See also:

• ARTHUR (Fr. Arius)
• ARTHUR, CHESTER ALAN (1830 – 1886)

ARTHUR See also:

• ARTHUR SCHOPENHAUER (1788-186o)

SCHOPENHAUER (1788-186o)  , See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German philosopher, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in See also:

• DANZIG, or DANTSIC (Polish Gdansk)

Danzig on the 22nd of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1788 . His parents belonged to the See also:

• MERCANTILE (or COMMERCIAL) AGENCIES

mercantile See also:

• ARISTOCRACY (Gr. apuvror, best; «paria, government)

aristocracy—the bankers and traders of Danzig . His See also:

• FATHER

father, Heinrich See also:

• FLORIS, FRANS

Floris See also:

• SCHOPENHAUER, ARTHUR (1788-186o)

Schopenhauer, the youngest of a See also:

• FAMILY

family to which the See also:

• MOTHER

mother had brought the germs of See also:

• MENTAL

mental malady, was a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of strong will and originality, and so proud of the See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence of his native See also:

• TOWN

town that when Danzig in 1793 surrendered to the Prussians he and his whole See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment withdrew to See also:

• HAMBURG

Hamburg: At the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of See also:

• FORTY

forty he married Johanna Henrietta Trosiener, then only twenty, but the See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage owing to difference of temperament was unhappy . Their two See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children, See also:

• ARTHUR (Fr. Arius)
• ARTHUR, CHESTER ALAN (1830 – 1886)

Arthur and Adele (born 1796), See also:

• BORE

bore the See also:

• PENALTY (Lat. poena, punishment)

penalty of their parents' incompatibilities . They were burdened by an abnormal urgency of See also:

• DESIRE

desire and capacity for suffering, which no doubt took different phases in the man and the woman, but linked them together in a See also:

• COMMON

common susceptibility to ideal See also:

• PAIN (from Lat. poena, Gr. robin, penalty, that which must be paid: O. Fr. peine)
• PAIN, BARRY (1867– )

pain.' In the summer of 1787, a See also:

• YEAR

year after the marriage, the See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder Schopenhauer, whom commercial experiences had made a See also:

• COSMOPOLITAN (Gr. Kbvµos, world, and IroXirgs, citizen)

cosmopolitan in See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart, took his wife on a tour to western See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . It had been his See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan that the expected See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child should see the See also:

• LIGHT

light in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, but the intention was frustrated by the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of his wife's See also:

• HEALTH

health . The name Arthur was chosen because it remains the same in See also:

• ENGLISH

English, See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French and German . During the twelve years which followed the removal of the family to Hamburg (1793-1805) the Schopenhauers made frequent excursions . From 1797 to 1799 Arthur was a boarder with M . See also:

• GREGOIRE, HENRI (1750—1831)

Gregoire, a See also:

• MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

merchant of See also:

• HAVRE
• HAVRE, LE

Havre, and friend of the Hamburg See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house, with whose son Anthime he formed a fast friendship . Returning to Hamburg, for the next four years he had but indifferent training . When he reached the age of fifteen the scholarly and See also:

• LITERARY

literary instincts began to awaken .

But his father, steeped in the spirit of See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce, was unwilling that a son of his should See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship knowledge and truth . Accordingly he offered his son the choice between the classical school and an excursion to England . A boy of fifteen could scarcely hesitate . In 1803 the Schopenhauers and their son set out on a lengthened tour, of which Johanna has given an See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account, to See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland, England, See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France and See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria . Six months were spent in England . He found English ways dull and precise and the religious observances exacting; and his mother had—not for the last See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time—to talk seriously with him on his unsocial and wilful See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . At Hamburg in the beginning of 1805 he was placed in a merchant's See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office . He had only been there for three months when his father, who had shown 'Johanna Schopenhauer (T766-1838) was in her See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day an 'author of some reputation . Besides editing the See also:

• MEMOIRS

memoirs of See also:

• FERNOW, KARL LUDWIG (1763-1808)

Fernow, she published Notes on Travels in England, See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland and See also:

• SOUTHERN

Southern France (1813-1817); Johann See also:

• VAN

van See also:

• EYCK, VAN

Eyck and his Successors (1823); three romances, Gabriele (1819-182o), See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Tante (1823) and Sidonia (1828), besides some shorter tales . These novels See also:

• TEACH [THATCH OR THACH], EDWARD (d. 1718)

teach the moral of renunciation (Entsagung) . Her daughter Adele (1796-1849) seems to have had a brave, See also:

• TENDER

tender and unsatisfied heart, and lavished on her See also:

• BROTHER

brother an See also:

• AFFECTION (Lat. ad, and facere, to do something to, sc. a person)

affection he sorely tried . She also was an authoress, See also:

• PUBLISHING

publishing in 1844 a See also:

• VOLUME

volume of Haus-, Wald-, and Feld-Marchen, full of See also:

• QUAINT (O. Fr. cointe, from Lat. cognitus, known, probably influenced by association with Lat. corn plus, neat)

quaint poetical conceits, and in 1845 See also:

• ANNA
• ANNA (Hindustani ana)
• ANNA, BALDASARRE

Anna, a novel, in two vols .

See Laura See also:

• FROST (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch, vorst, Ger. Frost, from the common Teutonic verb meaning " to freeze," Dutch, vriezcn, Ger. frieren; the Indo-European root is seen in Lat. pruina, hoar-frost, cf. prurire, to itch, burn, pruna, burning coal, Sans
• FROST, WILLIAM EDWARD (1810–1877)

Frost, Johanna Schopenhauer: ein Frauenleben (1905) . symptoms of mental See also:

• ALIENATION (from Lat. alienus, belonging to another)

alienation, See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell or threw himself into the See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal . After his See also:

• DEATH

death the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young widow (still under forty), leaving Arthur at Hamburg, proceeded with her daughter Adele in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of r8o6 to See also:

• WEIMAR

Weimar, where she arrived only e fortnight before the tribulation which followed the victory of See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon at See also:

• JENA

Jena . At Weimar her talents, hitherto held in check, found an See also:

• ATMOSPHERE (Gr. fir µ6r, vapour; orkaipa, a sphere)

atmosphere to stimulate and See also:

• FOSTER, GEORGE EULAS (1847– )
• FOSTER, JOHN (177o-1843)
• FOSTER, MYLES BIRKET (1825-1899)
• FOSTER, SIR CLEMENT LE NEVE (1841-1904)
• FOSTER, SIR MICHAEL (1836-r9o7)
• FOSTER, STEPHEN COLLINS (1826-1864)

foster them; her aesthetic and literary tastes formed themselves under the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of See also:

• GOETHE, JOHANN WOLFGANG VON (1749-1832)

Goethe and his circle, and her little See also:

• SALON

salon gained a certain celebrity . Arthur, meanwhile, became more and more restless, and his mother allowed him to leave his employment . He began his See also:

• EDUCATION

education again at See also:

• GOTHA

Gotha, but a See also:

• SATIRE (Lat. satira, satura; see below)

satire on one of the teachers led to his dismissal . He was then placed with the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar See also:

• FRANZ, ROBERT (1815-1892)

Franz See also:

• PASSOW, FRANZ LUDWIG CARL FRIEDRICH (1786-1833)

Passow, who superintended his classical studies . This time he made so much progress that in two years he read Greek and Latin with fluency and See also:

• INTEREST

interest . In 18o9 his mother handed over to him (aged twenty-one) the third See also:

• PART

part of the paternal See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate, which gave him an income of £150, and in See also:

• OCTOBER

October 18o9 he entered the university of See also:

• GOTTINGEN

Gottingen . The direction of his philosophical See also:

• READING

reading was fixed by the See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice of G . E . Schulze to study, especially, See also:

• PLATO

Plato and See also:

• KANT, IMMANUEL (1724-1804)

Kant .

