SCHONAUER  . CARCANO .. VERGUIEAO . NALINEGANT . See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

SHORT See also:

• RIFLE

RIFLE . SPRSINHGFITELD . See also:

• BOX
• BOX (Gr. irl or, Lat. buxus, box-wood; cf. 2r6Eir, a pyx)

Box Box Bmt Box Box Box Box Box Box Box Box 5 .. 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 5 5 Ch . Clip Clip Ch . Ch . Clip Ch . Ch .

Ch . Ch . Ch . No No No No No No No No No Yes Yes- Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 8 lb 534 oz. g lb It oz . 8 lb 634 oz . 8 lb 10 oz . 8 lb . 13 oz . 8 lb 12(' oz . 8 lb x5/ oz . 9 lb 634 oz . 8 lb 34 oz .

, 9 lb x oz . 8 lb 8 oz . g lti xo lb 634 oz . 9 lb 3 oz . 9 lb 9 oz . 9 lb . 9/ oz . 916 9/ oz. g lb xl/ oz. xo lb' 53 OZ . 8 lb Io% oz . 10 lb 8 oz . 9 8 0 2 . lb 4 It .

4 ft.:3 in. ft . 2.75 in . 4 ft . 2.75 in . 4 ft . 4 ft . 0+5 in . 4 ft: 3875 in . , 4 ft . 0.625 in . 3 ft . 7-12 in .

4 ft. o•6 in . 3 ft . 7.21 in . 4 ft. to in . 5 ft . 0.75 in . 5 ft . 2375 in . 5 ft . 5'75 in . 4 ft . 11% in .

4 It . 10.25 in . 5 ft . 9 in . . 4 ft . 10.5. in . 4 ft . 10.75 in . 5 ft . 6.6 in . 4 It . 11.21 in .

28.56 31'125 30'75 31.3 29.08 28.56 31'5 29;039 . . 23'.33 29'134 .23'79 6'5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6•.5 7.62 7 7.5 7.65 7.62 '256 •256 .256 •.256 •256 •256 '5 •276 `295 '301 •30 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 35.8 32.2 30.7 . 30.76.- .. 30.8 . 3x.6 .._31.4 . 36 ...33.2 200 M . 200 M . 600 m . 400 m . 200 M . 500 M . 400 paces 400 M .

300 01 . 250 m . 183 M . (219 yds.) (219ydss.) (656 yds.) (437 Yds.) (219 yds.) (547 yds.) (310 yds.)- (437 yds.) (328 yds.) (273 yds.) (zoo yds.) 2000 m . 2000 M . 2000 m . 2000 M . 2000 M . 2000 m . 2700 paCeS . 2000 m . 1200 I11." .200002 .

2287 M . (2187 yds.) (2187 yds.) (2187 yds.) (2187 yds.) (2187 yds.) (2187 yds.) (zo96 yds.) (2187 yds.) (1312 yds.) (2187 yds.) (2850 yds.) 3.05 3.05 3•0 2.98 3.26 3'05 3'025 3.08.E . 3.043 3'07 3'33 348 338 331'8 348'5 .. 350 363 373'5 424 416 392 See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

Round Round Round Round Round Round Round' Round Round Round Pointed N . See also:

• NICKEL
• NICKEL (symbol Ni, atomic weight 58.68 (0=16))

Nickel plated, See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

Steel, coate d C.N . pointed S Steel coate.d Steel, coate.d ( C.N . See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

Copper C . N . C . N C. steel envelope a 9th C . N . ,ith with C.N over point j w C.N 1.124 1.23 1.182 1.28 1.244 1•194 ..

' I.22 1•18 1'212 1•08 •263 •2637 •266 .26 •2637 308 •2843 •319.311 •308 159.3 162• 163•0 162.9 1553 262 214 1728 212.5 211.3 150 36 36.26 30.09 32.0 - 31'8 - 36 33 38'3g5 30'7 40'2 50 N.C . N.C . Balistite N.G. and N.C . N.C . Pyroxiline N.C . N.C . N.C . Pyro-See also:

• CELLULOSE

cellulose 2223 2433 2395 2396 2357 2400 1985 2296 1920 2066 2600 20.18 17.1 17'47 22.3 17.1 19.7 . 19'78 N.C . = Nitro-cellulose . progress of the engagement, to See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change their See also:

• TARGET
• TARGET, GUI JEAN BAPTISTE (1733-1807)

target, to economize See also:

• AMMUNITION

ammunition, to select the ground for the next See also:

• RUSH
• RUSH, BENJAMIN (1745–1813)
• RUSH, RICHARD (1780–1859)

rush and the next burst of See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire, and to regain See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of the men; whom a prolonged fire-fight hypnotizes and rivets to the ground, The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief use of " slow " fire, which is generally employed by skirmishers working in pairs, is to keep the enemy under; the See also:

• STORM (in O. Eng..storm, and so in Du. and Low Ger.; in O. H. Ger. and mod. Ger. Sturm; the root is probably that seen in " stir," to rouse, move, disturb, cf. Ger. storen)
• STORM, THEODOR WOLDSEN (1817-1888)

storm of well-directed " rapid fire " the fire-director should hold in his own hands, ready to See also:

• RELEASE (O.Fr. reles, variant of relais, from relaisser, to release, let go, Lat. relaxare)

release it at the right moment . Slow fire averages 3 rounds a See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute, rapid (aimed) 8-r z .

