the plural word arma, weapons, Gr. apphs, joint, and the reduplicated apapilKSV, to join)

arm of the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea called the Schlei, 30 M. to the N.W. of See also:

• KIEL

Kiel on the railway from See also:

• HAMBURG

Hamburg to Vamdrup, on the Danish frontier . Pop . (1905) 19,032 . The town consists mainly of a single See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

street, 31 m. long, forming a semicircle See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the Schlei, and is divided into the old town (Altstadt), Holm, Lollfuss, and Friedrichsberg . The See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of St See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter, erected about 11oo and renewed in the See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style in the 15th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, has a lofty See also:

• STEEPLE (akin to " steep")

steeple (365 ft.) and contains a very See also:

• FINE

fine carved See also:

• OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

oak See also:

• REREDOS (Anglo-Fr. areredos, from arere, behind, and dos, back)

reredos by Hans Briiggemann, which is regarded as the most valuable See also:

• WORK

work of See also:

• ART

art in Schleswig-Holstein . Between Friedrichsberg and Lollfuss on an See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island between the Schlei and See also:

• BURG

Burg See is the old See also:

• CHATEAU (from Lat. castellum, fortress, through O. Fr. chastel, chasteau)

chateau of Gottorp, now used as See also:

• BARRACKS (derived through the French from the Late Lat. barra, a bar)
• BARRACKS, CAMP

barracks . The former commercial importance of the town has disappeared, and the Schlei nowaffords See also:

• ACCESS (Lat. accessus)

access to small vessels only . Fishing, tanning, See also:

• FLOUR

flour-milling and See also:

• BREWING

brewing are the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries . Schleswig (See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient forms Sliesthorp, Sliaswic, i.e. the town or See also:

• BAY

bay of the Slia or Schlei) is a town of very remote origin, and seems to have been a trading See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of considerable importance as See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early as the 9th century . It served as a See also:

• MEDIUM

medium of commercial intercourse between the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North Sea and the Baltic, and was known to the Arabian geographers . The first See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian church in this See also:

• DISTRICT

district was built here by Ansgarius (d .

865), and it became the seat of a See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop about a century later . The town, which obtained civic rights in 1200, also became the seat of the See also:

• DUKES
• DUKES, LEOPOLD (1810-1891)

dukes of Schleswig, but its See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce gradually dwindled owing to the rivalry of See also:

• LUBECK

Lubeck, the numerous See also:

• WARS

wars in which the district was involved, and the silting up of the Schlei . At the See also:

• PARTITION

partition of 1544 the old chateau of Gottorp, originally built in 116o for the bishop, became the See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence of the Gottorp See also:

• LINE

line of the Schleswig-Holstein See also:

• FAMILY

family, which remained here till expelled by the Danish See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick IV. in 1713 . From 1731 to 1846 it was the seat of the Danish See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of the duchies . In the wars of 1848 . and 1864 Schleswig was an important strategical point on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of its proximity to the See also:

• DANNEWERK, or DANEWERK (Danish, Dannevirke or Danevirke, " Danes' rampart ")

Dannewerk (q.v.) and was occupied by the different contending parties in turn . It has been the capital of Schleswig-Holstein since its See also:

• INCORPORATION (from Lat. incorporare, to form into a body)

incorporation by See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia in 1864 . See Sach, Geschichte der Stadt Schleswig (Schleswig, 1875) ; and See also:

• JENSEN, WILHELM (1837- )

Jensen, Schleswig and Umgebung (Schleswig, 1905) . SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN, a province in the north-west of Prussia, formed out of the once Danish duchies of Schleswig, Holstein and See also:

• LAUENBURG

Lauenburg, and bounded W. by the North Sea, N. by See also:

• DENMARK
• DENMARK (Danmark)

Denmark (See also:

• JUTLAND (Danish Jylland)

Jutland), E. by the Baltic Sea, Lubeck and See also:

• MECKLENBURG

Mecklenburg, and S. by the See also:

• LOWER

lower course of the See also:

• ELBE (the Albis of the Romans and the Labe of the Czechs)

Elbe (separating it from See also:

• HANOVER
• HANOVER (Ger. Hannover)

Hanover) . It thus consists of the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• HALF

half of the Cimbric See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

peninsula, and forms the connecting See also:

• LINK

link between Germany and Denmark: (For See also:

• MAP
• MAP (or MAPES), WALTER (d. c. 1208/9)

map, see DENMARK.) In addition to the mainland, which decreases in breadth from See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south to north, the province includes several islands, the most important being See also:

• ALSEN (Danish Als)

Alsen and See also:

• FEHMARN

Fehmarn in the Baltic, and Rom, See also:

• SYLT (probably from the O. Fris. Silendi, i.e. sealand)

Sylt and See also:

• FOHR

Fohr of the North Frisian See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain in the North Sea . The See also:

• TOTAL

total See also:

• AREA

area of the province is 7338 sq. m., 450 of which belong to the small duchy of Lauenburg in the S.E. corner, while the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest are divided almost equally between Holstein to the south of the See also:

• EIDER
• EIDER (Icelandic, idur)

Eider and Schleswig to the north of it . From north to south the province is about 140 M. long, while its breadth varies from 90 M. in Holstein to 35 M. at the narrower parts of Schleswig . Schleswig-Holstein belongs to the See also:

• GREAT

great North-See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain, of the characteristic features of which it affords a faithful See also:

• REPRODUCTION

reproduction in See also:

• MINIATURE

miniature, down to the continuation of the Baltic See also:

• RIDGE (a word. common to many Teutonic languages, meaning " back," whether of a man or an animal, cf. German Rucke)
• RIDGE, WILLIAM PETT (1864- )

ridge or See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau by a range of See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low wooded hills skirting its eastern See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast and culminating in the Bungsberg (538 ft.), a little to the north of See also:

• EUTIN

Eutin .

This hilly district contains the most productive See also:

• LAND

land in the province, the See also:

• SOIL

soil consisting of diluvial See also:

• DRIFT (from "drive ")

drift or See also:

• BOULDER
• BOULDER (short for " boulder-stone," of uncertain origin; cf. Swed. bullersten, a large stone which causes a noise of rippling water in a stream, from bullra, to make a loud noise)

boulder See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay . The central See also:

• PART

part of the province forms practically a continuation of the great See also:

• LUNEBURG

Luneburg See also:

• HEATH
• HEATH, BENJAMIN (1704-1766)
• HEATH, WILLIAM (1737—1814)

Heath, and its thin sandy soil is of little use for cultivation . Along the west coast extends the " Marshland," a See also:

• BELT (a word common to Teutonic languages, the Old Ger. form being bale, from which the Lat. balteus probably derived)
• BELT, THOMAS (1832-1878)

belt of See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich alluvial soil formed by the deposits of the North Sea, and varying in breadth from 5 to 15 m . It is seldom more than a few feet above the sea-level, while at places it is below it, and it has consequently to be defended by an extensive See also:

• SYSTEM

system of dykes or embankments resembling those of See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland . The more ancient See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

geological formations are scarcely met with in Schleswig-Holstein . The contrast between the two coast-lines of the province is marked . The Baltic coast has generally steep well-defined See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks and is irregular, being pierced by numerous long and narrow inlets (Fohrden) which often afford excellent harbours . The islands of Alsen and Fehmarn are separated from the coast by narrow channels . The North Sea coast is low and See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat, and its smooth out-line is interrupted only by the See also:

• ESTUARY (from the Lat. aestuarium, a place reached by aestus, the tide)

estuary of the Eider and the peninsula of Eiderstedt . See also:

• DUNES

Dunes or See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand-hills, though rare on the protected mainland, occur on Sylt and other islands, while the small flat islands called Halligen are being washed away where not defended by dykes . The numerous islands on the west coast probably formed part of the peninsula at no remote See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, and the sea between them and the mainland is shallow and full of sandbanks . The See also:

• CLIMATE

climate of Schleswig-Holstein is mainly determined by the proximity of the sea, and the mean See also:

• ANNUAL

annual temperature, varying from 450 F. in the north to 490 F. in the south, is rather higher than is usual in the same See also:

• LATITUDE (Lat. latitudo, latus, broad)

latitude .

