See also:

• SCORPION (Lat. Scorpio)

SCORPION (See also:

• LAT

Lat. See also:

• SCORPIO ("THE SCORPION")

Scorpio)  , the See also:

• COMMON

common name for members of the class See also:

• ARACHNIDA

Arachnida (q.v.), distinguishable at a glance from all the other existing members by having the last five segments of the See also:

• BODY

body modified to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form a highly flexible tail, armed at the end with a sting consisting of a vesicle holding a pair of See also:

• POISON

poison glands, and of a See also:

• SHARP, GRANVILLE (1735-1813)
• SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679)
• SHARP, JOHN (1645-1714)
• SHARP, RICHARD (1759-1835)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)

sharp spine behind the tip of which the ducts of the glands open . Like See also:

• SPIDERS

spiders they have four pairs of walking legs; but the limbs of the second pair form a couple of powerful pincers, and those of the first pair two much smaller nippers . They feed entirely upon See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food, principally upon See also:

• INSECTS

insects such as beetles or other ground See also:

• SPECIES

species, although the larger kinds have been known to kill small lizards and mice . The large pincers are studded with highly sensitive tactile hairs, and the moment an See also:

• INSECT

insect touches these he is promptly seized by the pincers and stung to See also:

• DEATH

death, the See also:

• SCORPION (Lat. Scorpio)

scorpion's tail being swiftly brought over his back and the sting thrust into the struggling See also:

• PREY (0. Fr. preie, mod. proie, Lat. praeda, booty, from prae and the root hed—seen in prehendere, prendere, to grasp)

prey . See also:

• PARALYSIS, or PALSY (from Gr. aapal,6a , to relax; Wycliffe has palesy, and another old form of the word is parlesy)

Paralysis rapidly follows, and, when dead, the insect is pulled to pieces by the small nippers and its soft tissues sucked into the scorpion's mouth . Scorpions vary in See also:

• SIZE

size from about r in. to 8 in.; and the amount of poison instilled into a See also:

• WOUND (O. Eng. wund,connected with a Teutonic verb, meaning to strive, fight, suffer, seen in O. Eng. winnan, whence Eng. " win ")

wound depends principally upon the size of the animal . But the poison is more virulent in some of the smaller than in the larger species . Upon mankind the effects of the poison are seldom fatal, though death has been known to follow in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of patients in a poor See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of See also:

• HEALTH

health at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time . In small scorpions, like those belonging to the genus Euscorpius, which occurs in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy and other countries of See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, the sting is said to be as See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad as that of a See also:

• WASP (Lat. vespa)

wasp; but in many tropical species acute See also:

• PAIN (from Lat. poena, Gr. robin, penalty, that which must be paid: O. Fr. peine)
• PAIN, BARRY (1867– )

pain, accompanied by inflammation and throbbing of the wounded See also:

• PART

part, follows . But unless molested, scorpions are perfectly harmless, and only make use of the sting for the purpose of killing prey . The belief that scorpions commit See also:

• SUICIDE (from Lat. sui, of oneself, and cidium, from cued ere, to kill)

suicide by stinging them-selves to death when tortured by See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire is of considerable antiquity and is prevalent wherever these animals occur . It is nevertheless quite without See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation in fact; for it has been proved experimentally of See also:

• LATE

late years that the venom has no effect upon the individual itself, nor yet upon a member of the same species .

Scotpions, however, are extraordinarily susceptible to See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat, and succumb very rapidly when exposed either to the warmth of a fire or to that of the tropical See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun . Moreover, when they feel the heat beating upon them they brandish their tails and strike right and See also:

• LEFT

left as if to drive off or destroy the unseen enemy; and there can be no doubt that the belief above alluded to is traceable primarily to observation of the sequence of events just described, the final event being the death of the animal, not, however, from a self-inflicted wound but from the heat which provoked the behaviour suggestive of suicidal purpose . It may be that under such circumstances a See also:

• RANDOM (older forms randon, randrun; from the French, cf. randir, to run quickly, impetuously; generally taken to be of Teutonic origin and connected with Ger. Rand, edge, brim, the idea being possibly of a brimming river)

random stroke has now and again wounded the animal itself; but a wound so inflicted' would be accidental, not intentional, and at most would contribute in a small measure to the creature's death . Scorpions are very easily rendered innocuous by scraping off the sharp point of the sting; and specimens, which are handled with impunity by See also:

• ARABS

Arabs and Dervishes to impress the uninitiated with their super-human attributes, have generally been treated in ° a Scala this way . At the ~ 1 IG~chu See also:

• AFRICAN

African Scorpion (Pandinus heros). same time it has been shown that insensibility to the pain of the sting and See also:

• IMMUNITY (from Lat. immunis, not subject to a munus or public service)

immunity to the See also:

• ILL

ill effects can be acquired by any one who has the courage to permit himself to be repeatedly stung . Like many poisonous animals, scorpions are for the most part rendered conspicuous by distinctive coloration of See also:

• JET (Fr. jais, Ger. Gagat)

jet-See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black or black and yellow; and many of them are gifted with stridulating See also:

• ORGANS

organs, See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed in various parts of the body which are functionally comparable to the rattles of rattlesnakes, porcupines and other noxious animals . In habits scorpions are cryptozoic and nocturnal, spending the daytime concealed under stones or fallen See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree trunks or in burrows, and only venturing out after sunset in See also:

• SEARCH, or VISIT AND SEARCH

search of food . Amongst the burrowing kinds are the large African species belonging to the genera Pandinus and Opisthophthalnzus and to the eastern genus Palamnaeus . The yellow scorpions of the genus Butkus, which are common in See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt and the See also:

• SAHARA

Sahara, lurk on the See also:

• WATCH (in O. Eng. wcecce, a keeping guard or watching, from wacian, to guard, watch, wacan, to wake)

watch for prey in shallow depressions which they excavate with their legs in the See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand . Unlike the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of Arachnida, scorpions are viviparous . The See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young are See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born two at a time, and the brood, which consists of a dozen or more individuals, is carried about on its See also:

• MOTHER

mother's back until the young are large and strong enough to shift for themselves . The.young in a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general way resemble their parents and undergo no See also:

• METAMORPHOSIS

metamorphosis with growth, which is accompanied by periodical casting of the entire integument .

