KASPAR See also:

• KASPAR SCHWENKFELD (149o-1561)

SCHWENKFELD (149o-1561)  , of Ossing, See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German theologian, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in 1490, and after studying at See also:

• COLOGNE (Ger. Koln, or officially, since 1900, Coln)

Cologne and other See also:

• UNIVERSITIES

universities served in various See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor courts of See also:

• SILESIA

Silesia, finally entering the service of the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• LIEGNITZ

Liegnitz, over whom he had See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence . The writings of See also:

• TAULER, JOHANN (c. 1300—1361)

Tauler and See also:

• LUTHER, MARTIN (1483-1546)

Luther so impressed him, that in 1522 he visited See also:

• WITTENBERG

Wittenberg, where he made the acquaintance of Andreas See also:

• CARLSTADT, KARLSTADT

Carlstadt and See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas Miinzer . On his return to Liegnitz he helped to spread the principles of the See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation in the principality and in Silesia, while warning his colleagues against the abuse of the See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine of See also:

• JUSTIFICATION

justification by faith . The See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant controversy on the See also:

• EUCHARIST (Gr. evXapurria, thanksgiving)

Eucharist (1524) revealed his disagreement with Luther on that See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical point . He sought to establish a via See also:

• MEDIA

media between the doctrines of Luther and See also:

• ZWINGLI, HULDREICH (1484—1531)

Zwingli, and vainly hoped to obtain for it Luther's See also:

• ACCEPTANCE (Lat. acceptare, frequentative form of accipere, to receive)

acceptance . He as vainly sought to secure Luther's See also:

• ADOPTION (Lat. adoptio, for adoptalio, from adoptare, to choose for oneself)

adoption of a strict See also:

• RULE

rule of See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church discipline, after the manner of the Moravian Brethren . Meanwhile the See also:

• ANABAPTISTS (" re-baptizers," from Gr. apa and J3airri tt')

Anabaptists obtained a footing in Silesia, and suspicions of See also:

• SCHWENKFELD, KASPAR (149o-1561)

Schwenkfeld's sympathy with them were aroused . Letters and writings of his own (1527–1528) proved him to hold strongly See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-Lutheran heresies, and both Catholics and See also:

• LUTHERANS

Lutherans urged the duke of Liegnitz to dismiss him . He voluntarily See also:

• LEFT

left Liegnitz in 1529, and lived at Strasburg for five years amongst the Reformed See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy there . In 1J33, in an important See also:

• SYNOD
• SYNOD (Gr. vbvobos)

synod, he defended against See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin See also:

• BUCER (or BuTZER), MARTIN (1491-1551)

Bucer the principles of religious freedom as well as his own doctrine and See also:

• LIFE

life . But the heads of the church carried the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, and, more stringent See also:

• MEASURES

measures being adopted against dissenters, Schwenkfeld left Strasburg for a See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, residing in various cities of See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany and corresponding with many nobles . In 1535 a sort of See also:

• COMPROMISE (pronounced compromize; through Fr. from Lat. compromittere)

compromise was brought about between himself and the Reformers, he promising not to disturb the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace of the church and they not to treat him as a disturber .

The compromise was of only See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short duration . His See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology took a more distinctly heterodox See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form, and the publication (1539) of a See also:

• BOOK

book in See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof of his most characteristic doctrine—the deification of the humanity of See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ—led to his active persecution by the Lutherans and his See also:

• EXPULSION (Lat. expulsio, from expellere)

expulsion from the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of See also:

• ULM

Ulm . The next See also:

• YEAR

year (1540) he published a refutation of the attacks upon his doctrine with a more elaborate exposition of it, under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title See also:

• GROSSE, JULIUS WALDEMAR (1828—1902)

Grosse See also:

• CONFESSION (Lat. confessio, from confiteor, acknowledge, confess)

Confession . The book was very inconvenient to the Protestants, as it served to emphasize the Eucharistic See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences between the Lutherans and Zwinglians at a moment when efforts were being made to reconcile them . An See also:

• ANATHEMA (from Gr. avarz6 'cu, to lift up)

anathema was accordingly issued from Schmalkald against Schwenkfeld (together with See also:

• SEBASTIAN
• SEBASTIAN, ST

Sebastian See also:

• FRANCK
• FRANCK, CESAR (1822-1890)
• FRANCK, or FRANK [latinized FRANCUS], SEBASTIAN (c. 1499-c. 1543)

Franck) ; his books were placed on the Protestant " See also:

• INDEX

index "; and he himself was made a religious outlaw . From that time he was hunted from See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place to place, though his wide connexions with the See also:

• NOBILITY

nobility and the friendship of his numerous followers provided for him secure hiding-places and for his books a large circulation . An See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt in 1543 to approach Luther only in-creased the Reformer's hostility and rendered Schwenkfeld's situation still more See also:

• PRECARIOUS

precarious . He and his followers withdrew from the Lutheran Church, declined its sacraments, and formed small See also:

• SOCIETIES, LEARNED

societies of kindred views . He and they were frequently condemned by Protestant ecclesiastical and See also:

• POLITICAL

political authorities, especially by the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of See also:

• WURTTEMBERG

Wurttemberg . His See also:

• PERSONAL

personal safety was more and more imperilled, and he was unable tostay in any place for more than a short time . At last, in his seventy-second year, he died at Ulm, on the loth of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1561, surrounded by attached See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends and declaring undiminished faith in his views . Schwenkfeld, whose See also:

• GENTLE (through the Fr. gentil, from Lat. gentilis, belonging to the same gens, or family)

gentle See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth and courtly See also:

• MANNERS, CHARLES (1857– )

manners won him many friends in high circles, left behind him a See also:

• SECT

sect (who were called subsequently by others Schwenkfeldians, but who called themselves " Confessors of the See also:

• GLORY (through the O. Fr. glorie, modern gloire, from Lat. gloria, cognate with Gr. KXebs, abets)

Glory of Christ ") and numerous writings to perpetuate his ideas .

