See also:

• SCURVY (Scorbutus)

SCURVY (Scorbutus)  , a constitutional disease, characterized by debility, morbid conditions of the See also:

• BLOOD

blood, spongy gums, impairment of the nutritive functions, and the occurrence of haemorrhagic extravasations in the tissues of the See also:

• BODY

body . In former times this disease was extremely See also:

• COMMON

common among sailors, and gave rise to a frightful amount of mortality . It is now, however, of rare occurrence at See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea, the See also:

• SIMPLE

simple means of prevention being well understood . See also:

• SCURVY (Scorbutus)

Scurvy has also frequently broken out among soldiers on See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign, in beleaguered cities, as well as among communities in times of scarcity, and in prisons, See also:

• WORK

work-houses and other public institutions . In all such instances it has been found to depend closely upon the See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food . The precise etiology is obscure, and the See also:

• MODERN

modern tendency is to suspect an unknown micro-organism; on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, even among the more chemical school of pathologists, it is disputed whether the cause (or conditio sine qua non) is the See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of certain constituents in the food, or the presence of some actual See also:

• POISON

poison . See also:

• SIR

Sir Almroth See also:

• WRIGHT, CARROLL DAVIDSON (1840-1909)
• WRIGHT, CHAUNCEY (1830-1875)
• WRIGHT, JOSEPH (1734-1797)
• WRIGHT, SILAS (1795-1847)
• WRIGHT, THOMAS (1809–1884)
• WRIGHT, THOMAS (1810—1877)
• WRIGHT, WILLIAM ALDIS (1836– )

Wright in 1895 published his conclusions that scurvy was due to an See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid See also:

• INTOXICATION (Lat. toxicare, intoxicare, to smear with poison, toxicum, an adaptation of Gr. 'r(*uK v, sc. ¢apµasov, a poison smeared on arrows; roEov, bow)

intoxication, while Torup of See also:

• CHRISTIANIA (officially KRISTIANIA)

Christiania believes it to be a See also:

• DIRECT

direct poisoning from damaged and badly preserved See also:

• MEAT

meat . Dr See also:

• JACKSON
• JACKSON, ANDREW (1767-1845)
• JACKSON, CYRIL (1746-1819)
• JACKSON, FREDERICK GEORGE (186o– )
• JACKSON, HELEN MARIA (1831–1885)
• JACKSON, MASON (c. 1820-1903)
• JACKSON, THOMAS (1579-1640)
• JACKSON, THOMAS JONATHAN (1824-1863)
• JACKSON, WILLIAM (1730-1803)

Jackson and Dr Harley support this latter view, contending that scurvy occurs when meat is eaten in this See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition, even when See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

lime juice and vegetables are given in See also:

• CONJUNCTION (from Lat. conjungere, to join together)

conjunction with it . The palmy days of the disease were those when sailors and soldiershad to fare on See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt meat and " hard tack," or were deprived of fresh vegetables; and the fact that scurvy has been practically abolished by the See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply of these latter has led to the association of this See also:

• FACTOR (from Lat. facere, to make or do)

factor with the disease as a See also:

• VERA, AUGUSTO (1813-1885)

vera causa . But how the defect in See also:

• VEGETABLE

vegetable See also:

• DIET

diet produces scurvy is not quite clear; nor how far other conditions may be involved . The symptoms of scurvy come on gradually, and its onset is not marked by any See also:

• SPECIAL

special indications beyond a certain failure of strength, most See also:

• MANIFEST (Lat. manifestus, clear, open to view)

manifest on making effort . Breathlessness and exhaustion are thus easily induced, and there exists a corresponding See also:

• MENTAL

mental depression .

The countenance acquires a sallow or dusky See also:

• HUE

hue; the eyes are sunken; while pains in the muscles of the body and limbs are constantly See also:

• PRESENT

present . The appetite and digestion may be unimpaired in the earlier stages and the See also:

• TONGUE (O. Eng. lunge)

tongue comparatively clean, but the gums are See also:

• TENDER

tender and the breath offensive almost from the first . These preliminary symptoms may continue for See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks, and in isolated cases may readily See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape See also:

• NOTICE

notice, but can scarcely fail to attract See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention where they affect large See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers of men . In the further stages of the disease all these phenomena are aggravated in a high degree and the See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical and mental prostration soon becomes extreme . The See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face looks See also:

• HAGGARD, HENRY RIDER (1856– )

haggard; the gums are livid, spongy, ulcerating and bleeding; the See also:

• TEETH (O.E. Eel); plural of tooth, O.E. top)

teeth are loosened and drop out; and the breath is excessively foetid . Extravasations of blood now take See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in the skin and other textures . These may be small like the petechial spots of See also:

• PURPURA

purpura (q.v.), but are often of large amount and cause swellings of the muscles in which they occur, having the See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of extensive bruises and tending to become hard and brawny . These extravasations are most common in the muscles of the See also:

• LOWER

lower extremities; but they may be formed any-where, and may easily be produced by very slight pressure upon the skin or by injuries to it . In addition, there are bleedings from mucous membranes, such as those of the See also:

• NOSE (O.Eng. nosu, cf. Dutch neus, Swed. nos, snout; the Aix in Provence. Both at Aix and at Lyons he acquired great connexion with O.Eng. nasu is obscure, cf. Ger. Nase, Lat. pares, distinction by his labours during outbreaks of the plague. In nostrils,

nose, eyes and alimentary or See also:

• RESPIRATORY

respiratory tracts, while effusions of blood-stained fluid take place into the pleural, pericardial or peritoneal cavities . Painful, extensive and destructive ulcers are also See also:

• APT

apt to break out in the limbs . See also:

• PECULIAR

Peculiar disorders of See also:

• VISION (from Lat. videre, to see), or SIGHT

vision have been noticed, particularly See also:

• NIGHT

night-See also:

• BLINDNESS

blindness (nyctalopia), but they are not invariably present, nor specially characteristic of the disease . The further progress of the malady is marked by profound exhaustion, with a .tendency to See also:

• SYNCOPE (Gr. vvyKO7n , a cutting up or short, from Kbirrew, to cut)

syncope, and with various complications, such as See also:

• DIARRHOEA (from Gr. &Q, through, pfw, flow)

diarrhoea and pulmonary or See also:

• KIDNEY

kidney troubles, any or all of which may bring about a fatal result .

On the other hand, even in desperate cases, recovery may be See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope-fully anticipated when the appropriate remedy can be obtained . The See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition of the blood is materially altered in scurvy, particularly as regards its albumen and its red corpuscles, which are diminished, while the fibrine is increased . No disease is more amenable to treatment both as regards prevention and cure than scurvy, the single remedy of fresh vegetables or some See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent securing both these ends . Potatoes, cabbages, onions, carrots, turnips, &c., and most fresh fruits, will be found of the greatest service for this purpose . Lime juice and See also:

• LEMON
• LEMON, MARK (1809-1870)

lemon juice are recognized as equally efficacious, and even See also:

• VINEGAR

vinegar in the absence of these will be of some assistance . The regulated See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration of lime juice in the See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• NAVY

navy, which has been practised since 1795, has had the effect of virtually extinguishing scurvy in the service, while similar regulations introduced by the British See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

Board of See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

Trade in 1865 have had a like beneficial result as regards the See also:

• MERCANTILE (or COMMERCIAL) AGENCIES

mercantile marine . It is only when these regulations have not been fully carried out, or when the supply of lime juice has become exhausted, that scurvy among sailors has been noticed in See also:

• RECENT

recent times . Wright has proposed giving what he terms See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-scorbutic elements (Rochelle salt, See also:

• CALCIUM [symbol Ca, atomic weight 40.0 (o= x6)]

calcium chloride or lactate of See also:

• SODIUM [symbol Na, from Lat. natrium; atomic weight 23.00 (0=16)]

sodium) instead of raw materials such as lime juice and vegetables, as being more convenient to carry on voyages . Besides the administration of lime or lemon juice and the use of fresh meat, See also:

• MILK (0. Eng. meoluc; from a common Indo-European root, cf. Lat. mulgere, Gr. ?t dXyetv)

milk, See also:

• CIDER (q.v.)
• CIDER, or CYDER (from the Fr. cidre, derived from the Lat. sicera or cisera, Gr. mucepa, Heb. shade, strong drink)

cider, &c., which are valuable adjuvants, the See also:

• LOCAL

local and constitutional conditions require the attention of the physician . The ulcers of the gums and limbs can be best treated by stimulating astringent applications; the hard swellings, which are apt to continue See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long, may be alleviated by fomentations and frictions; while the See also:

• ANAEMIA (from Gr. ay-, privative, and aiµa, blood)

anaemia and debility are best overcome by the continued administration of See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron tonics, aided by fresh See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air and other See also:

• MEASURES

measures calculated to promote the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• HEALTH

health . Infantile Scurvy (Scurvy See also:

• RICKETS

Rickets, See also:

• BARLOW, JOEL (1754-1812)
• BARLOW, PETER (1776-1862)
• BARLOW, SIR GEORGE HILARO (1762-1847)

Barlow's disease), a disease of childhood due to a morbid condition of the blood and tissues from defects of diet, was first observed in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England in 1876 by Sir T . See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith, and later fully investigated by Sir See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas Barlow .

The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief symptoms are See also:

• GREAT

great and progressive anaemia, mental apathy, spongy gums, haemorrhages into various structures, particularly under the periosteum and muscles, with suggestive thickenings See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the shafts of the long bones, producing a See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of pseudo-See also:

• PARALYSIS, or PALSY (from Gr. aapal,6a , to relax; Wycliffe has palesy, and another old form of the word is parlesy)

paralysis .