Moulting is effected by means of a split in the integument which takes See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place just below the edge of the See also:

• CARAPACE (a Fr. word, from the Span. carapacho, a shield or armour)

carapace all See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round, exactly as in See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king-crabs, spiders and See also:

• PEDIPALPI

Pedipalpi . Through the split the young scorpion gradually makes its way, leaving the old integument behind . Scorpions are of See also:

• GREAT

great antiquity . In See also:

• COAL

coal deposits of the Carboniferous See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

Period their remains are not uncommonly found,and no essential structural difference has been discovered between these fossils and existing forms—a fact proving that the See also:

• GROUP

group has existed without material structural modification for untold thousands of years . These Carboniferous scorpions, how-ever, were preceded by others, now occurring in marine See also:

• SILURIAN

Silurian deposits, which evidently lived in the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea and exhibit some anatomical See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences marking them off as a group distinct from their Carboniferous and See also:

• RECENT

recent descendants and attesting See also:

• AFFINITY (Lat. affinitas, relationship by marriage, from offinis, bordering on, related to; finis, border, boundary)
• AFFINITY, CHEMICAL

affinity with the still earlier marine Arachnida referred to the group Gigantostraca . Their legs were See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short, thick, tapering, and ended in a single strong claw, and were well adapted, it seems, like the legs of See also:

• SHORE

shore-crabs, for maintaining a secure hold upon rocks or seaweed against the See also:

• WASH, THE

wash of waves . The method of breathing of these See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient types is not certainly known; but probably respiration was effected by means of gills attached to the ventral plates of the body . At all events no trace of See also:

• RESPIRATORY

respiratory stigmata has been detected even in well-preserved material . These Silurian scorpions, of which the best-known genus is Palaeophonus, were of small size, only r in. or 2 in. in length . At the See also:

• PRESENT

present time scorpions are almost universally distributed south of about the 4oth or 45th See also:

• PARALLELS

parallels of See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north See also:

• LATITUDE (Lat. latitudo, latus, broad)

latitude; and their See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution shows in many particulars a See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close and interesting See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence with that of the See also:

• MAMMALIA (from Lat. mamma, a teat or breast)

mammalia, their entire See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence from New See also:

• ZEALAND (also SEALAND Or SEELAND; Danish Sjaelland)

Zealand being not the least interesting point of agreement . The facts of their distribution are in keeping with the See also:

• HYPOTHESIS (from Gr. inrorcOivat, to put under; cf. Lat. suppositio, from sub-ponere)

hypothesis that the See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order originated in the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern hemisphere and migrated southwards into the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent at various epochs, their absence from the countries to the north of the above-mentioned latitudes being due, no doubt, to the comparatively recent glaciation of those areas . When they reached See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa, See also:

• MADAGASCAR

Madagascar was part of that continent; but their arrival in See also:

• AUSTRALIA

Australia was subsequent to the separation of New Zealand from the Austro-Malayan See also:

• AREA

area to the north of it .

Moreover, the occurrence of closely related forms in Australia and South See also:

• AMERICA

America on the one See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, and in tropical Africa and the northern parts of South America on the other, suggests very forcibly that South America was at an See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early date connected with Australia by a transpacific See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge and with Africa by a more northern transatlantic See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract of See also:

• LAND

land . In conformity with their wide dispersal, scorpions have become adapted to diverse conditions of existence, some thriving in tropical forests, others on open plains, others in sandy deserts, and a few even at high altitudes where the ground is covered with See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow throughout the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter . In the tropics they aestivate at times of drought; and in the See also:

• ALPS

Alps they pass the See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold months of the See also:

• YEAR

year in a state of See also:

• HIBERNATION (winter sleep)

hibernation . (R . I . P.) SCORPION-See also:

• FLY (formed on the root of the supposed original Tent. fleugan, to fly)

FLY, the popular name given to insects of the See also:

• FAMILY

family Panorpidae, deriving the name from the fact that in the typical genus, Panorpa, the last two or three segments of the See also:

• ABDOMEN (a Latin word, either from abdere, to hide, or from a form adipomen, from adeps, fat)

abdomen are narrow and can be flexed over the back like a scorpion's tail . The scorpion-flies are remarkable for the See also:

• ELONGATION

elongation of the oral region of the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head into a prominent See also:

• BEAK (early forms beke and becke, from Fr. bec, late Lat. beccus, supposed to be a Gaulish word; the Celtic bec and beq, however, are taken from the English)

beak . The larva is See also:

• GRUB

grub-like, beset with spines and generally furnished with eight pairs of abdominal See also:

• PRO

pro-legs in addition to the legs on the See also:

• THORAX (Gr. BWpaE, breastplate, also the part of the body covered by it)

thorax, which are short . They live in the See also:

• SOIL

soil or in rotten See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood and are carnivorous . The species of the genus Bittacus are superficially strikingly similar to the Tipulidae or " daddy-longlegs "; while those referred to, Berens, are anomalous in being apterous and like small grasshoppers . They have usually been included in the order See also:

• NEUROPTERA (Gr. vevpov, a nerve, and ,rmpbv, a wing)

Neuroptera, but it is now generally considered that they should form a distinct order, which is termed Panorpata or Mecaptera .