The See also:

• CON

con-figuration of the ground has often a See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence on fire effect . If the target is on a See also:

• SHARP, GRANVILLE (1735-1813)
• SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679)
• SHARP, JOHN (1645-1714)
• SHARP, RICHARD (1759-1835)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)

sharp forward slope, the beaten See also:

• ZONE (Gr. 'WV77, a girdle, from 'wvvLvay to gird)

zone is greatly diminished in See also:

• DEPTH

depth, ranging errors are no longer neutralized by the flatness of trajectory : and (the bullets See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting the ground at a steeper See also:

• ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle) the dangerous space is reduced; if, on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, the slope descends gently in See also:

• REAR

rear of the target so that the falling bullets instead of making a. See also:

• PATTERN

pattern upon the ground, skim along parallel to the See also:

• SURFACE

surface, the zone is increased . For instance, at r 500 yds., if there is a See also:

• REVERSE

reverse slope of about 5° in rear of the target the depth of the beaten zone is tenfold that of the zone for the same range on level ground . Similarly if the target is on the See also:

• CREST
• CREST (Lat. crista, a plume or tuft)

crest of a See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill and the firers below, the " over " See also:

• HALF

half of the See also:

• CONE (Gr. Kwvos)

cone of fire may graze the reverse slope or pass far above, according as the re-See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse slope is See also:

• GENTLE (through the Fr. gentil, from Lat. gentilis, belonging to the same gens, or family)

gentle or sharp with respect to the See also:

• LINE

line of sight . The normal position for the firing infantryman in See also:

• ACTION

action islying; the kneeling position is used for firing from behind See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover, the sitting for firing down hill . See also:

• STANDING

Standing, formerly the usual position, is now employed chiefly for firing behind cover with the rifle rested, and for snap-See also:

• SHOOTING

shooting during an advance when it is undesirable to See also:

• HALT

halt and See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie down . As regards cover, it may by mentioned that well-covered or intrenched troops generally shoot less accurately than troops in the open, the soldier in See also:

• SECURITY (Lat. securus, free from care, safe)

security being loth to expose himself See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long enough to take careful aim . This was particularly noticeable in the Russo-See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War, and its effect is to create a zone of unaimed fire behind the assailants' fighting line, which sometimes causes serious losses to his supports and • reserves . The relation between the cone of See also:

• DISPERSION
• DISPERSION (from Lat. dispergere, to scatter)

dispersion of See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace-See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time experiments, even when these are specially designed to establish that relation (for example, See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series fired in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France by third-class shots, after a long See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

march without See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food), has never been satisfactorily established . An arbitrary figure of one-tenth or one-twentieth of peace-time effect has generally been assumed as representing war results, but some think that however the normal cone may be multiplied or divided, no relation can be found between peace and war effect, and that in See also:

• BATTLE

battle the brave men aim and fire as if on the practice range, and the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest fire absolutely at See also:

• HAZARD (0. Fr. hazard, from Span. czar, unlucky throw at dice, misfortune, from Arab. al, and zar, dice)

hazard . From a musketry point of view, this brings again into the fore-ground the question of distance-judging, as, if the See also:

• SIGHTS

sights be wrongly set, the more accurate the fire the less its effect') and a See also:

• MISTAKE (i.e. take amiss)

mistake would nullify even the small amount of aimed fire that can be reckoned upon . Peace-time experiments have their value—and it is very great—in establishing data as to the effect of fire on troops in different formations, the limits of permissible See also:

• ERROR (Lat. error, from errare, to wander, to err)

error in ranging, &c., on the principle that of two methods, that which is proved to be better in peace would in much the same proportion be found better in war .

(C . F . A.) See T . F . See also:

• FREMANTLE

Fremantle, The See also:

• BOOK

Book of the Rifle; W . W . Greener, The See also:

• GUN

Gun and its Development; the See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

Text Book of Small Arms (1909) ; and Musketry Regulations (1909) ; C . B . See also:

• MAYNE, JASPER (1604-1672)

Mayne, See also:

• INFANTRY

Infantry Fire See also:

• TACTICS (Gr. TaeTOc*, sc. TEXvnI, from TavQecv, to arrange in order of battle)

Tactics; and Taffin, " Tir de Combat " (Revue d'infanterie, 1909) . Match or Target Rifle.—The See also:

• SPORT (a contracted or shortened form of "disport," to amuse, divert oneself, O. Fr. se dis porter or deporter, to leave off work, hence to play, Lat. dis-, away, and portare, to carry; the origin of the meaning lies in the notion of turning away from ser

sport or pastime of target shooting has many times changed its See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, owing to the steady improvement in the rifle and the different ranges or distances at which shooting is practised . Range usually governs the construction of the target rifle, long-range rifles not being necessarily the best weapons for a short range of, say, 200 yds . Limitations—such as the amount of See also:

• POWDER (through O. Fr. puldre, modern poudre, from Lat. pulvis, pulveris, dust)

powder See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge, See also:

• WEIGHT

weight of See also:

• BULLET (Fr. boulet, diminutive of boule, ball)

bullet and rifle—are also usually imposed in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place all competitors on equal terms .