See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

Rain and See also:

• FOG

fog are frequent, but the climate is on the whole healthy . The Elbe forms the southern boundary of Holstein for 65 m., but the only See also:

• RIVER

river of importance within the province is the Eider, which rises in Holstein, and after a course of lao M. falls into the North Sea, forming an estuary 3 to 12 M. in breadth . It is navigable from its mouth as far as See also:

• RENDSBURG

Rendsburg, which is on the Kaiser Wilhelm (Kiel-Elbe) See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal, which intersects Holstein . There are numerous lakes in north-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east Holstein, the largest of which are the Ploner See (I2 sq. m.) and the Selenter See (9 sq. m.) . Of the total area of the province 57 % is occupied by tilled land, 22 % by meadows and pastures, and barely 7 % by forests . The See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary cereals are all cultivated with success and there is generally a considerable surplus for export . See also:

• RAPE
• RAPE (from Lat. rapere, to seize)
• RAPE (Lat. rapum or rapa, turnip)

Rape is grown in the See also:

• MARSH (O. F. mersc, for merisc, a place full of "meres" or pools; cf. Ger. Meer, sea, Lat. mare)
• MARSH, ADAM (ADAM DE MARISCO) (d. c. 1258)
• MARSH, GEORGE PERKINS (1801-1882)
• MARSH, HERBERT (1757–1839)
• MARSH, NARCISSUS (1638-1713)
• MARSH, OTHNIEL CHARLES (1831-1899)

marsh lands and See also:

• FLAX

flax on the east coast, while large quantities of apples and other See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit are raised near See also:

• ALTONA

Altona for the Hamburg and See also:

• ENGLISH

English markets . The marsh lands afford admirable pasture, and a greater proportion of See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle (65 per too inhabitants) is reared in Schleswig-Holstein, mainly by small owners, than in any other Prussian province . Great See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers of cattle are exported to See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England . The Holstein horses are also in See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request, but See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep-farming is comparatively neglected . See also:

• BEE (Sanskrit blza, AS. ben, Lat. apis)

Bee-keeping is a productive See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry . The hills skirting the bays of the Baltic coast are generally pleasantly wooded, but the forests are nowhere of great extent except in Lauenburg .

The fishing in the Baltic is productive; Eckernforde is the chief fishing station in Prussia . The oysters from the beds on the west coast of Schleswig are widely known under the misnomer of " Holstein natives." The See also:

• MINERAL

mineral resources are almost confined to a few layers of See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock-See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt near Segeberg . The more important See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial establishments, such as See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron foundries, See also:

• MACHINE
• MACHINE (through Fr. from Lat. form machina of Gr. µnxavil)

machine See also:

• WORKS

works, See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco and See also:

• CLOTH

cloth factories, are mainly confined to the large towns, such as Altona, Kiel and Flensburg . The See also:

• SHIPBUILDING

shipbuilding of Kiel and other seaports, however, is important; and See also:

• LACE (corresponding to Ital. merletto, trina; Genoese Pizzo; Ger. spitzen; Fr. dentelle; Dutch kanten; Span. encaje; the English word owes something to the Fr. lassis or laces, but both are connected with the earlier Lat. laqueus; early French laces were

lace is made by the peasants of north Schleswig . The commerce and See also:

• SHIPPING

shipping of Schleswig-Holstein, stimulated by its position between two seas, as well as by its excellent harbours and waterways, are much more prominent than its manufactures . Kiel is one of the chief seaports of Prussia, while oversea See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade is also carried on by Altona and Flensburg . The See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main exports are See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain, cattle, horses, See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish and oysters, in return for which come See also:

• TIMBER

timber, See also:

• COAL

coal, salt, See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine and colonial produce . The See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of the province in 1905 was 1,504,248, comprising 1,454,526 Protestants, 41,227 See also:

• ROMAN

Roman Catholics and 3270 See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews . The See also:

• URBAN
• URBAN (Urbanus)

urban and rural communities are in the proportion of 4 to 6 . The great bulk of the Holsteiners and a large See also:

• PRO

pro-portion of the Schleswigers are of genuine German stock, but of the 148,000 inhabitants in the north part of Schleswig 139,000 are Danish-speaking . Among the Germans the prevalent See also:

• TONGUE (O. Eng. lunge)

tongue is Low German, but the North See also:

• FRISIANS (Lat. Frisii; in Med. Lat. Frisones, Frisiones, Fresones; in their own tongue Frsasa, FrPsen)

Frisians on the west coast of Schleswig and the North Sea islands (about 19,000 in all) still speak a Frisian See also:

• DIALECT (from Gr. Sia stcror, conversation, manner of speaking, &aXeyec6at, to converse)

dialect, which, however, is dying out . The peninsula of Angeln, between the Gulf of Flensburg and the Schlei, is supposed to have been the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original seat of the English, and observers profess to see a striking resemblance between this district and the counties of See also:

• KENT
• KENT, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• KENT, JAMES (1763-1847)
• KENT, WILLIAM (1685-1748)

Kent and See also:

• SURREY
• SURREY, EARLDOM OF
• SURREY, HENRY HOWARD, EARL OF (1518?-1547)

Surrey .

The peasants of See also:

• DITHMARSCHEN, or DITMARSH (in the oldest form of the name Thiatmaresgaho, Dietmar's Gau')

Dithmarschen in the south-west also retain many of their ancient peculiarities . The boundary between the Danish and German See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages is approximately a line See also:

• RUNNING

running from Flensburg south-west to Joldelund and thence north-west to See also:

• TONDERN

Tondern and the North Sea coast; not more than 15% of the entire population of the province speak Danish as their See also:

• MOTHER

mother-tongue, but the proportion is far larger for Schleswig alone, where there is also a considerable bilingual population . The chief educational institution in Schleswig-Holstein is the university of Kiel . Schleswig is the See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official capital of the province, but Altona and Kiel are the largest towns, the latter being the chief See also:

• NAVAL

naval station of Germany . Kiel and Friedrichsort are fortified, but the old lines of See also:

• DUPPEL

Duppel have been dismantled . The province sends ro members to the Reichstag and 19 to the Prussian Abgeordnetenhaus (See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of deputies) . The provincial estates meet in Rendsburg . For the See also:

• HISTORY

history of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein see SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN QUESTION below . SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN QUESTION, the name given to the whole complex of See also:

• DIPLOMATIC

diplomatic and other issues arising in the 19th century out of the relations of the two " Elbe duchies," Schleswig and Holstein, to the Danish See also:

• CROWN

crown on the one See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand and the German See also:

• CONFEDERATION (Fr. confederation, Lat. confoederatio, from foedus, a league, foederare, to form a league)

Confederation on the other, which came to a crisis with the extinction of the male line of the reigning house of Denmark by the See also:

• DEATH

death of King Frederick VII. on the 15th of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1863 . The central question was whether the two duchies did or did not constitute an integral part of the dominions of the Danish crown, with which they had been more or less intimately associated for centuries . This involved the purely legal questibn,in the See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical See also:

• POLITICAL

political question . Though the designation of Schleswig-Holstein, implying the See also:

• FUSION

fusion of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein in a single Prussian province, only See also:

• DATES

dates from 1866, the history of the duchies Bariyhishas since the 14th century been so closely interwoven to' oftho that it is impossible to treat them separately .