For the former he soon found himself full of reverence, and from the latter he acquired the standpoint of See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy . The names of " Plato the divine and the marvellous Kant " are conjunctly invoked at the beginning of his earliest See also:

• WORK

work . But even at this See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage of his career the See also:

• PESSIMISM (from Lat. pessimus, worst)

pessimism of his later writings began to See also:

• MANIFEST (Lat. manifestus, clear, open to view)

manifest itself, together with a susceptibility to morbid fears which led him to keep loaded weapons always at his bedside . He was a man of few acquaintances, amongst the few being See also:

• BUNSEN, CHRISTIAN CHARLES JOSIAS, BARON VON (1791-186o,)
• BUNSEN, ROBERT WILHELM VON (1811-1899)

Bunsen, the subsequent scholar-diplomatist, and Bunsen's See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil, W . B . See also:

• ASTOR, JOHN JACOB (1763-1848)

Astor, the son of Washing-ton See also:

• IRVING, EDWARD (1792-1834)
• IRVING, SIR HENRY (1838-1905)
• IRVING, WASHINGTON (1783-18J9)

Irving's millionaire See also:

• HERO (Gr. open)
• HERO, THE YOUNGER

hero . Even then he found his trustiest See also:

• MATE (a corruption of make, from O. Eng. gemaca, a " comrade ")
• MATE, or PARAGUAY TEA

mate in a poodle, and its bearskin was an institution in his lodging . Yet, precisely because he met the See also:

• WORLD

world so seldom in easy See also:

• DIALOGUE

dialogue, he was unnecessarily dogmatic in controversy; and many a See also:

• BOTTLE (Fr. bouteille, from a diminutive of the Lat. butta, a flask; cf. Eng. " butt ")

bottle of See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine went to pay for lost wagers . But he had made up his mind to be not an actor but an onlooker and critic in the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of See also:

• LIFE

life; and when See also:

• WIELAND, CHRISTOPH MARTIN (1733-1813)

Wieland, whom he met on one of his excursions, suggested doubts as to the See also:

• WISDOM, BOOK OF, or WISDOM OF SOLOMON (Sept. Io4ia IaXwµwvos; Lat. Vulg. Liber sapientiae)

wisdom of his choice, Schopenhauer replied, " Life is a ticklish business; I have resolved to spend it in reflecting upon it." After two years at Gottingen he took two years at See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin . Here also he dipped into See also:

• DIVERS

divers stores of learning, notably See also:

• CLASSICS

classics under See also:

• WOLF
• WOLF (Canis lupus)
• WOLF, FRIEDRICH AUGUST (1759-1824)
• WOLF, HUGO (1860-1903)
• WOLF, JOSEPH (1820-1899)

Wolf . In philosophy he heard See also:

• FICHTE, IMMANUEL HERMANN (originally HARTMANN) VON (1797-1879)
• FICHTE, JOHANN GOTTLIEB (1762-1814)

Fichte and See also:

• SCHLEIERMACHER, FRIEDRICH DANIEL ERNST (1768-1834)

Schleiermacher . Between 1811 and 1813 the lectures of Fichte (subsequently published from his notes in his Nachgelassene Werke) dealt with what he called the " facts of consciousness " and the " theory of See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science," and struggled to See also:

• PRESENT

present his final conception of philosophy .

These lectures Schopenhauer attended—at first, it is allowed, with interest, but afterwards with a spirit of opposition which is said to have degenerated into contempt, and which in after years never permitted him to refer to Fichte without contumely . Yet the words Schopenhauer then listened to, often with baffled curiosity, certainly influenced his See also:

• SPECULATION

speculation . In Berlin Schopenhauer was lonely and unhappy . One of his interests was to visit the See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital La Charite and study the See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence it afforded of the interdependence of the moral and the See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical in man . In the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early days of 1813 sympathy with the See also:

• NATIONAL

national See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm against the French carried him so far as to buy a set of arms; but he stopped See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short of volunteering for active service, reflecting that Napoleon gave after all only concentrated and untrammelled utterance to that self-assertion and lust for more life which weaker mortals feel but must per-force disguise . Leaving the nation and its statesmen to fight out their freedom, he hurried away to Weimar, and thence to the quiet Thuringian town of See also:

• RUDOLSTADT

Rudolstadt, where in the See also:

• INN

inn " Zum See also:

• RITTER, HEINRICH (1791-1869)
• RITTER, KARL (1779–1859)

Ritter," out of sight of soldier and See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

sound of See also:

• DRUM (early forms drome or dromme, a word common to many Teut. languages, cf. Dan. tromme, Ger. Trommel: the word is ultimately the same as " trumpet," and is probably onomatopoeic in origin; it appears late in Eng. about the middle of the 16th century)

drum, he wrote, helped by books from the Weimar library, his See also:

• ESSAY, ESSAYIST (Fr. essai, Late Lat. exagium, a weighing or balance; exigere, to examine; the term in general meaning any trial or effort)

essay for the degree of See also:

• DOCTOR (Lat. for " teacher ")

doctor in philosophy . On the 2nd of October 1813 he received his diploma from Jena; and in the same year from the See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press at Rudolstadt there was published—withoutwinning See also:

• NOTICE

notice or readers—his first See also:

• BOOK

book, Uber die vierfache Wurzel See also:

• DES

des Satzes vom zureichenden Grunde, trans. in See also:

• BOHN, HENRY GEORGE (1796-1884)

Bohn's Philological Library (1889) . In See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1813 Schopenhauer returned to Weimar, and for a few months boarded with his mother . But the See also:

• STRAIN (through O. Fr. straindre, estraindre, mod. i treindre, from Lat. stringere, to draw tight, related to stress, stretch, string, &c.)

strain of daily association was too much for their antagonistic natures . His splenetic See also:

• TEMPER (from Lat. temperare, to mingle or compound in due proportion, to qualify, rule, regulate, to be moderate, formed from tempos, time, fit or due season)

temper and her volatility culminated in an open rupture in May 1814 . From that time till her death in 1838 Schopenhauer never saw his mother again . During these few months at Weimar, however, he made some acquaintances destined to influence the subsequent course of his thought .

Conversations with the Orientalist F . See also:

• MAYER, JOHANN TOBIAS (1723-1762)
• MAYER, JULIUS ROBERT (1814-1878)

Mayer directed his studies to the philosophical speculations of See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India . In 18o8 See also:

• FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— )

Friedrich See also:

• SCHLEGEL, AUGUST WILHELM VON (1767-1845)
• SCHLEGEL, JOHANN ELIAS (1719-1749)
• SCHLEGEL, KARL WILHELM FRIEDRICH VON (1772-1829)

Schlegel had in his See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

Language and Wisdom of the Old See also:

• HINDUS

Hindus brought Brahmanical philosophy within the range of See also:

• EUROPEAN

European literature . Still more instructive for Schopenhauer was the imperfect and obscure Latin See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of the Upanishads which in 18o1–18o2 See also:

• ANQUETIL
• ANQUETIL, LOUIS PIERRE (1723-18o8)

Anquetil See also:

• DUPERRON, JACQUES DAVY (1556–1618)

Duperron had published from a See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian version of the See also:

• SANSKRIT

Sanskrit See also:

• ORIGINAL

original . Another friend-See also:

• SHIP

ship of the same See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period had more palpable immediate effect, but not so permanent . This was with Goethe, who succeeded in securing his interest for those investigations on See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours on which he was himself engaged . Schopenhauer took up the subject in See also:

• EARNEST (probably a corruption of the obsolete arles or erles, adapted from Lat. equivalent arrha, due to a confusion with the adjective " earnest," serious, O. Eng. eornust, cognate with Ger. ernst)

earnest, and the result of his reflexions (and a few elementary observations) soon after appeared (See also:

• EASTER

Easter 1816) as a monograph, Uber das Sehen. and die Farben (ed . See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1854) . The essay, which must be treated as an See also:

• EPISODE

episode or digression from the See also:

• DIRECT

direct path of Schopenhauer's development, due to the potent force of Goethe, was written at See also:

• DRESDEN

Dresden, to which he had transferred his See also:

• ABODE (from " abide," to dwell, properly " to wait for ," to bide)

abode after the rupture with his mother . It had been sent in MS. to Goethe in the autumn of 1815, who, finding in it a transformation rather than an expan- See also:

• SION [Ger. Sitten]

sion of his own ideas, inclined to regard the author as an opponent rather than an adherent . The pamphlet begins by re-stating with reference to sight the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general theory that See also:

• PERCEPTION (from Lat. percipere, to perceive)

perception of an See also:

• OBJECTIVE, or OBJECT GLASS

objective world rests upon an instinctive causal postulation, which even when it misleads Essay on still remains to haunt us (instead of being, like errors of sight and See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason, open to extirpation by evidence), and proceeds to coionrs . See also:

• DEAL

deal with physiological See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour, i.e. with colours as See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt (not perceived) modifications of the See also:

• ACTION

action of the retina .

First of all, the distinction of See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white and See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black, with their mean point in See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey, is referred to the activity or inactivity of the See also:

• TOTAL

total retina in the graduated presence or See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of full light . Further, the See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye is endowed with See also:

• POLARITY (Lat. polaris, poles, pole)

polarity, by which its activity is divided into two parts qualitatively distinct . It is this circumstance which gives rise to the phenomenon of colour . All colours are complementary, or go in pairs; each pair makes up the whole activity of the retina, and so is See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent to white; and the two partial activities are so connected that when the first is exhausted the other spontaneously succeeds . Such pairs of colour may be regarded as See also:

• INFINITE (from Lat. in, not, finis, end or limit; cf. findere, to deave)

infinite in number; but there are three pairs which stand out prominently, and admit of easy expression for the ratio in which each contributes to the total action . These are red and See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green (each =I), See also:

• ORANGE
• ORANGE (Citrus Aurantium)
• ORANGE, HOUSE OF

orange and See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue (2 : I) and yellow and See also:

• VIOLET

violet (3 : 1).1 This theory of complementary colours as due to the polarity in the qualitative action of the retina is followed by some See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism of See also:

• NEWTON
• NEWTON, ALFRED (1829–1907)
• NEWTON, JOHN (1725-1807)
• NEWTON, JOHN (1823-1895)
• NEWTON, SIR CHARLES THOMAS (1816-1894)
• NEWTON, SIR ISAAC (1642-1727)

Newton and the seven colours, by an See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to explain some facts noted by Goethe, and by some reference to the See also:

• EXTERNAL

external stimuli which cause colour . The See also:

• GRAND

grand interest of his life at Dresden was the See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition of a work which should give expression in all its aspects to the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of man's nature and destiny which had been gradually forming within him . Without cutting himself altogether either from social pleasures or from See also:

• ART

art, he read and took notes with regularity . More and more he learned from See also:

• CABANIS, PIERRE JEAN GEORGE (1757-1808)

Cabanis and Helvetius to see in the will and the passions the determinants of intellectual life, and in the character and the temper the source of theories and beliefs . The conviction was See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne in upon him that scientific explanation could never do more than systematize and classify the See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of appearances which to our See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit-blinded eyes seem to be the reality . To get at this reality and thus to reach a stand-point higher than that of See also:

• AETIOLOGY, or ETIOLOGY (from Gr. atria, cause, and Xo yia, discourse)

aetiology was the problem of his as of all philosophy . It is only by such a See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower of speculation that an In this See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine, so far as the facts go, Schopenhauer is indebted to a See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper by R .