The long-range match rifle is not the See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior of the military rifle as a weapon, but as a scientific shooting See also:

• INSTRUMENT (Lat. instrumentum, from insincere, to build up, furnish, arrange, prepare)

instrument is the best small-See also:

• ARM (a common Teutonic word; the Indo-European root is ar, to join or fit; cf. the Lat. armus, shoulder, and the plural word arma, weapons, Gr. apphs, joint, and the reduplicated apapilKSV, to join)

arm produced . The See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary target rifle is a hybrid arm, combining the points of the long-range match, See also:

• MODERN

modern military and best sporting rifles . The See also:

• MINIATURE

miniature match rifle is used for short-range practice . Shooting at fixed marks has been practised continuously in See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland from See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval times . A See also:

• CLUB (connected with " clump ")

club (" Societe de 1'harquebuse et de la See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

Navigation ") has existed in See also:

• GENEVA
• GENEVA (Fr. Geneve, Ger. Genf, Ital. Ginevra, Late Lat. Gebenna, though Genava in good Latin)
• GENEVA, LAKE OF

Geneva since 1474; and the See also:

• ZURICH
• ZURICH (Fr. Zurich; Ital. Zurigo)

Zurich " Schiitzen-Gesellschaft " since about the same date . It is not clear at what See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period rifles were introduced in these clubs . From the beginning of the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century up to 1844 the rifle generally used in Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain had a polygrooved See also:

• BARREL (a word of uncertain origin common to Romance languages; the Celtic forms, as in the Gaelic baraill, are derived from the English)

barrel .63o in. in See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter, with spherical See also:

• BALL (in Mid. Eng. bal; the word is probably cognate with " bale," Teutonic in origin, cf. also Lat. falls, and Gr. 7raXXa)
• BALL, JOHN (1585-1640)
• BALL, JOHN (1818-1889)
• BALL, JOHN (d. 1381)
• BALL, SIR ALEXANDER JOHN, BART
• BALL, THOMAS (1819- )

ball, and the arm weighed from 11 to 15 lb . It was not fired in military See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion, but had a handle extending downwards fixed in front of the trigger-guard, which was grasped by the See also:

• LEFT

left hand, the left arm being steadied against the See also:

• BODY

body . This method of shooting is still sometimes followed by Swiss and See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German riflemen . Target shooting as a sport or business was rarely practised in Great Britain until after the formation of the Volunteer Force in 1859 . The inauguration of the " See also:

• NATIONAL

National Rifle Association " in 1860 opened a new and most important era in the See also:

• HISTORY

history and development of the rifle . This institution was established " for the encouragement of rifle See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps and the promotion of rifle shooting throughout Great Britain ....

As a national pastime to make the rifle what the See also:

• BOW (pronounced " bo ")

bow was in the days of the Plantagenets, the See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar weapon of those who stand forth in the See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of their See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country." The first meeting of the N.R.A. was held at See also:

• WIMBLEDON

Wimbledon in 186o . The first shot was fired by See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen See also:

• VICTORIA
• VICTORIA (or VITTORIA), TOMMASSO LUDOVICO DA (C. I540-C. 1613)
• VICTORIA [ALEXANDRINA VICTORIA]

Victoria 1 from a See also:

• WHITWORTH
• WHITWORTH, SIR JOSEPH

Whitworth rifle on a See also:

• MACHINE
• MACHINE (through Fr. from Lat. form machina of Gr. µnxavil)

machine rest, at 400 yds., and struck the See also:

• BULL
• BULL, GEORGE (1634–1710)
• BULL, JOHN (c. 1562–1628)
• BULL, OLE BORNEMANN (18ro-188o)

bull's-See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye . The Whitworth muzzle-loading rifle won many of the important prizes at this and subsequent meetings See also:

• PRIOR (from Lat. prior—former, and hence superior, through O. Fr. priour)
• PRIOR, MATTHEW (1664-1721)

prior to 1871 . Its most important features, arrived at after exhaustive experiments, were a smaller See also:

• BORE

bore of .450 in., with a twist of rifling of one turn in 20 in., and an elongated mechanically fitting projectile . Long-range rifle construction is also largely indebted to Whitworth for the highly accurate and superior tools and processes introduced by him in this See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of manufacture . In 1866 and after, Metford's See also:

• SYSTEM

system of hardened expanding bullets and shallow rifling gradually superseded the mechanically fitting system of Whitworth, and the Whitworth rifle gradually lost its position . In 1861, the See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry grooving for a cylindrical The " Queen's " or " See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King's " See also:

• PRIZE, or PRIZE OF WAR (Fr. prise, from prendre, to take)

prize is the highest distinction to which a rifle shot can attain . The competition is one of three stages, the first and second eliminating all but the best too competitors . The See also:

• BRONZE

bronze See also:

• MEDAL (Fr. medaille, from Lat. metallum)

medal of the N.R.A. is awarded to the highest scorer in the first See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage, the See also:

• SILVER

silver medal to the See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader in the second, and the King's prize and N.R.A. See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold medal to the winner in the last stage: 71 shots in all are fired at distances up to t000 yds., and the winners' scores of See also:

• LATE

late years have been 320 to 325 out of a possible 355 . Only the service rifle is allowed.bullet, a modification of the Whitworth, first appeared . In 1864, See also:

• RIGBY, RICHARD (1722–1788)

Rigby, with a five-grooved rifle and a mechanically fitting bullet, tied with the Whitworth rifle in the preliminary rifle trial of the N.R.A. at l000 yds., and in a subsequent trial took the first place . By 1871 the Whitworth rifle had given place to the Metford system with hardened cylindrical bullets, shallow rifling and increasing See also:

• SPIRAL

spiral .