Some- duchies . thing must, however, be said about their origins and their See also:

• SEPARATE

separate history up to the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of their first See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union under the Holstein See also:

• COUNTS

counts . When it first appears in history South Jutland was inhabited by mingled See also:

• CIMBRI

Cimbri, Angles, See also:

• JUTES

Jutes and Frisians, upon whom the Danes exercised an unceasing pressure from the north . To See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

Mark the south of Schleswig what is now Holstein was in- Schles of f habited mainly by See also:

• SAXONS

Saxons, pressed upon from the east See also:

• WIG (short for " periwig," an alternative form of " peruke," Fr. perruque; cf. Span. peluca; conjecturally derived from Lat. pilus)

wig- by the See also:

• WENDS

Wends and other See also:

• SLAVONIC, OLD

Slavonic races . These Saxons were the last of their nation to submit to See also:

• CHARLEMAGNE [CHARLES THE GREAT] (c. 742-814)
• CHARLEMAGNE, JEAN ARMAND (1753–1838)

Charlemagne (804);. who put their See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country under Frankish counts, the limits of the See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire being pushed in 810 as far as the Schlei in Schleswig . Then began the See also:

• SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular struggle between the Danish See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings and the German emperors, and in 934 the German king See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry I. established the Mark of Schleswig (Limes Danarum) between the Eider and the Schlei as an outpost of Germany against the Danes . South of this raged the contest between Germans and Slays . The latter, conquered and Christianized, See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose in revolt in 983, after the death of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• OTTO

Otto II., and for a while reverted to paganism and See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence . The Saxon dukes, however, continued to See also:

• RULE

rule central Holstein, and when See also:

• LOTHAIR (825-869)
• LOTHAIR (941–986)

Lothair of Siipplingenburg became See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• SAXONY
• SAXONY (Ger. Provinz Sachsen)

Saxony (I to6), on the extinction of the Billung line, he invested Countshlp Adolf I. of Schauenburg with the countship of Holstein . Holstein . Adolf I.'s son, Adolf II . (1128-1164), succeeded in recon- quering the Slavonic Wagri and founded the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city and see of Lubeck to hold them in check .

Adolf III . (d . 1225), his successor, received Dithmarschen in See also:

• FEE

fee from the emperor Frederick I., but in 1203 the fortunes of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war compelled him to surrender Holstein to Valdemar II. of Denmark, the cession being confirmed by the emperor Frederick II. in 1214 and the See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope in 1217 . Valdemar appointed See also:

• ALBERT
• ALBERT (1490'1545)
• ALBERT (149o-1568)
• ALBERT (1522–1557)
• ALBERT (FRANCIS CHARLES AUGUSTUS ALBERT EMMANUEL) (1819—1861)
• ALBERT (FRIEDRICH RUDOLF ALBRECHT)
• ALBERT, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS
• ALBERT, MADAME (c. 2805—2846)

Albert of Orlamunde his See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant in Holstein, and the Schleswig-Holstein question might have been thus early settled but for Valdemar's See also:

• ILL

ill See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune in being taken prisoner in 1223 . During his captivity Albert of Orlamunde was beaten at Molln by See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count Adolf III., to whom Valdemar restored his countship as the See also:

• PRICE
• PRICE, BARTHOLOMEW (1818–1898)
• PRICE, BONAMY (1807-1888)
• PRICE, RICHARD (1723-1791)

price of his own See also:

• RELEASE (O.Fr. reles, variant of relais, from relaisser, to release, let go, Lat. relaxare)

release . A papal See also:

• DISPENSATION

dispensation from oaths taken. under See also:

• DURESS (through Fr. from Lat. duritia, harshness, severity, durus, hard)

duress excused a new war; but Valdemar himself was beaten at Bornhovede on the 22nd of See also:

• JULY

July 1227, and Holstein was permanently secured to the house of Schauenburg . After the death of Adolf IV . 1I.e. place-names according to popular usage, not the official names given in German maps (e.g . Haderslev for See also:

• HADERSLEBEN (Dan. Haderslev)

Hadersleben) . See La Question du Slesvig, p . 61 seq., " Noms de lieux.'' 2 I.e. the party at See also:

• COPENHAGEN (Danish Kjobenhavn)

Copenhagen which aimed at making the Eider, the southern boundary of Schleswig, the frontier of the Danish See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom proper . raised by the death of the last See also:

• COMMON

common male See also:

• HEIR (Lat. heres, from a root meaning to grasp, seen in heres or erus, master of a house, Gr. xeip, hand, Sans. hat ana, hand)

heir to both Denmark and the duchies, as to the proper See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession in the latter, and the constitutional questions arising out of the. relations of the duchies to the Danish crown, to each other, and of Holstein to the German Confederation .

