See also:

• SCHWYZ
• SCHWYZ (modern spelling Schwiz)

SCHWYZ (See also:

• MODERN

modern spelling Schwiz)  , one of the See also:

• FOREST

forest cantons of central See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland . Its See also:

• TOTAL

total See also:

• AREA

area is 350.5 sq. m., of which 293.6 sq. m. are reckoned as " productive " (forests covering 64.9 sq. m. and vineyards •17 sq. m.), while of the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest 214 sq. m. are occupied by lakes (nearly 9 sq. m. of that of See also:

• ZURICH
• ZURICH (Fr. Zurich; Ital. Zurigo)

Zurich, 84 sq. m. of that of See also:

• LUCERNE
• LUCERNE (Ger. Luzern; Ital. Lucerne)
• LUCERNE, LAKE OF
• LUCERNE, PURPLE MEDICK

Lucerne, 3; sq. m. of that of See also:

• ZUG
• ZUG (Fr. Zoug)
• ZUG, LAKE OF

Zug, and the whole of the See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake of Lowerz), and .5 sq. m. is covered by glaciers . Its loftiest point is the Boser Faulen (9200 ft.)., while the two highest summits of the Rigi (the See also:

• KULM (Cu1,M)

Kulm, 5906 ft., and the Scheidegg, 5463 ft.) rise within its See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders . The See also:

• CANTON
• CANTON (borrowed from the Ital. cantone, a corner or angle)
• CANTON (more correctly KWANG-CHOW Fu)
• CANTON, JOHN (1718-1772)

canton extends from the upper end of the lake of Zurich on the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north to the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle reach of the lake of Lucerne on the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south; on the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west it touches at Kussnacht, the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• ARM (a common Teutonic word; the Indo-European root is ar, to join or fit; cf. the Lat. armus, shoulder, and the plural word arma, weapons, Gr. apphs, joint, and the reduplicated apapilKSV, to join)

arm of the same lake, and in the same direction the lake of Zug at Arth, See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain ridges dividing it from See also:

• GLARUS (Fr. Glaris)

Glarus on the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east and from See also:

• URI

Uri on the south . It is made up of two See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main valleys, those of the Muota, flowing through the older portion of the canton to the lake of Lucerne, and of the Sihl that passes near See also:

• EINSIEDELN

Einsiedeln on its way to Zurich . Less important are the Aa, that See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters the Waggi glen before joining the lake of . Zurich, and the See also:

• BIBER

Biber, which receives the Alpbach that flows past Einsiedeln . It is thus a hilly rather than a mountainous region, and is all but wholly devoted to See also:

• PASTORAL (from Lat. pastor, a shepherd)

pastoral pursuits . It has not many See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways, the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal being that portion of the main St Gotthard See also:

• LINE

line between Kussnacht and Sisikon (about 20 m.), while from Arth-Goldau a line runs past Biberbrucke (where falls in the See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch from Einsiedeln, 3 m.) towards Wadenswil . From Arth-Goldau a mountain line runs up to the Rigi Kulm, with a branch to the Rigi Scheidegg,while from Arth-Goldau the line towards Zug runs for 54 M. within the canton . There is also a mountain line from Brunnen to Axenstein . In 1900 the See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population was 55,385, of whom 53,834 were See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German-speaking, 11o8 See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian-speaking, and 296 See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French-speaking, while 53,537 were Romanists, 1836 Protestants and 9 See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews .

The most populous See also:

• TOWN

town is Einsiedeln, with its famous See also:

• BENEDICTINE

Benedictine monastery, but See also:

• SCHWYZ
• SCHWYZ (modern spelling Schwiz)

Schwyz (the See also:

• PORT

port of which is Brunnen) is the See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital . There is a certain amount of See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial activity in the canton, particularly in the portion bordering on the lake of Zurich, while See also:

• SILK

silk-See also:

• WEAVING

weaving at See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home is widespread . There are many See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit trees, particularly See also:

• CHERRY

cherry trees . But on the whole the region is essentially a pastoral one, and the See also:

• LOCAL

local See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown See also:

• RACE

race of See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle is much esteemed and largely exported, mainly to north See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy . There are 417 mountain pastures or " See also:

• ALPS

alps " in the canton, capable of supporting 17,492 cows, and of an estimated capital value of 1,128,000 frs . Till 1814 the canton was included in the See also:

• DIOCESE (formed on Fr. diocese, in place of the Eng. form diocess—current until the 19th century—from Lat. dioecesis, med. Lat. variant diocesis, from Gr. Swucio•tc, " house-keeping," " administration," &miceas, " to keep house," " to govern ")

diocese of See also:

• CONSTANCE
• CONSTANCE (Ger. Konstanz or Costnitz)
• CONSTANCE, COUNCIL OF
• CONSTANCE, LAKE OF (called by the Romans Lacus Brigantinus or lake of Bregenz, and now usually named in German Bodensee, as well as the " Swabian Sea ")

Constance, but it is now nominally See also:

• PART

part of that of See also:

• COIRE (Ger. Chur or Cur, Ital. Coira, Lat. Curia Raetorum, Romonsch Cuera)

Coire . There are six administrative districts in the canton, which comprise See also:

• THIRTY

thirty communes . The cantonal constitution See also:

• DATES

dates mainly from 1876, but was revised in 1898 . The legislature (Kantonsrat) is composed of members elected in the proportion of one for every six See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred (or fraction over two hundred) inhabitants and holds See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office for four years—the elections in twelve (the larger) of the thirty electoral circles take See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place according to the principles of proportional See also:

• REPRESENTATION

representation . The executive (Regierungsrat) of seven members is elected by a popular See also:

• VOTE

vote, and holds office for four years . The two members of the federal Stdnderat and the three of the federal Nationalrat are also chosen by a popular vote . The " obligatory See also:

• REFERENDUM

referendum " prevails in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of all See also:

• LAWS

laws approved by the legislature and important See also:

• FINANCIAL

financial See also:

• MEASURES

measures, while two thousand citizens may claim a popular vote as to any decrees or resolutions of the legislature, and have also the right of " initiative " as to the revision of the cantonal constitution or as to legislative projects .

The valley of Schwyz is first mentioned in 972 under the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of " Suittes." Later, a community of freemen is found settled at the See also:

• FOOT

foot of the Mythen, possessing See also:

• COMMON

common lands, and subject only to the See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count of the Ziirichgau, as representing the German See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king . Its See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• HISTORY

history consists mainly of disputes with the See also:

• GREAT

great monastery of Einsiedeln about rights of pasture . In 1240 the community obtained from the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

Emperor See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick II. the See also:

• PRIVILEGE

privilege of being subject immediately to the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire . Its territory then included only the See also:

• DISTRICT

district See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the See also:

• VILLAGE

village of Schwyz and the valley of the Mucta . But in 1269 it bought from Count See also:

• EBERHARD
• EBERHARD, CHRISTIAN AUGUST GOTTLOB (1769-1845)
• EBERHARD, JOHANN AUGUSTUS (1739-1809)

Eberhard of See also:

• HABSBURG, or HAPSBURG

Habsburg-Laufenburg (who in 1273 sold all his other rights to the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder line of the Habsburgs), Steinen and Rothenthurm . Schwyz took the See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead in making the famous See also:

• EVERLASTING, or IMMORTELLE

everlasting See also:

• LEAGUE

league of the 1st of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1291, with the neighbouring districts of Uri and of See also:

• UNTERWALDEN

Unterwalden, its position and political See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence specially fitting it for this prominence . An attack by Schwyz on Einsiedeln was the excuse for the See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian invasion that was gloriously beaten back in the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of See also:

• MORGARTEN

Morgarten (See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 15th, 1315) . In the history of the league Schwyz was always to the front, so that its name in a dialectal form (Schweiz) was from the early 14th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century onwards applied by foreigners to the league as a whole, though it formed part of its formal See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style only from 1803 onwards . Between 1319 and 1354 Schwyz secured See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of Arth . But it was only after the victory of See also:

• SEMPACH

Sempach (1386) that it greatly extended its borders . An " See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance " with Einsiedeln in 1397 ended in 1434 with the See also:

• ASSUMPTION, FEAST OF

assumption of the position of " See also:

• PROTECTOR

protector " of that great See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house, between 1386 and 1436 the whole of the " See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March " (the region near the upper lake of Zurich) was acquired, in 1402 Kussnacht was bought, and in 1440 the " Hofe," the parishes of Wollerau, Feusisberg and Freienbach, situated on the main lake of Zurich . All these districts were governed by Schwyz as " subject lands," the supreme See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power resting with the Landsgemeinde (or See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly of all male citizens of full See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age), which is first distinctly mentioned in 1294, though it seems to have already existed in 1281, when mention is also made of a common See also:

• SEAL
• SEAL, FUR
• SEAL, HAIR

seal .

Schwyz joined the other forest cantons in opposing the See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation and took part in the battle of Kappel (1531), in which See also:

• ZWINGLI, HULDREICH (1484—1531)

Zwingli See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell . In 1586 it became a member of the See also:

• GOLDEN

Golden or See also:

• BORROMEAN

Borromean League, formed to continue the See also:

• WORK

work of St See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

• BORROMEO, CARLO (1538–1584)

Borromeo in carrying out the See also:

• COUNTER

counter reformation in Switzerland . In 1798 Schwyz, including Gersau (See also:

• FREE

free from 1390), formed part of the Republique Telliane (or Tellgau) set up by the French, which a See also:

• WEEK (from A.S. wicu, Germanic *wikon, probably=change, turn)

week later gave way to the Helvetic See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic . The men of Schwyz, under Aloys Reding, offered a valiant resistance to the French, but they were forced to yield . Their See also:

• LAND

land formed part of the vast canton of the Waldstatten, though the March and the Hofe were lost to that of the See also:

• LINTH, or LIMMAT

Linth . In 1799 a French occupation was successfully resisted, while later in the same See also:

• YEAR

year part of the canton was the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of the disastrous See also:

• RETREAT (O. Fr. retrete, mod. retraite, from Lat. retrahere, to draw back)

retreat from See also:

• ALTDORF

Altdorf to Glarus over the Kinzigkulm and Pragel passes by the Russians under See also:

• SUVAROV

Suvarov in See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face of the French See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army . In 1803 the See also:

• SEPARATE

separate canton of Schwyz was again set up, the March and the Hofe being recovered, while Gersau now became part of it . In 18o6 the great landslip from the Rossberg buried Goldau, causing great loss of See also:

• LIFE

life and of See also:

• PROPERTY

property . Later, Schwyz resisted steadily all proposals for the revision of the pact of 1815, joined in 1832 the league of See also:

• SARNEN

Sarnen, and in 1845 the Sonderbund, which was put down by a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war in 1847 . In 1832 the See also:

• OUTER

outer districts (Einsiedeln, the March, Kussnacht and Pfaffikon) formed themselves into a separate canton, an See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act which brought about a federal occupation of the old canton in 1833, this ending in the See also:

• DISSOLUTION (from Lat. dissolvere, to break up into parts)

dissolution of the new canton, the constituent parts of which were put on an equal political footing with the rest . In 1838 a strife See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke out in the older portion of the canton between the richer See also:

• PEASANT (O. Fr. paysant, Mod. paysan; Lat. pagensis, belonging to the pagus or country; cf. " pagan ")

peasant proprietors (nicknamed the " Horns," as they owned so many cows) and the poorer men (dubbed the " Hoofs," as they possessed only goats and See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep) as to the use of the common pastures, which the " See also:

• HORN
• HORN (a common Teutonic word, cognate with Lat. cornu; cf. Gr. Kipas)
• HORN (Lat. cornu; corresponding terms being Fr. cor, trompe; Ger. Horn; Ital. corno)
• HORN, ARVID BERNHARD, COUNT (1664-1742)
• HORN, PHILIP DE MONTMORENCY, COUNT

Horn " party utilized far more than the others . The " Horn " party finally carried the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day at the Landsgemeinde held at Rothenthurm .

The cantonal constitution of 1848 put an end to the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient Landsgemeinde; it was revised in 1876 (when membership of one of the 29 communes became the political qualification), and in 1898 .