In 1867 the modern See also:

• BREECH (common in early forms to Teutonic languages)

breech-loading rifle with a metallic See also:

• CARTRIDGE (corruption of Fr. cartouche)

cartridge was first introduced . The Metford system of rifling greatly assisted its development . In this See also:

• YEAR

year Rigby also produced a new See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model long-range rifle designed on the lines followed by Metford . In 1869 the Henry barrel came to the front . In 1870 the See also:

• MARTINI, GIOVANNI BATTISTA (1706–1784)
• MARTINI, SIMONE (1283-1344)

Martini-Henry, the new service arm, won the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge's prize, the extreme range in this competition being 800 yds . In 1871 the Snider breech-loader replaced the See also:

• ENFIELD

Enfield muzzle-loader, and the Martini-Henry replaced the Whitworth in the later stages—800, 900 and moo yds.—of the Queen's prize . The Metford barrel was also used in breech-loaders, and the duke of Cambridge's prize—for the first time fired at x000 yds.-See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell to it . During the twenty-three years from 1871 to 1894 the Metford military match rifle only four times failed to win this prize, while it took a preponderating See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share of other prizes . The years 1872 and 1873 marked a decided advance in the military breech-loader, though for See also:

• FINE

fine shooting the muzzle-loader still seemed hard to equal . In 1875 a team of See also:

• AMERICAN

American riflemen first visited Wimbledon with " See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army-pattern " breech-loading rifles, which were cleaned out after every shot, and met with considerable success . A feature of their shooting was the " back position," then a novelty . In 1877 the superiority of the cleansable and cleansed breech-loader over the increased fouling of the muzzle-loader was clearly demonstrated, though the muzzle-loader did not at once disappear .

In 1878 the highest scores ever made with the muzzle-loader in Great Britain were recorded, greater care in cleaning the rifle after every shot being observed . In 1883 the N.R.A . See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

Council altered the conditions, wiping out after every shot was forbidden, but muzzle-loaders were not disqualified . The result was that the American type of rifle disappeared . The poor shooting of the Martini at loon yds. induced the Council to take the See also:

• RETROGRADE (from the Lat. retro, backwards, gradiri, to go)

retrograde step of reducing the maximum range for the Queen's prize to 900 yds . In 1890 the N.R.A. first met at the new ranges at See also:

• BISLEY

Bisley . This year was noticeable for the excellent shooting made in the " any " rifle competitions by the See also:

• GIBBS, JOSIAH WILLARD (1839-1903)
• GIBBS, OLIVER WOLCOTT (1822-1908)

Gibbs-Metford match rifle, particularly at x000 yds. range . The accepted type was •461 calibre; 7 grooves •0045 in. in depth; 8o grains of See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black See also:

• GUNPOWDER

gunpowder, and a bullet of 570 grains . In 1892 and 1893 the See also:

• LEE
• LEE (or LEGIT) ROWLAND (d. 1543)
• LEE, ANN (1736–1784)
• LEE, ARTHUR (1740–1792)
• LEE, FITZHUGH (1835–1905)
• LEE, GEORGE ALEXANDER (1802-1851)
• LEE, HENRY (1756-1818)
• LEE, JAMES PRINCE (1804-1869)
• LEE, NATHANIEL (c. 1653-16g2)
• LEE, RICHARD HENRY (1732-1794)
• LEE, ROBERT EDWARD (1807–1870)
• LEE, SIDNEY (1859– )
• LEE, SOPHIA (1950-1824)
• LEE, STEPHEN DILL (1833-1908)

Lee-Metford •303 rifle with See also:

• CORDITE

cordite ammunition was first used by the army teams . In 1890 and later the Hon . T . F .

Fremantle, See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

Captain Gibbs and some others used Metford's copper-coated bullets in the Gibbs-Metford rifle with success . In 1895 many match rifle shots followed their example . In 1895 and 1896 the •303 was equalled, and in some instances beaten, by the smaller-calibre Mannlicher rifle . This was partly due to faulty Lee-Metford ammunition . The •303 now proved its superiority to the .450 Martini, especially at the longer ranges . The Bisley meeting of 1896 practically closed the series of contests with both the Martini and the military match rifles . The See also:

• VOLUNTEERS

Volunteers were thenceforth armed with the .303 . The results of the Bisley meetings since 1895 have proved that rifles of the •303 class, the British •303 rifle particularly, are not so See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good for match rifles pure and See also:

• SIMPLE

simple as the larger bores using black powder . The See also:

• LIGHT

light bullets are more subject to deflection by the See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

wind at long ranges than the heavier See also:

• SPEED, JOHN (1552–1629)

speed-retaining bullets of the larger bores . No nitro-powder used appears to have equalled the black powder in regularity of shooting . At the same time the See also:

• OBJECT

object of the N.R.A. competitions is to encourage the use of the military service rifle in the first place, and in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of the " any " rifle competitions to encourage the See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of weapons of the highest efficiency for military purposes . Acting on these principles the rifles allowed by the N.R.A. regulations (1907) are classed as follows:—Class I .