There was also the See also:

• NATIONAL

national question: the ancient racial antagonism between German and Dane, intensified by the tendency, characteristic of the 19th century, to the consolidation of nationalities . Lastly, there was the inter-national question: the See also:

• RIVAL

rival ambitions of the German See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers involved, and beyond them the interests of other See also:

• EUROPEAN

European states, notably that of Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain in preventing the rise of a German sea-See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power in the north . To take the racial question first, from time immemorial the country north of the Elbe had been the See also:

• BATTLE

battle-ground of Danes and Germans . Danish scholars point to the prevalence of Danish place-names' far southward into the German-speaking districts as See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence that at least the whole of Schleswig was at one time Danish; German scholars claim it, on the other,hand, as essentially German . That the duchy of Schleswig, or South Jutland (Sonderjylland), had been from time immemorial a Danish See also:

• FIEF

fief was, indeed, not in dispute, nor was the fact that Holstein had been from the first a fief of the Germano-Roman Empire . The controversy in the r9th century raged round the ancient "in-dissoluble " union of the two duchies, and the inferences to be See also:

• DRAWN

drawn from it; the " Eider Danes "2 claimed Schleswig as an integral part of the Danish See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy, which, on the principle of the union, involved the retention of Holstein also; the Germans claimed Holstein as a part of Germany and, therefore, on the same historic principle, Schleswig also . The history of the relations of Schleswig and Holstein thus became of importance in 1261, Holstein was split up into several countships by his sons and grandsons: the lines of Kiel, Plon, Schauenburg-Pinneberg and Rendsburg . In 1232 King Valdemar II., who had retained the former German Mark north of the Eider, erected South Jutland (Schleswig) into a duchy for his second son, See also:

• ABEL (better ABELL), THOMAS (d. 1540)
• ABEL (Hebrew for breath)
• ABEL, KARL FRIEDRICH (1725-1787)
• ABEL, NIELS HENRIK (1802-1829)
• ABEL, SIR FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, BART

Abel . On the death of the Sch esw/g Tatter's descendant, Duke See also:

• ERIC

Eric, in 1319, See also:

• CHRISTOPHER, SAINT (Christophorus, Christoferus)

Christopher II . or South of Denmark attempted to seize the duchy, the heir of which, Jutland . Valdemar V., was a See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor; but Valdemar's See also:

• GUARDIAN

guardian and See also:

• UNCLE

uncle, See also:

• GERHARD
• GERHARD, FRIEDRICH WILHELM EDUARD (1795-1867)

Gerhard III. of Holstein-Rendsburg (1304– 1340), surnamed " the Great " and a notable See also:

• WARRIOR

warrior, drove back the Danes and, Christopher having been expelled, succeeded in procuring the See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election of Valdemar to the Danish See also:

• THRONE

throne . His See also:

• REWARD

reward was the duchy of Schleswig and the famous See also:

• CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter, known as the Constitulio Valdemariana, which laid down the principle The See also:

• CON

Con- that the duchy of South Jutland was never to be incor- 'The Co porated in the kingdom of Denmark or ruled by the same t l t utl See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign (7 See also:

• JUNE

June 1326) .