His writings were partially collected in four See also:

• FOLIO (properly the ablative case of the Lat. folium, leaf, but also frequently an adaptation of the Ital. foglio)

folio volumes, the first of which was published in the year 1564, containing his See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal theological See also:

• WORKS

works . Erbkam states that his unprinted writings would make more than another four folios . His adherents were to be found at his See also:

• DEATH

death scattered throughout Germany . In Silesia they formed a distinct sect, which has lasted until the See also:

• PRESENT

present time . In the 17th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century they were associated with the followers of See also:

• JACOB
• JACOB, JOHN (1812-1858)

Jacob Bohme, and were undisturbed until 1708, when an inquiry was made as to their doctrines . In 1720 a See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission of See also:

• JESUITS

Jesuits was despatched to Silesia to convert them by force . Most of them fled from Silesia into See also:

• SAXONY
• SAXONY (Ger. Provinz Sachsen)

Saxony, and thence to See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland, See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England and See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• AMERICA

America . See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick the Great of See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia, when he seized Silesia, extended his See also:

• PROTECTION

protection to those who remained in that See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province . Those who had fled to See also:

• PHILADELPHIA

Philadelphia in See also:

• PENNSYLVANIA
• PENNSYLVANIA, UNIVERSITY OF

Pennsylvania (1734) formed a small community under the name of Schwenkfelders; and See also:

• ZINZENDORF, NICOLAUS LUDWIG, COUNT OF ZINZENDORF AND POTTENDORF (1700-1760)

Zinzendorf and See also:

• SPANGENBERG, AUGUST GOTTLIEB (1704–1192)

Spangenberg, when they visited the See also:

• UNITED

United States, endeavoured, but with little success, to convert them to their views . This community still exists in Pennsylvania and their views appear to be substantially those of the See also:

• QUAKERS

Quakers . Schwenkfeld's See also:

• MYSTICISM (from Or. µuety, to shut the eyes; µuorrts, one initiated into the mysteries)

mysticism was the cause of his divergence from Protestant orthodoxy and the See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root of his See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar religious and theological position . It led him to oppose the Lutheran view of the value of the outward ;means of See also:

• GRACE (Fr. grace, Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)
• GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT (1848– )

grace, such as the See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry of the word and the sacraments .

He regarded as essential a See also:

• DIRECT

direct and immediate participation in the grace of the glorified Christ, and looked on religious ordinances as immaterial . He distinguished between an outward word of See also:

• GOD

God and an inward, the former being the Scriptures and perishable, the latter the divine spirit and eternal . In his Christology he departed from the Lutheran and Zwinglian doctrine of the two natures by insisting on what he called the Vergotterung See also:

• DES

des Fleisches Christi, the deification or the glorification of the flesh of Christ . The doctrine was his protest against a separation of the human and the divine in Christ, and was intimately connected with his mystical view of the See also:

• WORK

work of Christ . He held that, though Christ was God and See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man from his birth from the Virgin, he only attained his See also:

• COMPLETE

complete deification and glorification by his See also:

• ASCENSION
• ASCENSION, FEAST OF THE

ascension, and that it is in the See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate of his See also:

• CELESTIAL, OR STELLAR

celestial Vergotterung or glorification that he is the dispenser of his divine life to those who by faith become one with him . This fellowship with the glorified Christ rather than a less spiritual See also:

• TRUST

trust in his death and See also:

• ATONEMENT

atonement is with him the essential thing . His peculiar Christology was based upon profound theological and anthropological ideas, which contain the germs of some See also:

• RECENT

recent theological and Christological speculations . See Arnoldt, Kirchen- and Ketzer-Historie (See also:

• FRANKFORT

Frankfort, ed . 1700) ; Salig, Historie der See also:

• AUGSBURG
• AUGSBURG, CONFESSION OF
• AUGSBURG, WAR OF THE LEAGUE OF

Augsburg . Confession; W . H . Erbkam, Gesch. der prot .

Sekten (1848); See also:

• DORNER, ISAAC AUGUST (1809-1884)

Dorner, Gesch. d. prof . Theol . (1867); also R . H . Grutzmacher's See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article in Hauck-See also:

• HERZOG, HANS (1819–1894)
• HERZOG, JOHANN JAKOB (1805-1882)

Herzog's Realencyklopadie; See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert See also:

• BARCLAY, ALEXANDER (c. 1476-1552)
• BARCLAY, JOHN (1582-1621)
• BARCLAY, JOHN (1734-1798)
• BARCLAY, R
• BARCLAY, ROBERT (1648-1690)
• BARCLAY, WILLIAM (1546–1608)

Barclay's Inner Life of the Religious Societies of the See also:

• COMMON

Common-See also:

• WEALTH

wealth (1876), and C . See also:

• BEARD (A.S. beard, O. H. and Mod. Ger. Bart, Dan. beard, Icel. bar, rim, edge, beak of a ship, &c., O. Slay. barda, Russ. barodd. Cf. Welsh barf, Lat.. barba, though, according to the New English Dictionary, the connexion is for phonetic reasons doubtful)
• BEARD, WILLIAM HOLBROOK (1825-1900)

Beard's Hibbert Lectures (1883), ch. vi .