Service rifle (S.R.): See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government pattern •303 See also:

• MAGAZINE

magazine rifles; sights strictly in accordance with service pattern .l Class II.—Match rifles (M.R.): any breech-loading rifle complying with the following conditions: maximum weight of barrel, 34. lb; maximum calibre, '325; stock sufficiently strong for service purposes, and without See also:

• PAD

pad or See also:

• SHOE (a word appearing in the Teutonic languages in various forms, as Ger. Schuh, Swed. and Dan. sko, sometimes supposed to come from an unknown root ska or sku, cover)

shoe on the heelplate; minimum pull of trigger, 4 lb; sights, of any description . Class III.—Military breech-loading rifles (M.B.L.); any rifle, that is either (a) the regulation military rifle of any country; or (b) a breech-loading rifle complying with the following conditions: maximum weight, exclusive of See also:

• BAYONET

bayonet, 81 lb; maximum calibre, •315; minimum pull of trigger, 4 lb . Sights may be of any description except telescopic or magnifying, but must be fixed to the barrel and must be strong enough for military purposes . Class I V.—Sporting rifles: calibre, any; minimum pull of trigger, 3 lb; sights, open or such as are sanctioned by the council or See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee . The Lyman back-sight and the See also:

• BEECH

Beech See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination fore-sight have been sanctioned . No lateral See also:

• ADJUSTMENT (from late Lat. ad juxtare, derived from juxta, near, but early confounded with a supposed derivation from justus, right)

adjustment of fore- or back-sight is permitted . The miniature rifles allowed fall into two classes, " military," with open sights, only, and " any," with no restrictions as to sights except that magnifying and telescopic sights are forbidden . Modern American Target Rifles.—In See also:

• AMERICA

America, according to some authorities, there are three recognized departments of target shooting—namely off-hand shooting; shooting from a simple rest; and shooting from a machine rest, with telescopic or any other sight . For the first two classes small-bore rifles of .38o calibre or under only are used . The usual weight is from 8 to 10 lb, with 28- or 3o-in. barrel . Light charges for the shorter ranges are used . In the •38o bore only 55 grains of powder with a 33o-See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain bullet is employed .

In the second-class contests, from a simple rest, the barrel is longer and the weight increased to just under 12 lb . The bore is generally .380 . The usual range is 200 yds . The third-class shooting from a machine rest, generally with telescopic sights, is not much practised . Every See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of rifle is employed, usually of large bore and weighing from 20 to 6o lb . The long-range breech-loading match rifle, with which so much fine shooting was done when wiping out after each shot was allowed, weighed about ro lb; the breech mechanism, any falling See also:

• BLOCK
• BLOCK (from the Fr. bloc, and possibly connected with an Old Ger. Block, obstruction, cf. " baulk ")
• BLOCK, MAURICE (1816–19or)

block, as the Sharp, See also:

• FARQUHAR, GEORGE (1677-1707)

Farquhar-son, Deeley, and Edge or Wiley, that admitted the insertion of the cleaning See also:

• ROD (O.E. rodd, probably related to Norw. rudda, stick, rodda, stake)
• ROD, EDOUARD (1857-1910)

rod at the breech; length of barrel, 32 to 34 in.; seven or more grooves •003 to •005 in depth with a See also:

• COMPLETE

complete turn in 20 in . A sharp continual spiral and very shallow grooves constituted the feature of the American See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan . Rigby's plan was similar, with one turn in 18 in. and eight grooves, the lands being about half the width of the grooves . In the Wiley the grooves were fewer and wider . The Metford is an increasing twist, starting with one turn in 6o in. and See also:

• FINISHING

finishing with one in 20, or sharper . The usual bore of the American long-range rifle was '458 or •461; powder, 76 grains of special fouling " rifle powder; elongated cylindrical bullet of 54o grains . The pull-off was under 3 lb .

During See also:

• RECENT

recent years smaller-bore smokeless-powder rifles have also been used . See also:

• CONTINENTAL

Continental Match Rifles.—The target rifle used by continental marksmen for See also:

• MEDIUM

medium ranges is a modification of the old pattern Swiss rifle, with See also:

• SCROLL

scroll guard, hollowed See also:

• BUTT
• BUTT, ISAAC (1813-1879)

butt See also:

• PLATE

plate and See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair trigger . This latter, a See also:

• MECHANICAL

mechanical See also:

• DEVICE

device to See also:

• FREE

free the See also:

• TUMBLER

tumbler from the sear without sufficient pull on the trigger to influence the aim, is disallowed in military arms . Sporting Rifles.—Prior to 1845 smooth-bore guns with See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double charge of powder and an See also:

• OUNCE

ounce spherical ball were generally preferred to rifles for sporting purposes and for large See also:

• GAME

game; 16-bore muzzle-loading rifles were occasionally used by British sportsmen in the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East Indies before that date, firing 11 drs. of powder with a spherical ounce ball . These rifles were sighted to 200 yds., but the trajectory was high and the penetration weak; they were also difficult to load when foul . The twist of the rifling was also too rapid, causing the bullet to See also:

• STRIP

strip with heavy charges of powder . According to Captain Forsyth and others, up to 186o there was no known rifle suitable 1 The N.R.A. have recently sanctioned the use of the See also:

• APERTURE (from Lat. aperire, to open)

aperture sight in service rifles, provided it be attached to the weapon by the See also:

• HINGE (in Mid. Eng. henge or heeng, from hengen, to hang)

hinge-See also:

• PIN (a doublet with " pen " from Lat. pinna, feather, pinnacle, which is said to contain the same root as irirvs, pine tree, and properly to mean a sharp point or end)

pin which fastens the ordinary folding See also:

• LEAF (O. Eng. leaf, cf. Dutch loof, Ger. Laub, Swed. lof, &c.; possibly to be referred to the root seen in Gr. Ma-eta, to peel, strip)

leaf.for sporting purposes in See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India . Rifles of 12-bore See also:

• GAUGE, or GAGE (Med. Lat. gauja, jaugia, Fr. jauge, perhaps connected with Fr. jale, a bowl, galon, gallon)

gauge, firing a spherical ball, were subsequently made, with broad and shallow grooves making one turn in ro ft . The bullet, of the same diameter as the bore, was loaded with a thin patch that took the grooving . These rifles proved very successful, possessing velocity equal to a smooth-bore of the same calibre, accuracy for sporting distances, See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat trajectory and great striking See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power . In r855 W . Greener produced the " Cape rifle" for See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• AFRICAN

African sport, calibre •450 or •500; rifling, two deep grooves with one turn in 26 in., with a flanged bullet to See also:

• FIT

fit the grooves; weight, 12 lb; sighted up to 1200 yds .

This rifle was successful, and others were built by Purdey, who in 1856 named the pattern " See also:

• EXPRESS (through the French from the past participle of the Lat. exprimere, to press out, by transference used of representing objects in painting or sculpture, or of thoughts, &c. in words)

Express See also:

• TRAIN (M. Eng. trayn or trayne, derived through Fr. from Late Lat. trahinare, to drag, draw, Lat. trahere, cf. trail, trace, ultimately from the same source)

Train." Since that date the word " express " has been generally used to denote a rifle possessing high velocity, flat trajectory and long fixed-sight range .2 In America small-bore rifles were used earlier in the 19th century . The celebrated See also:

• KENTUCKY

Kentucky rifles were of various sizes, firing spherical balls of 90, 6o and 40 to the lb, and were renowned for their accuracy and fixed-sight range up to 100 yds . Some maintain that the express rifle was See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed from the Kentucky model . The modern express rifle may be defined as a breech-loading rifle with a height of trajectory not exceeding 42 in. at 150 yds., with a muzzle velocity of at least 1750 f.s . These rifles are usually 5- to 7-grooved, double-barrelled, with 26- to 28-in. barrels of •36o, '400, •450, '500 and •577 bores, weighing respectively from 62 to 7 lb, 7 to 8 lb, 71 to 9 lb, 84 to ro lb and tot to 12 lb . The re., spective See also:

• AVERAGE

average charges are: bullet, 150 grains; powder, 50 grains; 209 and 82; 270 and tto; 340 and 13o; 520 and 16o; the fixed-sight ranges, 130, 16o, 150, 130 and 120 yds . Double and single express rifles of •303 bore with 26-in. barrels are also made . Since the invention of cordite powder and the See also:

• ADVENT (Lat. Adventus, sc. Redemptoris, " the coming of the Saviour ")

advent of the small-bore high-velocity rifle for military purposes, the variety of sporting rifles with different-sized bores has increased . Sporting cordite express rifles are now made, both single- and double-barrelled, of the following calibres: • 256, '265, • 276, '303, '310, '36o, .370, •375, '400, '450, '500, '577 and •600 . Some of these calibres, such as •soo, '577 and •600, are seldom used with cordite . The •450 cordite express is the largest bore high-velocity rifle recommended . The modern small-bore military rifle already described possesses all the best qualities of an express sporting rifle—namely accuracy, flat trajectory, high muzzle velocity and long point-See also:

• BLANK (from the Fr. blanc, white)

blank or fixed-sight range up to 200 yds .

The muzzle velocity of the '303 bore with black powder is 1850 f.s.; with cordite, 2I00 f.s . The hollow-pointed or slit expanding bullet is generally used in these high-velocity rifles, as in the black-powder express, for ordinary sporting purposes, with the solid See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal cartridge-case . The pointed bullet is also sometimes used, generally with the •375 and •475 calibre rifles, and gives an increased muzzle velocity of 2500 f.s . The trajectory of the cordite rifle is stated to be ro in. flatter at 200 yds. than that of a black-powder rifle of similar calibre and corresponding charge . The variety of bores in sporting rifles is due largely to restrictions on the importation of arms of the military calibres (especially '303) into India and South See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa . The sights of sporting express rifles are of some variety, and are usually designed and made with special care . The open V 2 The See also:

• TERM

term " point-blank range " is often used in this connexion . Strictly speaking, there is no such thing as " point-blank range," the bullet commencing to drop immediately it leaves the muzzle of the rifle . The path or trajectory of the bullet if fired horizontally is therefore always a downward See also:

• CURVE (Lat. curvus, bent)

curve . The higher the muzzle velocity the flatter is this curve . The " fixed-sight," or so-called " point-blank " range, is usually taken at such range, generally too yds. with black powder, and with such See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation as render the amount of drop of the bullet or curve of its path practically immaterial for sporting purposes, say a maximum of 41 in . At shorter range this curve would therefore take the bullet so much above the line of fixed-sight aim, and must where necessary be allowed for .