Thus Schleswig and Holstein See also:

• MARIANA, JUAN DE (1536-1624)

mariana, were for the first time See also:

• UNITED

united . The union was, indeed, as See also:

• VALDES, JUAN DE (c. 1500-1541)

Valdes 1326. yet See also:

• PRECARIOUS

precarious . In 1330 Christopher II. was restored to his throne and Valdemar V. to his duchy, Gerhard having to be content with the reversion in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of the duke dying without issue . Gerhard, however, was assassinated in 1340 by a Dane, and it was not till 1375, when the male lines both in the kingdom and the duchy became See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct by the deaths of King Valdemar IV. and Duke Valdemar V., that the counts of Holstein seized on their See also:

• INHERITANCE

inheritance, assuming at the same time the style of " lords of utland." In 1386 See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen See also:

• MARGARET
• MARGARET (1283–1290)
• MARGARET (1353-1412)
• MARGARET (1489–1541)
• MARGARET, ST (c. 1045–1093)
• MARGARET, ST (SANCTA MARGARITA)

Margaret allowed their claim in return for or the usual See also:

• HOMAGE (from homo, through the Low Lat. hominaticum, which occurs in a document of 1035)

homage and promise of feudal service, and directed that Union of one of their number should be elected duke of Schleswig . Union fg The choice See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell on Gerhard VI., See also:

• GRANDSON (Ger. Grandsee)

grandson of Gerhard III . Sahlesw and of Rendsburg, who after the extinction of the line of Kiel Holstein . (1390) obtained in 1403 the whole of the countship of Holstein, except the small Schauenburg territories . With this begins the history of the union of Schleswig and Holstein . Gerhard VI. died in 1404, and soon afterwards war See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke out between his sons and Eric of See also:

• POMERANIA (German, Pommern)

Pomerania, Margaret's successor on the throne of Denmark, who claimed South Jutland as an integral part of the Danish monarchy, a claim formally recognized by the emperor See also:

• SIGISMUND (1368-1437)

Sigismund in 1424.1 It was not till 1440 that the struggle ended with the See also:

• INVESTITURE (Late Lat. investitura)

investiture of Count Adolf VIII., Gerhard's son, with the hereditary duchy of Schleswig by Christopher III. of Denmark . On the death of Christopher eight years later, Adolf's See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence secured the election of his See also:

• NEPHEW

nephew Count Christian of See also:

• OLDENBURG

Oldenburg to the vacant throne . On the death of Adolf in 1459 without issue, King Christian I., though he had been forced to swear to the Constitulio Valdemariana, King- succeeded in asserting his claim to Schleswig in right of dukes of his mother, Adolf's See also:

• SISTER

sister . Instead of incorporating the Olden- South Jutland with the Danish kingdom, however, he buntline. preferred to take See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage of the feeling of the estates in Schleswig and Holstein in favour of union to secure both countries .

On Schleswig the Schauenburg counts had no claim ; their election in Holstein would have separated the countries; and it was easy therefore for Christian to secure his election both as Charter of duke of Schleswig and count of Holstein (5 See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1460) . Ribe, 1460 . The price he paid was a charter of privileges, issued firs at Ribe and afterwards at Kiel, in which he promise dissoluble to preserve the countries for ever as " one and indivisible," union." and conceded to the estates the right to refuse to elect as count and duke any Danish See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince who should not undertake, on becoming king, to confirm their privileges . By these privileges the union between South Jutland and Holstein, established under the Schauenburg line, was officially recognized . For See also:

• EXTERNAL

external affairs the two countries were to be regarded as one, the bishop of Lubeck and five " See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good men " elected by the estates of each country forming an advisory and executive See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council under the duke-count . For See also:

• INTERNAL

internal affairs duchy and See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county were to retain their separate estates and See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar customs and See also:

• LAWS

laws . Above all, Holstein remained a German, Schleswig a Danish fief . The claims of the Schauenburg counts were surrendered for a See also:

• MONEY

money See also:

• PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment; it was not till 1640, however, that the extinction of their line brought Schauenburg itself to the Danish crown . Finally, in 1472 the emperor Frederick III. confirmed Christian I.'s overlordship over Dithmarschen, and erected Dithmarschen, Holstein and Stormarn into the duchy of Holstein . On the death of King Frederick I . (1523–1533), under whom the See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation had been introduced into the duchies,' occurred the Snbdlvi- first of several partitions of the inheritance of the house slop of the of Oldenburg; the See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder son, Christian III., succeeding duchies. as king of Denmark, the younger, See also:

• ADOLPHUS, JOHN LEYCESTER (1795-1862)

Adolphus (Adolf) I., See also:

• FOUNDING (from Lat. fundere, to pour)

founding the line of the dukes of Gottorp . In 1581 a further partition was made, by a compact signed at Flensburg, between King Frederick II. and his uncle Duke Adolphus I., under i Question du Slesvig, p .

78 . 'The Church (Lutheran) was organized under a Probst (See also:

• PROVOST (through O. Fr. prevost, mod. prevot, Lat. praepositus, set over, from praeponere, to place in front)

provost) and See also:

• CONSISTORY (Lat. consistorium, literally, a standing place, hence meeting place, waiting or audience chamber)

consistory, the king himself assuming the See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction of summus episco pus.which the rights of overlordship in the various towns and territories of Schleswig were divided between them; the estates, however, remained undivided, and the king and duke ruled the country alternately . To make confusion worse confounded, Frederick II. in 1582 ceded certain lands in Hardersleben to his See also:

• BROTHER

brother See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John, who founded the line of'Schleswig-See also:

• SONDERBURG

Sonderburg, and John's See also:

• GRAND

grand-sons again partitioned this See also:

• APPANAGE, or APANAGE (a French word from the late Lat. apanagium, formed from apanare, i.e. panem porrigere, to give bread, i.e. sustenance)

appanage, Ernest See also:

• GUNTHER, JOHANN CHRISTIAN (1695-1723)

Gunther (1609–1689), founding the line of Schleswig-Sonderburg-Augustenburg, and See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip (1612–1675) that of Schleswig-See also:

• BECK (or BEEK), DAVID (1621—1656)
• BECK, CHRISTIAN DANIEL (1757-1832)
• BECK, JAKOB SIGISMUND (1761-1840)

Beck-See also:

• GLUCKSBURG

Glucksburg (known since 1825 as Holstein-Sonderburg-Glucksburg) . Meanwhile the Gottorp dukes were making themselves a great position in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . Frederick III., duke from 1616 to 1659, established the principle of See also:

• PRIMOGENITURE

primogeniture for his line, The and the full See also:

• SOVEREIGNTY

sovereignty of his Schleswig dominions was dukes of secured to him by his son-in-See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles X. of See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden by Gotto the See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• CONVENTION, THE NATIONAL

convention of Copenhagen (12 May 1658) and to rr'' his son Christian Albert (d . 1694) by the treaty of See also:

• OLIVA, FERNAN PEREZ DE (1492?-1530)

Oliva, though it was not till after years of warfare that Denmark admitted the claim by the convention of Altona (30 June 1689) . Christian Albert's son Frederick IV . (d . 1702) was again attacked by Denmark, but had a powerful See also:

• CHAMPION (Fr. champion, Late Lat. campio from campus; a field or open space, i.e. one " who takes the field " or fights; cf. Ger. Kampf, battle, and Kampfer, fighter)

champion in Charles XII. of Sweden, who secured his rights by the treaty of Travendal in 1700 . Frederick was killed at the battle of Klissow in 1702, and his brother Christian Augustus acted as See also:

• REGENT (from Lat. regere, to rule)

regent for his son Charles Frederick until 1718 . In 1713 the regent broke the stipulated See also:

• NEUTRALITY

neutrality of the duchy in favour of Sweden and Frederick IV. of Denmark seized the excuse, to expel the duke by force of arms . Holstein was restored to him by the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace of Frederiksborg in 1720, but in the following See also:

• YEAR

year Frederick IV. was recognized as sovereign of Schleswig by the estates and by the princes of the Augustenburg and Glucksburg lines .

The situation was ultimately simplified by the See also:

• MARRIAGE