Waring See also:

• DARWIN, CHARLES ROBERT (1809-1882)
• DARWIN, ERASMUS (1731-1802)

Darwin in vol. lxxvi. of the Transactions of the Philosophical Society . See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape is possible from the spectre of See also:

• MATERIALISM (from Lat. materia, matter)

materialism, theoretical and See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical; and so, says Schopenhauer, " the just and See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good must all have this creed: I believe in a metaphysic." The See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere. reasonings of theoretical science leave no See also:

• ROOM

room for art, and practical prudence usurps the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of morality . The higher life of aesthetic and ethical activity—the beautiful and the good—can only be based upon an See also:

• INTUITION (from Lat. intueri, to look at)

intuition which penetrates the heart of reality . Towards the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring of 1818 the work was nearing its end, and See also:

• BROCKHAUS, FRIEDRICH ARNOLD (1772-1823)

Brockhaus of Leipzig had agreed to publish it and pay the author one See also:

• DUCAT

ducat for every See also:

• SHEET

sheet of printed See also:

• MATTER

matter . But, as the press loitered, Schopenhauer, suspecting treachery, wrote so rudely and haughtily to the publisher that the latter See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke off See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence with his client . In the end of 1818, however, the book appeared (with the date 1819) as Die Welt als Wille and Vorstellung, in four books, with an appendix containing a criticism of the Kantian philosophy (Eng. trans. by R . B . See also:

• HALDANE, JAMES ALEXANDER (1768–1851)
• HALDANE, RICHARD BURDON (1856– )
• HALDANE, ROBERT (1764–1842)

Haldane and J . See also:

• KEMP, WILLIAM (fl. 1600)

Kemp, 1883) . See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

Long before the work had come to the hands of the public Schopenhauer had rushed off to See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy . He stayed for a time in See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice, where See also:

• BYRON, GEORGE GORDON BYRON, 6TH BARON (1788-1824)
• BYRON, HENRY JAMES (1834-1884)
• BYRON, HON
• BYRON, JOHN BYRON

Byron was then living; but the two did not meet . At See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome he visited the art galleries, the See also:

• OPERA (Italian for " work ")

opera, the See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre, and gladly seized every See also:

• CHANCE (through the O. Fr. cheance, from the Late Lat. cadentia, things happening, from cadere, to fall out, happen; cf. " case ")

chance of conversing in English with Englishmen .

In See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1819 he went as far as See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples and See also:

• PAESTUM (Gr.Iloveu3wvia; mod. Pesto)

Paestum . About this time the fortunes of his mother and See also:

• SISTER

sister and himself were threatened by the failure of the See also:

• FIRM

firm in Danzig . His sister accepted a See also:

• COMPROMISE (pronounced compromize; through Fr. from Lat. compromittere)

compromise of 70%, but Schopenhauer angrily refused this, and eventually recovered 9400 thalers . After some stay at Dresden, hesitating between fixing himself as university teacher at Gottingen, See also:

• HEIDELBERG

Heidelberg or Berlin, he finally See also:

• CHOSE (Fr. for " thing ")

chose the last-mentioned . He was, however, not a good lecturer, and his work soon came to an end . His failure he attributed to Hegelian intrigues . Thus, except for some See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to See also:

• PHYSIOLOGY (from Gr. 4 i s, nature, and koyos, discourse)

physiology, the first two years at Berlin were wasted . In May 1822 he set out by way of See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland for Italy . After spending the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter at See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence and Rome, he See also:

• LEFT

left in the spring of 1823 for See also:

• MUNICH (Ger. Munchen)

Munich, where he stayed for nearly a year, the See also:

• PREY (0. Fr. preie, mod. proie, Lat. praeda, booty, from prae and the root hed—seen in prehendere, prendere, to grasp)

prey of illness and See also:

• ISOLATION

isolation . When at the end of this wretched time he left for See also:

• GASTEIN

Gastein, in May 1824, he had almost entirely lost the See also:

• HEARING (formed from the verb " to hear," O. Eng. hyran, heron, &c., a common Teutonic verb; cf. Ger. Koren, Dutch hooren, &c.; the O. Tent. form is seen in Goth. hausjan; the initial h makes any connexion with " ear," Lat. audire, or Gr. &Kobew very doub

hearing of his right See also:

• EAR (common Teut.; O.E. are, Ger. Ohr, Du. oor, akin to Lat. auris, Gr. ovs)

ear .. Dresden, which he reached in See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August, no longer presented the same hospitable aspect as of old, and he was reluctantly See also:

• DRAWN

drawn onwards to Berlin in May 1825 . The six years at Berlin were a See also:

• DISMAL

dismal period in the life of Schopenhauer .