With the high-velocity small-bore rifle the fixed-sight range can be increased to 200 yds. for the sporting rifle; and for military purposes in the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field to 500 yds. and (with pointed bullets) even more . back-sight on an See also:

• IVORY (Fr. ivoire, Lat. ebur)
• IVORY, SIR JAMES (1765-1842)

ivory See also:

• PYRAMID

pyramid' with two'ssr three leaves up to 300 yds., and the enamelled See also:

• BEAD

bead fore-sight; are the most usual See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form . The more elaborate Lyman and Beech peep-sights are also popular . One or two varieties of See also:

• TELESCOPE

telescope sight, attachable to the barrel, are also made by some leading gunmakers, and have been used with success in the field . Solid-See also:

• DRAWN

drawn See also:

• BRASS
• BRASS (O. Eng. braes)

brass cartridge-cases are now always used for sporting rifles, except occasionally for some of the larger bores, in which See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper cartridges may be used . The peculiarity of the express bullet is its hollow point, which is intended to ensure the expansion of the projectile on impact . This diminishes its penetration, but translates its velocity or See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy into " See also:

• SHOCK, or COLLAPSE

shock." If greater penetration is needed, the leaden bullet is hardened with See also:

• MERCURY
• MERCURY (MERCU1uus)
• MERCURY (symbol Hg, atomic weight = 2oo)

mercury or See also:

• TIN (Lat.- stannum, whence the chemical symbol " Sn "; atomic weight =117.6, 0=16)

tin, or the military nickel-coated bullet is- used . Explosive bullets filled with detonating powder were at one time used in express and large-bore rifles for large game . These are now practically abandoned, owing to their uncertainty of action and the danger in handling them . The use of the large 4- and 8-bore black-powder rifles is restricted to the See also:

• HUNTING (the verbal substantive from " hunt "; O. Eng. huntian, hunta; apparently connected with O. Eng. hentan, Gothic hinpan, to capture, O.H.G. hunda,booty)

hunting of large and dangerous game . These are usually double-barrelled . The 4-bore weighs from 14 to 18 lb with 20-in, barrels, and fires a charge of - 12 to 14 drs. of powder, with a spherical bullet of 1510 grs .

The great weight of this rifle is against its See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general use . The 8-bore rifle weighs from 11 z to 15 lb with 20- to 24-in. barrels, with - a charge of 8 to 12 drs. of powder with a spherical ball . These rifles are accurate and -effective up to 120 yds . See also:

• ROOK (O.E. Hr6c, Icel. Hr6kr,1 Swed. Mika, Du. Roek, Gael. Rocas)

Rook and See also:

• RABBIT

rabbit rifles are usually single-barrel breech-loading rifles of from -220 to '380 bore, hammerless, ejectors . The range is ordinarily restricted to 200 yds . Combined rifles and shot-guns are generally used in countries where the kind of game to be met with is not known beforehand, and by emigrants who can only afford one gun . These weapons are double-barrelled (•450 rifle barrel: and 16-bore short barrel; or •5oo rifle and 12-bore shot) . Such a gun has many drawbacks, being too heavy for a shot-gun and too light for a rifle, with a See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad See also:

• BALANCE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. bilantia, an apparatus for weighing, from bi, two, and lanx, a dish or scale)

balance . More modern combinations of the rifle and shot-gun are See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland's ." See also:

• PARADOX (Gr. treat, beyond, contrary to, Sofia, opinion)

Paradox," a smooth bore with the last -three inches of the barrel ratchet-rifled, See also:

• LANCASTER
• LANCASTER, HOUSE OF
• LANCASTER, JOHN OF GAUNT
• LANCASTER, JOSEPH (1778-1838)
• LANCASTER, SIR JAMES (f1. 1591—1618)
• LANCASTER, THOMAS, EARL OF (c. 1277-1322)

Lancaster's " Colindian See also:

• TWISTED

twisted See also:

• OVAL (Lat. ovum, egg)

oval- bore, and Bland's " Euoplia " with " invisible ": undulating rifling . All these weapons fire heavy bullets more or less accurately up to too yds., are also used as shot-guns, and are made double-or single-barrelled and of various calibres, 12-bore being the most See also:

• COMMON

common . There ,is also Greener's " under, and over," the rifle barrel being topmost (usually 16-bore shot-gun barrel and •450 rifle barrel), The See also:

• MORRIS
• MORRIS [MORRISON], CLARA (1849– )
• MORRIS, GOUVERNEUR (1752–1816)
• MORRIS, JOHN (1810-1886)
• MORRIS, RICHARD (1833–1894)
• MORRIS, ROBERT (1734–1806)
• MORRIS, SIR LEWIS (1833–1907)
• MORRIS, WILLIAM (1834-1896)

Morris See also:

• TUBE (Lat. tuba)

tube also enables a shot-gun to be utilized as a, small-bore rifle or a large rifle as a See also:

• SALOON

saloon rifle for See also:

• GALLERY (through Ital. galleria, from Med. Lat. galeria, of which the origin is unknown)

gallery practice . The automatic principle has not yet been applied to sporting rifles .

Miniature Rifles.—In 1905 a War See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

Office miniature or See also:

• CADET (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. capitettum, a diminutive of caput, head, through the Provencal form capdet)

cadet rifle for instruction purposes was officially adopted by the British military authorities . The details of this rifle were determined by a committee, upon which the National Rifle Association and the Society of Miniature Rifle Clubs were represented . It is a single-loading See also:

• BOLT

bolt-action rifle of • '22 calibre with military sights (the aperture sight being barred), shooting a rim-fire cartridge having a 4o-gr. bullet propelled by 5 grs. of black gunpowder or its See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent in some smokeless explosive . It is used at ranges from, 25 yds. up to a maximum of 200 yds . The official See also:

• ADOPTION (Lat. adoptio, for adoptalio, from adoptare, to choose for oneself)

adoption of such a rifle was largely due to the civilian rifle club See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement, which was the outcome of the South African War, and in which the Society of Miniature Rifle Clubs has played an important See also:

• PART

part . Until the recent official adoption of the miniature rifle, the council of the N.R.A. regarded marksmanship with the service rifle as its See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main object of encouragement, andthe service rifle itself as the orthodox weapon . The Society of Miniature Rifle Clubs, on the other hand, makes the encouragement of the use of, See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low-power rifles its special object, with few restrictions as to type of sights, rifle or ammunition . Numerous civilian rifle clubs have adopted the •22 calibre rifle, in many cases with aperture sights, with marked success, and British rifle-makers, were encouraged to cater for this new demand for low-power rifles . Such weapons can be far more widely and generally used than the ordinary service weapon, owing to their smaller cost, cheaper ammunition, See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of recoil, and their convenience for use at short covered ranges in crowded centres of See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population . In many parts of Great Britain there is practically no alternative between low-power short-range practice and no shooting at all . The N.R.A. has now admitted the miniature '22 calibre rifle upon equal terms with the service rifle . The miniature rifle has, to some extent, taken the place of the , Morris tube and " adaptors " previously used for rifle practice at short ranges.l The Morris tube consists of a small-rifled barrel, usually chambered for the 297/230-bore cartridge, and capable of being. fitted inside the barrel of the ordinary service weapon, which thus becomes available as a miniature rifle for short-range practice .

The Morris tube has been adopted by the British War Office, and affords an excellent means of training the recruit . "Adaptors" are dummy cartridge-cases fitted into the ,breech of the ordinary rifle, by means of -which a shorter cartridge firing a lighter charge of powder, but with a bullet of the same calibre as the rifle, can be used for short-range practice . One of.. the first See also:

• ENGLISH

English miniature target rifles was the " Sharpshooters' Club " -rifle, on the Martini principle, of •310 calibre, manufactured and introduced. by W . W . Greener, and suitable for ranges from 50 to 300 yds . This rifle was adopted by many rifle clubs, and in 1901 established a See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record in the miniature rifle competition at Bisley . Miniature rifle shooting has been much encouraged throughout the See also:

• UNITED

United See also:

• KINGDOM

Kingdom by the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of the Light Rifle Championship competition under the auspices of the Society of Miniature Rifle Clubs . In 1907 Queen Alexandra presented a See also:

• CUP (in O.E. cuppe; generally taken to be from Late Lat. cuppa, a variant of Lat. cupa, a cask, cf. Gr. KuaeXXov)

cup for this event . (H . S-K.) RIFLEMAN-See also:

• BIRD

BIRD, or RIFLE-BIRD, names given by the English in See also:

• AUSTRALIA

Australia to a very beautiful inhabitant of that country,2 probably because in coloration it resembled the well-known See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform of the rifle-regiments of the British army, while in its long and projecting hypochondriac plumes and short tail a further likeness might be traced to the See also:

• HANGING

hanging See also:

• PELISSE (through the Fr. from Lat. pellicia: sc. vestis, a garment made of fur, pellis, skin)

pelisse and the jacket formerly worn by the members of those corps . The See also:

• COCK, EDWARD (1805-1892)

cock bird is clothed in velvety-black generally glossed with See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich See also:

• PURPLE

purple, but having each See also:

• FEATHER (0. Eng. (ether, Ger. Feder, from an Indo-European root seen also in Gr. lrrepov, and aEreo-Oat, to fly)

feather of the See also:

• ABDOMEN (a Latin word, either from abdere, to hide, or from a form adipomen, from adeps, fat)

abdomen broadly tipped with a See also:

• CHEVRON (Fr. from chevre, a goat)

chevron of See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green bronze, while the See also:

• CROWN

crown of the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head is covered with See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale-like feathers of glittering green, and on the See also:

• THROAT (O. Eng. protu, prote or }Prota, possibly from preotan, to press, whence threat, or, with loss of initial s, connected with strut, to swell)

throat gleams a triangular patch of brilliant bluish See also:

• EMERALD

emerald, a See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour that reappears on the whole upper surface of the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle pair of tail-quills . The See also:

• HEN

hen is greyish-See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715â