In vain did he See also:

• WATCH (in O. Eng. wcecce, a keeping guard or watching, from wacian, to guard, watch, wacan, to wake)

watch for any sign of recognition of his philosophic See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius . Hegelianism reigned in the See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools and in literature and basked in the See also:

• SUNSHINE

sunshine of authority . Thus driven back upon himself, Schopenhauer fell into morbid meditations, and the world which he saw, if it was stripped naked of its disguises, lost its proportions in the distorting light . The sexual See also:

• PASSION (post-classical Lat. passio, formed from pati, passus, to suffer, endure)

passion had a strong attraction for him at all times, and, according to his biographers, the notes he set down in English, when he was turned See also:

• THIRTY

thirty, on marriage and kindred topics are unfit for publication . Yet in the loneliness of life at Berlin the idea of a wife as the comfort of gathering age sometimes See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose before his mind—only to be driven away by cautious hesitations as to the capacity of his means, and by the shrinking from the loss of See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar liberties . He wrote nothing material . In 1828 he made inquiries about a See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair at Heidelberg; and in 183o he got a shortened Latin version of his physiological theory of colours inserted in the.third volume of the Scriptores ophthalmologici minores (edited by See also:

• RADIUS

Radius) . Another pathway to reputation was suggested by some remarks he saw in the seventh number of the See also:

• FOREIGN

Foreign See also:

• REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

Review, in an See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article on See also:

• DAMIRON, JEAN PHILIBERT (1794-1862)

Damiron's French Philosophy in the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

Century . With reference to some statements in the article on the importance of Kant, he sent in very See also:

• FAIR

fair English a See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter to the writer, offering to translate Kant's See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• WORKS

works into English . He named his See also:

• WAGES (the plural of " wage," from Late Lat. wadium, a pledge, O. Fr. wagier, gagier)

wages and enclosed a specimen of his work . His correspondent, See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis See also:

• HAYWOOD, ELIZA (c. 1693-1756)

Haywood, made a See also:

• COUNTER

counter-proposal which so disgusted Schopenhauer that he addressed his next letter to the publishers of the review . When they again referred him to Haywood, he applied to See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• CAMPBELL, ALEXANDER (1788–1866)
• CAMPBELL, BEATRICE STELLA (Mrs PATRICK CAMPBELL) (1865– )
• CAMPBELL, GEORGE (1719–1796)
• CAMPBELL, JOHN
• CAMPBELL, JOHN (1708-1775)
• CAMPBELL, JOHN CAMPBELL, BARON (1779-1861)
• CAMPBELL, JOHN FRANCIS
• CAMPBELL, LEWIS (1830-1908)
• CAMPBELL, REGINALD JOHN (1867— )
• CAMPBELL, THOMAS (1777—1844)

Campbell, then chairman of a See also:

• COMPANY

company formed for buying up the See also:

• COPYRIGHT

copyright of meritoriousbut rejected works .

Nothing came of this application .l A translation of selections from the works of Balthazar Gracian, which was published by Frauenstadt in 1862, seems to have been made about this time.2 In 1833 he settled finally at See also:

• FRANKFORT

Frankfort, gloomily waiting for the recognition of his work, and terrified by fears of assassination and See also:

• ROBBERY (from O. Fr. rober, to steal)

robbery . As the years passed he noted down every See also:

• CONFIRMATION (Lat. confirmatio, from confirmare, to establish, make firm)

confirmation he found of his own opinions in the writings of others, and every instance in which his views appeared to be illustrated by new researches . Full of the conviction of his idea, he saw everything in the light of it, and gave each apercu a place in his alphabetically arranged See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note-book . Everything he published in later life may be called a commentary, an excursus or a scholium to his See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main book; and many of them are decidedly of the nature of common-place books or collectanea of notes . But along with the ac-cumulation of his illustrative and corroborative materials See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew the bitterness of heart which found its utterances neglected and other names the oracles of the reading world . The gathered See also:

• ILL

ill-See also:

• HUMOUR (Latin humor)

humour of many years, aggravated by the confident assurance of the Hegelians, found vent at length in the introduction to his next book, where See also:

• HEGEL, GEORG WILHELM FRIEDRICH (1770-1831)

Hegel's works are described as three-quarters utter absurdity and one-See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter mere See also:

• PARADOX (Gr. treat, beyond, contrary to, Sofia, opinion)

paradox—a specimen of the language in which during his subsequent career he used to advert to his three predecessors Fichte, See also:

• SCHELLING, FRIEDRICH WILHELM JOSEPH VON (1775-1854)
• SCHELLING, KAROLINE (1763-1809)

Schelling, but above all Hegel . This work, with its See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild outcry against the philosophy of the professoriate, was entitled Ober den Willen in der Natur, and was published in 1836 (revised and enlarged, 1854; Eng. trans., 1889) . In 1837 Schopenhauer sent to the See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee entrusted with the See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution of the proposed See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument to Goethe at See also:

• FRANK, JAKOB (1726-1791)

Frank-fort a long and deliberate expression of his views, in general and particular, on the best mode of carrying out the See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design . But his See also:

• FELLOW

fellow-citizens passed by the remarks of the mere writer of books . More See also:

• WEIGHT

weight was naturally attached to the See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion he had advocated in his early criticism of Kant as to the importance, if not the superiority, of the first edition of the Kritik; in the collected issue of Kant's works by See also:

• ROSENKRANZ, JOHANN KARL FRIEDRICH (1805-1879)

Rosenkranz and See also:

• SCHUBERT, FRANZ PETER (1797-1828)

Schubert in 1838 that edition was put as the substantive See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text, with supplementary See also:

• EXHIBITION

exhibition of the See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences of the second . In 1841 he published under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title Die beiden Grundprobleme der Ethik two essays which he had sent in 1838–1839 in competition for prizes offered . The first was in See also:

• ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer to the question " Whether man's See also:

• FREE

free will can be proved from self-consciousness," proposed by the See also:

• NORWEGIAN

Norwegian See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy of Sciences at Drontheim .

His essay was awarded the See also:

• PRIZE, or PRIZE OF WAR (Fr. prise, from prendre, to take)

prize, and the author elected a member of the society . But proportionate to his exultation in this first recognition of his merit was the See also:

• DEPTH

depth of his See also:

• MORTIFICATION

mortification and the height of his indignation at the result of the second competition . He had sent to the Danish Academy at See also:

• COPENHAGEN (Danish Kjobenhavn)

Copenhagen in 1839 an essay " On the See also:

• FOUNDATIONS

Foundations of Morality " in answer to a vaguely worded subject of discussion to which they had invited candidates . His essay, though it was the only one in competition, was refused the prize on the grounds that he had failed to examine the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief problem (i.e. whether the basis of morality was to be sought in an intuitive idea of right), that his explanation was inadequate, and that he had been wanting in due respect to the summi philosophi of the age that was just passing . This last reason, while probably most effective with the See also:

• JUDGES, THE BOOK OF

judges, only stirred up more furiously the fury in Schopenhauer's See also:

• BREAST (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. the Ger. Brust, possibly connected with an O. Sax. brustian, to bud)

breast, and his See also:

• PREFACE (Med. Lat. prefatia, for classical praefatio, praefari, to speak beforehand)

preface is one long fulmination against the ineptitudes and the charlatanry of his bete noire, Hegel . In 1844 appeared the second edition of The World as Will and Idea, in two volumes . The first volume was a slightly altered reprint of the earlier issue; the second consisted of a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of chapters forming a commentary parallel to those into which the original work was now first divided . The longest of these new chapters deal with the primacy of the will, with death and with the See also:

• METAPHYSICS
• METAPHYSICS, or METAPHYSIC (from Gr. /sera, after, d v med, things of nature, lots, i.e. the natural universe)

metaphysics of sexual love . But, though. only a small edition was struck of